WEBVTT 00:01.650 --> 00:02.750 Prof: Good morning. 00:02.750 --> 00:08.320 I have to get started because there is, of course, 00:08.318 --> 00:12.748 a lot to be said about Sigmund Freud. 00:12.750 --> 00:20.230 Actually it's a shame I have only fifty minutes for it and 00:20.227 --> 00:23.897 not two or three lectures. 00:23.900 --> 00:30.420 Just before I get into Freud, I just want to tell you that I 00:30.422 --> 00:35.962 did send the questions already; emailed it to you. 00:35.960 --> 00:38.940 So if you check your email, you have the questions for next 00:38.935 --> 00:39.495 Thursday. 00:39.500 --> 00:44.260 And I strongly encourage you to attend the lectures and the 00:44.256 --> 00:46.056 discussion sections. 00:46.060 --> 00:50.420 Those questions are not necessarily very easy. 00:50.420 --> 00:55.690 So you may want to get more exposure beyond the readings to 00:55.687 --> 00:58.137 have a good handle on it. 00:58.140 --> 01:03.220 And let me just very, very briefly come back to 01:03.220 --> 01:07.420 Nietzsche, before we go on to Freud. 01:07.420 --> 01:10.300 Though I have enough on Freud, more than enough for today. 01:10.299 --> 01:15.929 But I would like to still kind of wrap it up and to say what 01:15.933 --> 01:17.943 the bottom line is. 01:17.938 --> 01:23.158 And the big question is, to start with, 01:23.159 --> 01:27.279 what is genealogical method? 01:27.280 --> 01:31.640 What is new in Nietzsche's approach? 01:31.640 --> 01:38.820 And it should be clear from the writings and from the lecture, 01:38.819 --> 01:40.819 and I think from the discussion sections-- 01:40.819 --> 01:45.059 right?--that what he's suggesting, that in the 01:45.057 --> 01:50.047 genealogical method you will take an ideal and a moral 01:50.047 --> 01:54.347 principle, what you think is the right 01:54.352 --> 02:00.892 idea, and then he will show that one can think about this idea 02:00.891 --> 02:04.161 differently; and historically they did think 02:04.155 --> 02:04.845 differently. 02:04.849 --> 02:08.019 And his major example is good. 02:08.020 --> 02:12.750 You think an idea of what good is; 02:12.750 --> 02:15.020 it's uncontestable, easy to agree? 02:15.020 --> 02:19.470 Well I will show you that in history the notion of good--and 02:19.470 --> 02:22.490 it's opposite, what is not good--has been 02:22.486 --> 02:24.596 constructed differently. 02:24.598 --> 02:28.038 So the point of departure, first of all: 02:28.044 --> 02:32.464 well, there is the Judeo-Christian morality of good 02:32.461 --> 02:33.611 and evil. 02:33.610 --> 02:38.060 I will show--I will go back to time, I'll go back to the 02:38.056 --> 02:42.336 antiquity--and I will show that the notion of good was 02:42.342 --> 02:44.042 completely different. 02:44.039 --> 02:44.929 Right? 02:44.930 --> 02:48.700 That is the genealogical method. 02:48.699 --> 02:54.689 But to do it consistently, he really should be claiming 02:54.693 --> 02:58.693 that going back to the antiquity-- 02:58.690 --> 03:02.900 I'm not suggesting that the good in antiquity was the real 03:02.903 --> 03:03.273 good. 03:03.274 --> 03:03.944 Right? 03:03.938 --> 03:08.838 It's just a comparative study, which relativizes the idea of 03:08.837 --> 03:14.087 good in your mind today, to make you aware that good has 03:14.092 --> 03:19.052 been thought about differently in different times. 03:19.050 --> 03:24.210 And, in particular, of course, his main focus is on 03:24.205 --> 03:28.635 the notion of morality in modern society. 03:28.639 --> 03:32.289 And he said well there is something unique about this 03:32.294 --> 03:36.844 modern society; namely that morality somehow is 03:36.842 --> 03:42.862 internalized into us, and we kind of accept our own 03:42.858 --> 03:49.788 subjugation and our oppression because these values are so 03:49.794 --> 03:53.084 deeply invested into us. 03:53.080 --> 03:55.470 So that is, in a way--right?--the genealogical 03:55.471 --> 03:56.871 method; not to have, 03:56.865 --> 04:00.825 as I said in the lecture, a critical vantage point. 04:00.830 --> 04:05.840 Try to get a way that I will give you the real universal 04:05.836 --> 04:09.846 definition of good, and I will criticize any 04:09.848 --> 04:14.788 question of morality from a universal concept of morality. 04:14.789 --> 04:17.779 That's not what he does. Right? 04:17.778 --> 04:24.348 His major aim is to show that all moralities, 04:24.350 --> 04:31.320 all conceptions of moralities--all conceptions what 04:31.317 --> 04:34.847 is justice, what is fair, 04:34.846 --> 04:39.696 what is humane--has been manufactured-- 04:39.699 --> 04:42.539 right?--in the workshop of ideals. 04:42.540 --> 04:49.560 And this workshops of ideals is a dark place where actually 04:49.555 --> 04:55.115 coercion, torture, is being used to manufacture 04:55.119 --> 04:58.989 these seemingly great ideas. 04:58.990 --> 05:02.990 It's all about control over humans. 05:02.990 --> 05:05.990 That's in a nutshell--right?--what Nietzsche 05:05.985 --> 05:07.235 is trying to do. 05:07.240 --> 05:13.860 So let me just make a step back to Marx and foreshadow a step 05:13.855 --> 05:15.945 forward to Freud. 05:15.949 --> 05:21.679 So this Nietzsche has really little disagreement with Marx's 05:21.684 --> 05:23.924 theory of alienation. 05:23.920 --> 05:27.440 He said, "Well, as long as Marx is saying that 05:27.437 --> 05:31.237 in the modern world we are alienated because we are not 05:31.238 --> 05:35.918 masters of our own fate, I agree with him." Right? 05:35.920 --> 05:40.070 We are alien in this world and we do not have power over our 05:40.067 --> 05:40.557 life. 05:40.560 --> 05:45.100 External conditions act like as if it were nature, 05:45.103 --> 05:49.003 a thunderstorm, and determines our life. 05:49.000 --> 05:53.540 He agrees with this diagnosis--right?--of modernity. 05:53.540 --> 05:58.300 His problem with Marx is that Marx comes to a solution. 05:58.303 --> 05:59.013 Right? 05:59.009 --> 06:03.559 Marx says, "Well, I know what human emancipation 06:03.564 --> 06:04.444 will be. 06:04.439 --> 06:08.339 I know what good society will be, and I know who will get us 06:08.341 --> 06:09.731 there." Right? 06:09.730 --> 06:11.860 "The proletariat." 06:11.860 --> 06:16.490 And he said, "This is churlish; 06:16.490 --> 06:19.130 that's no good." Right? 06:19.129 --> 06:22.349 "I won't do that. 06:22.350 --> 06:24.960 I won't fall into this trap." Right? 06:24.959 --> 06:27.309 "I will not manufacture another ideal, 06:27.310 --> 06:30.450 because my workshop, where ideals would be 06:30.452 --> 06:34.512 manufactured, would be also a workshop which 06:34.505 --> 06:37.485 smells"-- right?--"and which is full 06:37.488 --> 06:42.588 with coercion, and I would subject others to 06:42.589 --> 06:46.809 torture-- mental or physical torture? 06:46.810 --> 06:50.400 In the good old days it was physical torture. 06:50.399 --> 06:54.269 Today it's worse: it is mental torture." 06:54.266 --> 06:54.966 Right? 06:54.970 --> 06:57.410 That's in a nutshell--right?--what he's 06:57.406 --> 06:58.686 trying to achieve. 06:58.690 --> 07:01.730 And, of course, there is no Freud, 07:01.728 --> 07:05.408 there is no Weber, and there is no Michel 07:05.411 --> 07:08.821 Foucault; there is really no modern and 07:08.822 --> 07:13.022 post-modern social theory without Nietzsche's insight. 07:13.019 --> 07:16.929 This is a radicalization of critical theory. 07:16.932 --> 07:17.662 Right? 07:17.660 --> 07:21.390 Critical theory--we talked about this, from Hegel to 07:21.391 --> 07:24.321 Marx--was a critique of consciousness; 07:24.319 --> 07:28.579 that what is in our mind is a distortion of the reality. 07:28.579 --> 07:29.199 Right? 07:29.199 --> 07:33.809 And therefore they were trying to subject human consciousness 07:33.812 --> 07:35.582 to critical scrutiny. 07:35.579 --> 07:38.509 Nietzsche does it the most radical way. 07:38.509 --> 07:41.189 He said, "I am capable to show"-- 07:41.190 --> 07:44.540 right?--"the shortcomings of our consciousness, 07:44.540 --> 07:48.970 without showing you what is the right consciousness." 07:48.968 --> 07:49.588 Right? 07:49.589 --> 07:51.589 That's the project. 07:51.589 --> 07:55.439 Now Sigmund Freud has a lot of similarities with this. 07:55.439 --> 07:56.019 Right? 07:56.019 --> 07:59.189 He's also a critical theorist, and he says, 07:59.187 --> 08:03.707 "Well, what is in our mind comes very deep down from the 08:03.713 --> 08:04.773 repressed. 08:04.769 --> 08:08.789 And I will show you"--right?--"how, 08:08.788 --> 08:13.988 if this causes you neurotic responses, I can actually cure 08:13.992 --> 08:17.962 you, by the way; just I let you understand what 08:17.958 --> 08:22.378 has been repressed in your life experience, and then you can do 08:22.375 --> 08:24.795 something about yourself." 08:24.800 --> 08:29.390 So that's in a nutshell Sigmund Freud's contribution. 08:29.389 --> 08:36.839 So it basically follows closely to Nietzsche's ideas. 08:36.840 --> 08:41.240 And in the piece particularly what I asked you to read today-- 08:41.240 --> 08:44.350 one of the pieces, right?--Civilization and its 08:44.345 --> 08:47.305 Discontents, he's struggling very much with 08:47.312 --> 08:49.782 the problem Nietzsche is struggling with. 08:49.779 --> 08:53.929 He shows modern civilization as repression. 08:53.928 --> 08:54.718 Right? 08:54.720 --> 08:58.780 At the same time he does not want to reject civilization. 08:58.779 --> 08:59.359 Right? 08:59.360 --> 09:06.430 And he's tormented--right?--how to evaluate civilization. 09:06.428 --> 09:07.438 Right? 09:07.440 --> 09:14.030 And well he probably is not going as far as Nietzsche, 09:14.033 --> 09:16.153 Nietzsche does. 09:16.149 --> 09:17.869 We will see that when it comes. 09:17.870 --> 09:19.750 Okay, this is Sigmund Freud. 09:19.750 --> 09:25.230 And it's good advertising: don't smoke. 09:25.230 --> 09:28.490 You have his cigar. 09:28.490 --> 09:31.870 He has actually oral cancer. 09:31.870 --> 09:35.930 He was suffering from it during the last twenty years of his 09:35.934 --> 09:38.764 life, and eventually committed suicide; 09:38.759 --> 09:42.739 and the cancer obviously had something to do with his cigars. 09:42.740 --> 09:45.710 So don't smoke. Right? 09:45.710 --> 09:51.510 Well Freud was one of the giants of nineteenth and early 09:51.514 --> 09:54.474 twentieth century thought. 09:54.470 --> 10:00.010 Many people who would name the intellectual giants of this 10:00.011 --> 10:03.061 time, nineteenth century, 10:03.062 --> 10:07.972 would name three names: Charles Darwin, 10:07.970 --> 10:11.210 Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. 10:11.210 --> 10:12.020 Right? 10:12.019 --> 10:17.849 These are the three thinkers which made us rethink ourself-- 10:17.850 --> 10:23.710 who we are, where we come from, and what is the nature of the 10:23.705 --> 10:28.215 society we live in?-- the most radical ways. 10:28.220 --> 10:37.450 Okay, let me talk very briefly about Freud's life. 10:37.450 --> 10:40.840 He was born in 1856, in what is now the Czech 10:40.835 --> 10:44.215 Republic, Moravia, southern part of the Czech 10:44.220 --> 10:47.760 Republic, in a small city called Freiberg. 10:47.759 --> 10:53.499 His father was a Jewish wool merchant; 10:53.500 --> 11:00.720 he was already married to his third wife--was about twenty 11:00.715 --> 11:03.115 years his junior. 11:03.120 --> 11:07.380 He was a pretty dominating figure. 11:07.379 --> 11:10.269 The mother was, on the other hand, 11:10.267 --> 11:12.977 a very sensitive human being. 11:12.980 --> 11:20.180 In some ways Freud's troubled relationship with the aging 11:20.176 --> 11:25.546 authoritarian father, and with the soft-spoken, 11:25.548 --> 11:29.038 kind, forthcoming, and warm mother, 11:29.038 --> 11:34.848 does explain a lot about his thinking about human life. 11:34.850 --> 11:40.810 Very soon after he was born, they moved away from Freiberg. 11:40.808 --> 11:45.638 First briefly they were in Leipzig and then they moved to 11:45.636 --> 11:50.026 Vienna, and this is where Sigmund Freud received his 11:50.033 --> 11:51.243 education. 11:51.240 --> 11:56.910 In 1873 he enrolled at the University of Vienna. 11:56.909 --> 11:59.309 He was studying law for awhile. 11:59.309 --> 12:01.189 He got very bored with it. 12:01.190 --> 12:05.250 So he shifted into medical school, and received his medical 12:05.250 --> 12:08.840 degree in '81, and worked in the major 12:08.844 --> 12:14.054 university hospital in Vienna, which is called General 12:14.049 --> 12:14.859 Hospital. 12:14.860 --> 12:25.160 In '85, very briefly he went to study to Paris. 12:25.158 --> 12:30.618 And this was very crucial for his change because he became 12:30.615 --> 12:35.945 interested here in neurology, and especially became 12:35.951 --> 12:42.441 interested in a therapy what French psychiatrists was use, 12:42.440 --> 12:47.450 and that was hypnosis, to treat hysteria. 12:47.450 --> 12:52.290 And sort of he came back to Vienna and he decided that he 12:52.288 --> 12:57.108 will now become a neurologist, interested particularly in 12:57.114 --> 13:01.284 hysteria, and will use hypnosis as a 13:01.284 --> 13:02.444 therapy. 13:02.440 --> 13:07.870 He also married in '86--it was a lifelong and, 13:07.870 --> 13:15.280 you know, very peaceful marriage--Martha Bernays, 13:15.278 --> 13:20.798 who was a granddaughter of the chief rabbi of Hamburg. 13:20.798 --> 13:25.138 So he's coming from a deeply Jewish family, 13:25.139 --> 13:30.409 but he himself had very little faith in his life. 13:30.408 --> 13:34.688 He began to practice psychotherapy, 13:34.693 --> 13:40.243 and he set up an office in Bergstrasse 19; 13:40.240 --> 13:45.540 19 Bergstrasse in central Vienna. 13:45.538 --> 13:52.118 Here it is the house today where Sigmund Freud started to 13:52.124 --> 13:57.184 practice, and practiced there until 1938. 13:57.178 --> 14:02.518 And this is where psychoanalysis was born--so an 14:02.515 --> 14:04.555 important house. 14:04.558 --> 14:12.468 So after '86--right?--he began to collaborate with another 14:12.474 --> 14:16.644 psychologist, Joseph Breuer. 14:16.639 --> 14:24.649 And Breuer was not using the hypnotic method. 14:24.649 --> 14:28.819 What he did, he did something what he called 14:28.816 --> 14:31.816 "the talking cure." 14:31.820 --> 14:35.230 This is something what you occasionally do, 14:35.226 --> 14:37.496 or your friends do with you. 14:37.499 --> 14:38.229 Right? 14:38.230 --> 14:41.960 If something is on your chest, then you call your friend and 14:41.957 --> 14:44.927 you say, "I need somebody to talk to." 14:44.928 --> 14:45.558 Right? 14:45.558 --> 14:49.448 There is some real big trouble in you; 14:49.450 --> 14:51.710 you want somebody to listen. 14:51.706 --> 14:52.266 Right? 14:52.269 --> 14:54.169 Now this is exactly what Breuer did. 14:54.168 --> 14:58.398 He did ask his patients to talk to him. 14:58.399 --> 14:59.289 Right? 14:59.288 --> 15:04.338 And it turned out that this talking cure was very effective, 15:04.336 --> 15:07.236 as you've probably all experienced. 15:07.244 --> 15:08.104 Right? 15:08.100 --> 15:12.290 When something is on your chest and you have a good friend who's 15:12.285 --> 15:16.135 willing to listen and does not rush to give you advice-- 15:16.139 --> 15:18.089 right?--this is whom you want. 15:18.085 --> 15:18.535 Right? 15:18.538 --> 15:21.618 Just to listen and nod, to be sympathetic, 15:21.624 --> 15:24.784 and try to understand you and let you talk, 15:24.784 --> 15:28.554 and ask the good questions, but not to give advice. 15:28.547 --> 15:29.447 Right? 15:29.450 --> 15:31.280 That's what Breuer discovered. 15:31.278 --> 15:36.388 Well in 1895 they co-authored the book Studies in 15:36.386 --> 15:37.886 Hysteria. 15:37.889 --> 15:43.869 And now they actually in the book suggest that there must be 15:43.868 --> 15:45.488 a new therapy. 15:45.490 --> 15:50.350 Don't put people asleep but make them talk and let them 15:50.350 --> 15:53.770 freely associate, and through this free 15:53.769 --> 15:56.919 association you throw words in. 15:56.918 --> 16:01.098 And then they're beginning to freely associate to this world, 16:01.096 --> 16:04.226 you actually can uncover--they're beginning to 16:04.230 --> 16:06.320 use the term--unconscious. 16:06.320 --> 16:09.910 There is an unconscious level in each individual, 16:09.914 --> 16:13.664 and with this free association you can dip into the 16:13.660 --> 16:14.860 unconscious. 16:14.860 --> 16:18.870 And, in fact, it was Freud who, 16:18.868 --> 16:24.238 in doing this, practicing this with patients, 16:24.240 --> 16:30.750 also began to understand that a lot of stuff in the subconscious 16:30.751 --> 16:34.681 has something to do with sexuality; 16:34.678 --> 16:37.468 that it is, you know, unsatisfied, 16:37.470 --> 16:41.950 unachieved sexual desires, which are kind of repressed 16:41.951 --> 16:44.151 into the subconscious. 16:44.149 --> 16:47.859 And when, through these free associations, 16:47.860 --> 16:52.110 he was digging into the unconscious, he began to 16:52.111 --> 16:55.281 discover a lot of sexual stuff. 16:55.279 --> 17:00.649 And then one year later it is--right?--a very important day 17:00.649 --> 17:04.539 in the history of modern social thought. 17:04.538 --> 17:10.098 In 1896 he finally has a name for what he does, 17:10.099 --> 17:14.089 and he calls it psychoanalysis. 17:14.089 --> 17:18.669 And here it is. 17:18.670 --> 17:22.370 If you have not seen this picture yet, you should. 17:22.369 --> 17:24.429 This was the famous couch. 17:24.430 --> 17:26.700 That's where the patient had to lay down, 17:26.700 --> 17:31.240 and Freud was sitting in an armchair and listening to what 17:31.243 --> 17:36.493 they got to say, and asking just a couple of 17:36.492 --> 17:39.122 probing questions. 17:39.118 --> 17:42.868 But the essence of psychoanalysis is--right?--that 17:42.865 --> 17:46.455 you do not solve the problem for the patient. 17:46.460 --> 17:49.950 The patient has to find its own solution. 17:49.950 --> 17:55.120 The psychoanalysis will know what the problem is eventually, 17:55.118 --> 17:58.348 will lead you there, bring it from the subconscious 17:58.348 --> 18:01.018 into the conscious, and then it is, 18:01.020 --> 18:05.100 as it becomes conscious, you suddenly realize you can 18:05.103 --> 18:06.063 deal with it. 18:06.058 --> 18:11.358 Now about the later work, just very briefly; 18:11.359 --> 18:13.169 it's voluminous. 18:13.170 --> 18:18.080 In 1899 he published a book which is called 18:18.077 --> 18:22.047 Interpretation of Dreams. 18:22.048 --> 18:27.458 And it's to a large extent his analysis of his own dreams, 18:27.461 --> 18:31.831 but also the dreams of some of his patients. 18:31.828 --> 18:36.098 His father just passed away, and with the death of the 18:36.096 --> 18:40.606 father he had a great deal of guilt, why he had this hate 18:40.605 --> 18:42.695 feeling of his father. 18:42.700 --> 18:45.730 It was a hate/love relationship, 18:45.727 --> 18:48.947 but strongly motivated by hate. 18:48.950 --> 18:54.980 And he began to analyze himself and trying to figure out what 18:54.980 --> 19:00.390 his problem with his father was, and what his relationship with 19:00.394 --> 19:02.104 the mother and father was. 19:02.098 --> 19:05.168 And Interpretation of Dreams is a very important 19:05.174 --> 19:06.604 step in this direction. 19:06.598 --> 19:10.708 And the fundamental idea in this path-breaking book, 19:10.712 --> 19:14.022 that in fact dreams are not accidental. 19:14.019 --> 19:18.139 Dreams are the time of this little window of opportunity 19:18.142 --> 19:22.572 when some of the stuff from the unconscious tries to come up 19:22.565 --> 19:24.285 into the conscious. 19:24.288 --> 19:27.768 So therefore what he did, he made people to remember 19:27.768 --> 19:31.268 their dreams, and then he tried to help them, 19:31.265 --> 19:35.295 from the material which was surfacing from dreams, 19:35.298 --> 19:39.028 to understand their subconscious. 19:39.029 --> 19:44.979 In 1905 there is another major breakthrough. 19:44.980 --> 19:49.360 He's publishing The Pathology of Everyday Life 19:49.362 --> 19:54.252 in which--you all know this term--the Freudian slippage; 19:54.250 --> 19:56.670 when somebody, just by accident, 19:56.669 --> 20:00.179 got something wrong, slips his tongue and says 20:00.180 --> 20:03.380 something differently than it should. 20:03.380 --> 20:08.470 Freud does show that very often it's actually also the 20:08.469 --> 20:11.829 subconscious putting his head up; 20:11.828 --> 20:15.008 and it's an indication what is in your subconscious, 20:15.013 --> 20:16.703 what is repressed in you. 20:16.700 --> 20:19.140 It was just not an error what you did. 20:19.142 --> 20:19.672 Right? 20:19.670 --> 20:23.940 Beyond these errors he can see the subconscious coming up. 20:23.940 --> 20:27.420 And then, of course, the same year another major 20:27.423 --> 20:30.993 breakthrough-- probably next to the discovery 20:30.990 --> 20:33.650 of psychoanalysis, the most important 20:33.653 --> 20:36.763 breakthrough--the "Three Essays on the Theory of 20:36.756 --> 20:37.886 Sexuality". 20:37.890 --> 20:44.030 And now he is moving towards what some will say--call a 20:44.026 --> 20:48.796 pan-sexualist understanding of the mind. 20:48.798 --> 20:53.048 Well it's probably pushing it too far; 20:53.048 --> 20:55.618 most who are do not believe in Freud. 20:55.618 --> 20:58.808 But there are still many, many people who do believe in 20:58.805 --> 20:59.155 Freud. 20:59.159 --> 20:59.689 Right? 20:59.690 --> 21:02.250 There are people who practice psychoanalysis. 21:02.250 --> 21:06.130 You know, just ten, twenty years ago, 21:06.127 --> 21:08.927 everybody has his analyst. 21:08.930 --> 21:09.900 Right? 21:09.900 --> 21:11.860 Interestingly, I think somehow this is a 21:11.855 --> 21:13.355 little going out of fashion. 21:13.358 --> 21:16.018 But I think there are still people-- 21:16.019 --> 21:18.049 you must know people--right?--who have their 21:18.049 --> 21:20.949 analyst-- right?--and they go every other 21:20.950 --> 21:24.710 week to the analyst, lay down on the couch and they 21:24.709 --> 21:27.349 speak their mind, and then they're kind of 21:27.354 --> 21:27.914 relieved. 21:27.910 --> 21:32.150 Well I would say if you have problems of depression, 21:32.154 --> 21:34.074 why don't you try it? 21:34.068 --> 21:39.688 Actually I think it certainly does you less damage than taking 21:39.692 --> 21:42.642 these bloody pills, what can--no, 21:42.643 --> 21:47.533 not that psychoanalysis cannot cause you trouble. 21:47.529 --> 21:50.859 Because these psychoanalysts, of course, 21:50.858 --> 21:55.198 all know because of Freud's theory of sexuality, 21:55.200 --> 22:02.610 that all these problems in us is depressed sexual desires, 22:02.608 --> 22:05.178 and everything has to do something with our early 22:05.175 --> 22:10.415 childhood experiences; for boys, with the love of your 22:10.419 --> 22:17.569 mother, and jealousy of your father and--right?--and with 22:17.569 --> 22:21.529 girls, the other way around. 22:21.528 --> 22:25.148 Well so if you go to an analyst, in no time you will 22:25.154 --> 22:29.284 start figuring out why you really, really hate your father, 22:29.278 --> 22:31.268 or you hate your mother. 22:31.269 --> 22:36.419 And well I'm not so sure that's the best thing what can happen 22:36.420 --> 22:37.180 to you. 22:37.180 --> 22:40.150 But anyway, that's what he was doing. 22:40.150 --> 22:44.860 And he--in fact, he discovers I think an 22:44.855 --> 22:49.035 intriguing idea-- and I think psychologists to 22:49.037 --> 22:54.177 this day are struggling with it, how much truth there is to it-- 22:54.180 --> 22:57.030 the so-called Oedipus complex. 22:57.029 --> 22:59.439 And you know what the Oedipus complex is. 22:59.440 --> 23:01.540 King Oedipus, by accident, 23:01.538 --> 23:05.988 marries his own wife--own mother--and it turns out own 23:05.987 --> 23:09.507 mother--and that's of course a big tragedy. 23:09.511 --> 23:10.521 Right? 23:10.519 --> 23:16.359 You are not supposed to--this is incest, which is--virtually 23:16.356 --> 23:19.916 all civilizations prohibit incest. 23:19.920 --> 23:27.560 Well, and this is Oedipus complex, that we are always in 23:27.559 --> 23:33.259 love with our parents of the opposite sex, 23:33.256 --> 23:37.556 and jealous of the other parent. 23:37.561 --> 23:39.231 Right? 23:39.230 --> 23:43.410 And the Oedipus complex also means that we have a desire to 23:43.413 --> 23:46.663 kill our father in order to have the love-- 23:46.660 --> 23:50.000 in fact, sexual love--of our mother, 23:50.000 --> 23:52.300 if we are boys, and vice-versa for girls. 23:52.298 --> 23:56.988 Well I think everybody would agree this probably pushed the 23:56.990 --> 24:00.110 idea a bit too far, but there is clearly an 24:00.105 --> 24:03.165 interesting-- a very important insight in the 24:03.173 --> 24:03.903 argument. 24:03.900 --> 24:07.910 Then, in the later work, he is moving more towards 24:07.909 --> 24:09.299 metapsychology. 24:09.298 --> 24:13.388 Now he tries to explain the functioning of society, 24:13.385 --> 24:16.405 rather than just individual psyche. 24:16.410 --> 24:20.280 The first major step in this direction is 1913, 24:20.277 --> 24:24.647 when he published the book Totem and Taboo. 24:24.650 --> 24:28.540 And this is about the origins of a fairly primitive 24:28.544 --> 24:33.374 society--the transformation from a kinship network to a tribal, 24:33.374 --> 24:35.404 larger tribal society. 24:35.400 --> 24:41.190 And he explains in this book the origins of first complex 24:41.191 --> 24:46.981 society as the brothers come together and they kill their 24:46.981 --> 24:48.121 father. 24:48.118 --> 24:53.618 And the father exercised in the kinship relationship absolute 24:53.616 --> 24:54.346 power. 24:54.348 --> 24:57.468 And in fact he also believed that in these early 24:57.469 --> 25:01.319 kinship-based societies, there was even no incest taboo. 25:01.318 --> 25:07.788 So the father actually could have sex with his daughters as 25:07.788 --> 25:08.568 well. 25:08.568 --> 25:12.078 Now the brothers come together, they kill the father, 25:12.075 --> 25:14.835 and they create the first civilization. 25:14.838 --> 25:22.138 They're beginning to repress desires and share power among 25:22.144 --> 25:23.814 themselves. 25:23.809 --> 25:26.649 That's Totem and Taboo. 25:26.650 --> 25:32.160 Then he writes two important conceptual pieces, 25:32.160 --> 25:33.770 "Beyond the Pleasure Principle", 25:33.769 --> 25:36.059 1920, and "Ego and Id". 25:36.058 --> 25:40.598 And I asked you to read some of it, 1923, which are kind of 25:40.596 --> 25:43.096 important conceptual elements. 25:43.098 --> 25:48.078 And I think this all cumulated in his Civilization and its 25:48.082 --> 25:51.292 Discontents, 1930, which arguably, 25:51.288 --> 25:55.708 if you are not interested in individual psychology but the 25:55.711 --> 25:59.631 theory of society, this is his most important book. 25:59.630 --> 26:03.900 It was a very big success and has not been out of print ever 26:03.900 --> 26:04.480 since. 26:04.480 --> 26:08.430 '38, he has to leave Vienna. 26:08.430 --> 26:12.640 He had a similar hate/love relationship to the city of 26:12.644 --> 26:16.704 Vienna as towards his father, as many people did. 26:16.700 --> 26:21.040 But by '38, the Nazis took it over. 26:21.038 --> 26:26.078 Gestapo actually interviewed his daughter, 26:26.078 --> 26:31.608 beloved daughter, Anna, and sort of he saw the 26:31.609 --> 26:34.559 writing on the wall. 26:34.559 --> 26:36.859 It's time to leave; if you are Jewish, 26:36.861 --> 26:39.351 you don't want to live in the Third Reich. 26:39.348 --> 26:42.858 And he moves to London, and just a year later he 26:42.862 --> 26:44.882 actually commits suicide. 26:44.880 --> 26:47.900 It is an assisted suicide. 26:47.900 --> 26:52.420 His doctor helped him to get rid of the pain he was 26:52.422 --> 26:55.952 struggling with for a very long time. 26:55.950 --> 27:00.250 Well, a bit about the psychoanalytic movement. 27:00.250 --> 27:04.010 Freud's ideas were, of course, outrageous ideas, 27:04.009 --> 27:05.689 very controversial. 27:05.690 --> 27:10.040 Nevertheless very early on, already in 1902, 27:10.038 --> 27:13.498 there were a group of very young and able people, 27:13.500 --> 27:18.240 which included people like Sandor Ferenczi and Carl Jung 27:18.237 --> 27:23.807 and Ernest Jones, who wrote a wonderful biography 27:23.808 --> 27:26.418 of-- the definite biography--of 27:26.423 --> 27:26.963 Freud. 27:26.960 --> 27:31.300 If you want, of course, a very pro-Freudian 27:31.297 --> 27:36.767 perspective, but read it, it's a great book indeed. 27:36.769 --> 27:40.049 And they start together, in Bergstrasse 19, 27:40.047 --> 27:42.307 in Vienna, every Wednesday. 27:42.308 --> 27:45.438 This was called the Wednesday Psychological Circle. 27:45.440 --> 27:50.610 Then in 1908 this becomes the Vienna Psychological Society--a 27:50.609 --> 27:55.779 bit of a misnomer because in no time it's beginning to spread 27:55.779 --> 27:57.589 around the world. 27:57.588 --> 28:01.628 And there are psychoanalytic societies all over the world, 28:01.630 --> 28:03.190 until this very day. 28:03.190 --> 28:07.870 And if you want to become an analyst, it's not enough to have 28:07.867 --> 28:11.967 a medical degree; you have to go through years of 28:11.973 --> 28:16.043 very rigorous training, what these psychoanalytic 28:16.038 --> 28:18.238 societies will monitor. 28:18.240 --> 28:23.790 Freud was also a very difficult person to get along. 28:23.788 --> 28:29.088 He basically had fallouts with everybody. 28:29.088 --> 28:32.538 First, probably the most important of his early 28:32.538 --> 28:37.248 associates, Adler; already in 1911 they break up. 28:37.250 --> 28:40.980 Then with Jung. 28:40.980 --> 28:43.710 Adler, Jung; next to Adler are the dominant 28:43.707 --> 28:47.897 figures of psychology in the first two or three decades of 28:47.900 --> 28:49.740 the twentieth century. 28:49.740 --> 28:52.900 Then even later on he breaks with Ferenczi, 28:52.896 --> 28:57.106 who was a pretty loyal guy, was not easy to get a fallout 28:57.106 --> 29:00.186 with him, but Freud managed this one. 29:00.190 --> 29:02.260 He could make enemies everywhere. 29:02.259 --> 29:10.949 Okay, then really the person who was running the show became 29:10.951 --> 29:16.601 his daughter, Anna Freud, who lived a long 29:16.596 --> 29:22.466 life and held up the torch and carried the cause of 29:22.465 --> 29:24.575 psychoanalysis. 29:24.578 --> 29:28.808 So let me have a look at the book on The 29:28.807 --> 29:33.127 Ego--not Ergo, I'm sorry, it's The 29:33.126 --> 29:35.146 Ego and the Id. 29:35.148 --> 29:36.158 Right? 29:36.160 --> 29:40.960 This is a Freudian slippage, right? 29:40.960 --> 29:42.760 > 29:42.759 --> 29:45.419 I have to correct this one. 29:45.420 --> 29:48.760 Well there are, he said--here is beginning to 29:48.758 --> 29:49.288 move. 29:49.288 --> 29:54.238 The initial idea is there is subconscious or unconscious and 29:54.242 --> 29:59.032 conscious elements what constitute the human sexuality. 29:59.029 --> 30:02.499 And now he wants to have a clearer conceptual apparatus to 30:02.496 --> 30:03.526 deal with this. 30:03.528 --> 30:08.568 And he has, well our perception system has three components. 30:08.568 --> 30:12.078 One is the ego, the other one is id, 30:12.075 --> 30:15.275 and the third one is superego. 30:15.278 --> 30:18.598 And we will deal with all of this. 30:18.604 --> 30:19.414 Right? 30:19.410 --> 30:22.070 And therefore what is interesting, what is the 30:22.068 --> 30:24.608 interaction between ego, id and superego. 30:24.608 --> 30:27.798 And Discontents and Civilization deals with this 30:27.795 --> 30:28.675 a great deal. 30:28.680 --> 30:32.800 He's also talking about the two classes of instincts, 30:32.796 --> 30:36.436 what guides life, and that's also important for 30:36.436 --> 30:39.916 Civilization and its Discontents. 30:39.920 --> 30:44.280 Well he said initially we made a distinction between the 30:44.281 --> 30:46.821 conscious and the unconscious. 30:46.818 --> 30:51.288 And the idea of unconscious came from the theory of 30:51.294 --> 30:56.224 repression, that we have unconscious because some of the 30:56.215 --> 31:00.215 experiences we do not recall; for instance, 31:00.219 --> 31:04.899 our sexual desire towards our mother, which was prohibited, 31:04.902 --> 31:07.892 it's pushed into our subconscious; 31:07.890 --> 31:11.640 and other unpleasant experiences in our life we want 31:11.642 --> 31:14.662 to forget and we put into subconscious. 31:14.660 --> 31:16.150 That's repression. 31:16.150 --> 31:20.480 We repress undesired experience. 31:20.480 --> 31:24.060 Here unconscious--right?--coincided 31:24.057 --> 31:29.737 with what is latent and what wants to become conscious, 31:29.738 --> 31:33.208 wants to enter the conscious. 31:33.210 --> 31:36.750 It's only suppressed, and it is psychoanalysis which 31:36.752 --> 31:39.882 helps you to bring this into consciousness. 31:39.880 --> 31:43.110 But he said, "well all that is 31:43.106 --> 31:46.236 repressed is unconscious." 31:46.240 --> 31:48.490 That's quite true. 31:48.490 --> 31:49.300 You know? 31:49.298 --> 31:53.288 If you had bad memories, you tend to forget it and put 31:53.285 --> 31:55.235 it into the unconscious. 31:55.240 --> 32:01.010 But--the big discovery was--but not all that is unconscious is 32:01.009 --> 32:03.279 necessarily repressed. 32:03.278 --> 32:07.078 There are stuff in the unconscious which was there 32:07.079 --> 32:09.639 before it was in consciousness. 32:09.640 --> 32:13.800 He said the later, which is unconscious only 32:13.800 --> 32:17.870 descriptively, not dynamically--dynamically 32:17.865 --> 32:20.475 meant it was depressed. 32:20.480 --> 32:24.580 But there is an element of subconscious which is there only 32:24.575 --> 32:25.555 descriptively. 32:25.564 --> 32:26.204 Right? 32:26.200 --> 32:29.290 This is what he called preconsciousness; 32:29.288 --> 32:32.908 before--it was never in the conscious. 32:32.914 --> 32:33.704 Right? 32:33.700 --> 32:37.010 It is just deep down in you. 32:37.009 --> 32:41.289 And well and he said, "We restrict the term 32:41.288 --> 32:45.658 unconscious to the dynamically unconscious 32:45.659 --> 32:47.479 repressed." 32:47.480 --> 32:51.400 And now the two, this repressed unconscious and 32:51.397 --> 32:54.977 the preconscious, together will constitute, 32:54.976 --> 32:56.846 I suppose, the id. 32:56.848 --> 33:03.368 Now we can now turn, have different concepts now, 33:03.368 --> 33:08.528 Freud said, conscious, preconscious and unconscious, 33:08.528 --> 33:13.078 and the question is what is the relationship between those? 33:13.079 --> 33:14.479 So what is ego? 33:14.480 --> 33:18.880 He said, "Each individual, there is a coherent 33:18.880 --> 33:23.630 organization of the mental process, and this is what we 33:23.632 --> 33:24.952 call ego." 33:24.952 --> 33:25.922 Right? 33:25.920 --> 33:33.250 Well it is to this ego that consciousness is attached. 33:33.250 --> 33:37.340 What is consciousness in us is what is ego. 33:37.338 --> 33:40.228 He said, "It is also a mental agency"-- 33:40.230 --> 33:45.690 right?--"which supervises and constitutes the process of 33:45.692 --> 33:49.652 thinking"; he said, "which goes to 33:49.654 --> 33:54.494 sleep, but, at the same time, exercises control even over 33:54.488 --> 33:56.298 your dreams." 33:56.299 --> 33:57.839 That's your ego. 33:57.838 --> 34:03.508 And the ego is the agents of repression. 34:03.509 --> 34:07.709 The ego will repress stuff which is in the way of the ego 34:07.707 --> 34:11.377 to act, that will push it into the unconscious. 34:11.380 --> 34:15.860 Well he said, "Therefore our therapy was 34:15.864 --> 34:21.884 to try to bring into the ego what was unconscious"-- 34:21.880 --> 34:24.160 right?--"and what was repressed." 34:24.159 --> 34:29.739 But there is something else which is not repressed, 34:29.739 --> 34:35.649 which also has a very important drive, and this is id. 34:35.654 --> 34:36.774 Right? 34:36.768 --> 34:41.508 Id is what is deeply down in your--those desires, 34:41.512 --> 34:44.972 the drives which come out of you. 34:44.969 --> 34:48.829 And they are not-- some of it is not, has never been 34:48.831 --> 34:49.741 repressed. 34:49.739 --> 34:54.609 It is just by nature in you, for instance sexual drives. 34:54.610 --> 34:55.320 Right? 34:55.320 --> 34:58.890 "So I propose to call the entity, 34:58.889 --> 35:03.799 which starts out from the system preconscious and begins 35:03.797 --> 35:08.167 by the preconscious, the ego, and call the other 35:08.168 --> 35:11.928 part of the mind, into which this entity extends 35:11.927 --> 35:15.967 and which behaves through it as if it were unconscious, 35:15.969 --> 35:17.079 the id." 35:17.079 --> 35:20.399 It's unconscious but not repressed; 35:20.400 --> 35:24.820 or a combination of repressed and preconscious. 35:24.820 --> 35:31.200 Well he said, "The ego is very sharply 35:31.202 --> 35:34.852 separated from the id. 35:34.849 --> 35:41.199 It's really the id is below the ego." 35:41.199 --> 35:44.399 And that's a very--this is probably the best to grasp, 35:44.400 --> 35:48.240 what he said: "The ego's relationship to 35:48.240 --> 35:52.170 the id is like a man on a horseback"-- 35:52.170 --> 35:56.710 right?--"after the rider is obliged to guide the horse 35:56.711 --> 36:00.081 where the horse wants to go." Right? 36:00.079 --> 36:01.649 This is the id. Right? 36:01.650 --> 36:07.860 So the ego will be on the horse--the horse is the id-- 36:07.860 --> 36:10.890 but occasionally if you don't want to follow the horse, 36:10.889 --> 36:13.149 you let the horse go where the horse wants to go. 36:13.152 --> 36:13.532 Right? 36:13.530 --> 36:17.160 You try to control the horse, but there is so much you can 36:17.159 --> 36:18.559 do, about the horse. 36:18.559 --> 36:22.379 It's a very important idea in mature Freud. 36:22.380 --> 36:24.090 And then there comes the superego. 36:24.085 --> 36:24.495 Right? 36:24.500 --> 36:29.030 He said, "The ego is not merely a part of the id." 36:29.025 --> 36:29.635 Right? 36:29.639 --> 36:36.029 "There also exists a grade in the ego which may be called 36:36.030 --> 36:39.800 the ego-ideal, or the superego." 36:39.802 --> 36:40.852 Right? 36:40.849 --> 36:46.759 And the part of this ego is firmly connected to the 36:46.759 --> 36:48.649 consciousness. 36:48.650 --> 36:52.590 36:52.590 --> 36:56.530 And well the superego--right?--is the, 36:56.530 --> 37:05.870 he said, "is part residue of earlier object choices of the 37:05.865 --> 37:09.395 id, but it represents an energetic 37:09.400 --> 37:13.610 reaction formation against those choices." 37:13.610 --> 37:18.120 It is what tells you what you should be, not what you are. 37:18.119 --> 37:20.439 The ego tells you who you are. 37:20.438 --> 37:20.978 Right? 37:20.980 --> 37:25.580 The ego tests the world of reality and tests what you can 37:25.577 --> 37:28.777 achieve under the conditions of reality. 37:28.778 --> 37:29.598 Right? 37:29.599 --> 37:34.109 The superego is that part of your consciousness which 37:34.110 --> 37:38.100 actually will tell you that what you should be. 37:38.101 --> 37:38.971 Right? 37:38.969 --> 37:42.879 Adam Smith, you remember Adam Smith, the theory of moral 37:42.876 --> 37:43.726 sentiment. 37:43.730 --> 37:47.390 There is somebody inside of you who is watching you and makes a 37:47.387 --> 37:50.277 judgment on you whether this is right or wrong. 37:50.280 --> 37:57.920 The idea of superego is very similar--right?--to this Adam 37:57.916 --> 38:00.056 Smithian idea. 38:00.059 --> 38:03.899 Well psychoanalysis, he said, was criticized for 38:03.900 --> 38:08.480 ignoring the higher values in human life and talking only 38:08.476 --> 38:11.496 about sex and so on and so forth. 38:11.500 --> 38:12.950 He said, "This is all wrong; 38:12.949 --> 38:16.879 we are very aware of the existence of the superego. 38:16.880 --> 38:21.610 And there is a complex interaction between ego, 38:21.610 --> 38:24.080 id and superego." 38:24.079 --> 38:29.949 Well the ego is essentially repressive. 38:29.949 --> 38:33.679 It essentially represents the external reality, 38:33.679 --> 38:36.029 the external world as such. 38:36.030 --> 38:37.780 The superego, on the other hand, 38:37.782 --> 38:41.532 represents the internal world, your own view what you would 38:41.527 --> 38:43.927 want to be, though you cannot be, 38:43.925 --> 38:46.975 partially because your drives are dirty-- 38:46.980 --> 38:53.190 right?--and your ego does not let you to achieve that. 38:53.192 --> 38:54.132 Right? 38:54.130 --> 38:57.920 So actually what belonged to the lowest part of the mental 38:57.918 --> 39:01.258 life-- right?--this suppressed stuff, 39:01.255 --> 39:06.395 is turned into what is the highest in the human mind-- 39:06.400 --> 39:09.130 right?--the superego. 39:09.130 --> 39:11.530 Well there are also two classes of instincts. 39:11.530 --> 39:14.010 One instinct, what he discovered early in the 39:14.009 --> 39:16.389 work, is what he calls 39:16.389 --> 39:23.029 libido--right?--the sexual desire and the desire to live 39:23.025 --> 39:27.485 and survive and self-preservation. 39:27.489 --> 39:29.369 But there is another instinct in us; 39:29.369 --> 39:34.189 he discovers it somewhat later in life, and this is the death 39:34.192 --> 39:35.882 instinct, Thanatos. 39:35.880 --> 39:38.410 So there are Eros and Thanatos. 39:38.409 --> 39:40.419 One is what makes us live. 39:40.420 --> 39:44.860 The other is destructive, wants to bring us to death. 39:44.860 --> 39:50.460 And the human life and the human history can be understood 39:50.458 --> 39:54.678 as a struggle between the Eros and Thanatos, 39:54.681 --> 39:55.861 as such. 39:55.860 --> 40:03.300 Sadism is a good example of Thanatos, he said. 40:03.300 --> 40:06.470 Okay, let me move to Civilization and 40:06.467 --> 40:07.927 Discontents. 40:07.929 --> 40:12.119 And there are the major highlights: about ego 40:12.117 --> 40:16.397 development, religion and purposes of life. 40:16.400 --> 40:23.600 Civilization as restriction of sexual life. 40:23.599 --> 40:25.929 About ego development. 40:25.929 --> 40:32.519 There is not that much I have to add or interpret here. 40:32.518 --> 40:37.428 Well he said the ego eventually evolves in us; 40:37.429 --> 40:39.769 it's not just given in us. 40:39.768 --> 40:40.398 Right? 40:40.400 --> 40:43.340 It's sharply differentiated. 40:43.340 --> 40:46.080 I can say, "This person has a strong ego." 40:46.079 --> 40:51.999 You present your ego very strongly, and your id is being 40:52.003 --> 40:56.203 hidden from, if I can put it with Erving 40:56.204 --> 41:01.594 Goffman,--right?--the id is in the back stage. 41:01.590 --> 41:09.050 You don't show it--right?--the id, but what you want to present 41:09.054 --> 41:10.744 is your ego. 41:10.739 --> 41:13.869 But this evolves gradually--right?--in the 41:13.871 --> 41:16.241 process of human development. 41:16.239 --> 41:21.849 You can see as ego gradually develops in a child and takes 41:21.851 --> 41:23.821 the form as it is. 41:23.820 --> 41:28.470 And one important process in this, as you move away from the 41:28.472 --> 41:31.942 pleasure principles to the reality principle. 41:31.940 --> 41:32.730 Right? 41:32.730 --> 41:34.630 "Is there a purpose of human life?", 41:34.628 --> 41:35.048 he asks. 41:35.050 --> 41:39.180 "Well only religion can answer, talk to you about the 41:39.184 --> 41:40.494 purpose of life. 41:40.489 --> 41:44.399 I, as a psychologist or a social analyst or social 41:44.396 --> 41:48.536 scientist, I cannot tell you what the purpose of life 41:48.543 --> 41:49.583 is." 41:49.579 --> 41:51.479 What is the purpose of life now? 41:51.480 --> 41:54.270 He comes very close to the utilitarian idea. 41:54.269 --> 41:54.789 Right? 41:54.789 --> 42:00.819 We almost hear John Stuart Mill speaking to him. 42:00.820 --> 42:04.200 Happiness; we are all striving to be happy. 42:04.195 --> 42:04.835 Right? 42:04.840 --> 42:10.230 But unfortunately the problem is it is much easier to be 42:10.228 --> 42:12.678 unhappy than to be happy. 42:12.677 --> 42:13.557 Right? 42:13.559 --> 42:18.669 And, because we are confronted with the problems, 42:18.670 --> 42:24.850 that in fact unhappiness is much likely to be our fate than 42:24.847 --> 42:29.317 achieve what we want to be, happiness. 42:29.320 --> 42:34.360 This pleasure principle is transformed into a reality 42:34.356 --> 42:35.516 principle. 42:35.518 --> 42:39.328 We say, "Well, that is the reality what we 42:39.326 --> 42:41.226 have to accept." 42:41.230 --> 42:42.980 And we have to escape this. 42:42.980 --> 42:47.230 We need to have this reality principle to bring our 42:47.230 --> 42:49.610 unhappiness under control. 42:49.610 --> 42:53.320 To be able to survive the sufferings, we have to have a 42:53.322 --> 42:54.632 sense of reality. 42:54.630 --> 42:57.550 And this is the taming of the ego. 42:57.550 --> 43:03.970 This now becomes very close to Nietzsche, as close as Freud 43:03.965 --> 43:05.395 ever will be. 43:05.403 --> 43:06.403 Right? 43:06.400 --> 43:09.830 And the sublimation of instincts--that's all what 43:09.829 --> 43:11.689 civilization is all about. 43:11.686 --> 43:12.326 Right? 43:12.329 --> 43:17.949 The feeling of happiness is derived from the satisfaction of 43:17.951 --> 43:22.621 wild intellectual impulses, untamed by the ego. 43:22.619 --> 43:26.929 The blond beast--right?--that's where the real pleasure comes 43:26.927 --> 43:27.427 from. 43:27.429 --> 43:30.679 But it has to be tamed. Right? 43:30.679 --> 43:32.139 Here it comes. Right? 43:32.139 --> 43:33.929 Very much the Nietzschean idea. 43:33.929 --> 43:40.679 And this is happening through the--if you want to escape it, 43:40.675 --> 43:44.445 then you do it, you become maniac, 43:44.447 --> 43:46.617 or intoxicated. 43:46.619 --> 43:53.669 If you cannot face the reality, then you drink. 43:53.672 --> 43:54.902 Right? 43:54.900 --> 43:58.100 It was too much, so I go to the pub and I order 43:58.101 --> 44:00.951 a double scotch--right?--and then I relax. 44:00.954 --> 44:01.654 Right? 44:01.650 --> 44:05.920 Intoxication is the way how to avoid reality; 44:05.920 --> 44:07.280 I get drunk. 44:07.280 --> 44:09.930 Many people get drunk. 44:09.929 --> 44:13.799 A very bad idea because actually it will make it worse. 44:13.800 --> 44:17.780 Your unhappiness, as soon as the first few 44:17.784 --> 44:22.744 minutes of happiness is past, will be just worse. 44:22.739 --> 44:27.829 Well, and another way to do it is sublimation-- 44:27.829 --> 44:31.999 right?--of the instinct--to suppress and ennoble in some 44:32.001 --> 44:37.201 ways these instincts that were-- actually you move into the 44:37.202 --> 44:41.942 sphere of fantasies; you fantasize rather than live 44:41.942 --> 44:44.392 out your depressed desires. 44:44.389 --> 44:48.409 And this is the mechanism of fantasy, which creates art and 44:48.407 --> 44:51.127 science; and the most noble human 44:51.130 --> 44:54.940 activities are actually sublimated unsatisfied 44:54.940 --> 45:00.190 desires--right?--which came from the ego--came from the id; 45:00.190 --> 45:05.810 the ego confronted with reality and then suppressed it, 45:05.806 --> 45:11.316 and then was sublimated into these higher elements. 45:11.320 --> 45:16.360 Well he has a very nice quotation from Goethe on an 45:16.362 --> 45:20.102 unpublished poem, and not surprisingly 45:20.096 --> 45:21.706 unpublished. 45:21.710 --> 45:32.370 This says: "The people who have science and art also do 45:32.369 --> 45:35.259 have religion. 45:35.260 --> 45:40.990 Those who do not have either science or art have to have 45:40.989 --> 45:42.759 religion." 45:42.760 --> 45:44.680 Well it's a very interesting idea. 45:44.679 --> 45:49.529 In fact, I don't think it is totally obvious how you have to 45:49.534 --> 45:52.994 interpret it, especially the first part. 45:52.989 --> 45:57.719 I think there's a way one can interpret the first sentence: 45:57.717 --> 46:02.767 Wer Wissenschaft und Kunst Besitzt hat auch Religion. 46:02.768 --> 46:06.218 It basically means well, you know, science and art is a 46:06.215 --> 46:09.015 sort of a religion, and if you are actually a 46:09.023 --> 46:12.283 scientist or an artist, you have your religion; 46:12.280 --> 46:14.770 you even don't have to be religious. 46:14.768 --> 46:18.748 But if you have no science or no art, in order to make sense 46:18.748 --> 46:20.768 of the life you need religion. 46:20.771 --> 46:21.381 Right? 46:21.380 --> 46:26.190 And that's--I think it's not surprising that he never 46:26.188 --> 46:28.128 published the poem. 46:28.130 --> 46:31.160 Well Freud pushes far. 46:31.159 --> 46:35.509 He's also anti-religious, and he said well indeed 46:35.514 --> 46:40.624 religion is just mass delusion, because it does create the 46:40.619 --> 46:44.229 impression-- right?--that you can actually 46:44.233 --> 46:47.023 mold reality; that there is purpose of 46:47.021 --> 46:51.111 life--probably not on this earth but beyond that--and you will be 46:51.106 --> 46:52.636 able to achieve that. 46:52.639 --> 46:55.169 That's why he calls it 'mass delusion'. 46:55.170 --> 46:56.930 You don't confront reality. 46:56.931 --> 46:57.391 Right? 46:57.389 --> 47:04.609 You do not develop your reality principle sufficiently. 47:04.610 --> 47:08.740 And, of course, he also calls this infantile; 47:08.739 --> 47:12.279 infantile because you create the figure of the god, 47:12.284 --> 47:13.494 the father god. 47:13.489 --> 47:17.759 And he said this is exactly the young infant's reaction how to 47:17.760 --> 47:20.480 respond to danger, and the reality, 47:20.476 --> 47:24.836 to hope that you will get protections from your father. 47:24.840 --> 47:28.230 And he said this is exactly what religions are calling upon. 47:28.230 --> 47:32.530 My--you know, when you address God as 47:32.525 --> 47:35.385 "My Father." 47:35.389 --> 47:41.389 Okay, there are different sources of unhappiness. 47:41.389 --> 47:45.259 First of all the nature is a source of our unhappiness--is 47:45.262 --> 47:46.012 superior. 47:46.010 --> 47:49.290 And one part of nature is particularly a source of 47:49.293 --> 47:51.173 unhappiness: our own body. 47:51.170 --> 47:53.460 And, you know, if you are getting sick and 47:53.463 --> 47:56.153 old, like Freud did, you will appreciate more and 47:56.146 --> 47:58.996 more how much unhappiness comes from your body; 47:59.000 --> 48:03.520 what you don't necessarily feel right now, but wait fifty more 48:03.521 --> 48:05.081 years and you will. 48:05.079 --> 48:09.719 Okay, and there is--the biggest unhappiness actually comes from 48:09.722 --> 48:11.072 human relations. 48:11.070 --> 48:16.780 It's again something which resembles very much the young 48:16.775 --> 48:21.545 Marx--alienation, as alienated from your fellow 48:21.545 --> 48:23.305 human beings. 48:23.309 --> 48:26.199 And, of course, very much to 48:26.202 --> 48:32.632 Nietzsche--right?--that the problem is in human relations. 48:32.630 --> 48:38.310 Well now the question is how on earth we can solve this problem 48:38.313 --> 48:40.243 of human relations? 48:40.239 --> 48:44.549 And because we have this big problem--right?--in human 48:44.545 --> 48:48.115 relations, people start blaming civilization, 48:48.121 --> 48:49.991 like Nietzsche did. 48:49.989 --> 48:55.219 And well but he said it is, in fact, conceivable that man 48:55.217 --> 48:59.047 in earlier ages, rather than in modernity, 48:59.045 --> 49:03.335 actually were happier than they are today. 49:03.340 --> 49:06.300 Well yes, noble savages--right?--the happiness 49:06.297 --> 49:08.597 in the state of nature, Rousseau. 49:08.599 --> 49:12.529 He said, "Well that's not an unreasonable argument." 49:12.530 --> 49:15.270 But how does civilization develop? 49:15.268 --> 49:20.128 Well he said--suggests, he's proceeding towards more 49:20.132 --> 49:24.332 and more control over the external world, 49:24.329 --> 49:28.369 but also towards extension of the number of people included in 49:28.369 --> 49:31.779 the community; therefore more and more control 49:31.778 --> 49:33.138 over other people. 49:33.143 --> 49:33.753 Right? 49:33.750 --> 49:36.890 This is sort of civilization is a technology, 49:36.887 --> 49:39.737 how to be able to control more people; 49:39.739 --> 49:43.629 control nature and more people. 49:43.630 --> 49:47.300 Yes, we already talked about Totem and Taboo. 49:47.300 --> 49:51.430 You will see these on the internet. 49:51.429 --> 49:54.179 Anyway, all culture, all civilizations, 49:54.179 --> 49:56.279 are coming from repression. 49:56.280 --> 49:58.650 And this is a very important insight; 49:58.650 --> 50:03.980 very similar to Nietzsche's critique--right?--of morality. 50:03.980 --> 50:09.140 And in particular civilization restricts sexual life. 50:09.139 --> 50:12.079 Well the important aim of civilization, 50:12.077 --> 50:15.707 to bring many people together into a society. 50:15.710 --> 50:21.440 And the limit of uninhabited sexual love. 50:21.443 --> 50:22.593 Right? 50:22.590 --> 50:26.090 It restricts sexual life. 50:26.090 --> 50:29.740 He said this was--the high mark was reached in Western European 50:29.744 --> 50:30.634 civilization. 50:30.630 --> 50:35.080 It's again almost--you read almost Nietzsche--right?--here. 50:35.079 --> 50:40.489 A choice of an object is restricted to the opposite sex, 50:40.485 --> 50:45.585 and most extra-genital satisfactions are forbidden as 50:45.594 --> 50:47.074 perversion. 50:47.070 --> 50:52.960 But even heterosexual genital love is restricted. 50:52.960 --> 50:56.710 Only sexual relationship, on the basis of solitary, 50:56.710 --> 51:02.010 indissoluble bond between one man and one woman is what is 51:02.010 --> 51:05.360 accepted in Western civilization, 51:05.360 --> 51:07.440 not in other civilization. 51:07.440 --> 51:13.070 And that is the most repressive system of sexuality. 51:13.067 --> 51:13.947 Right? 51:13.949 --> 51:18.289 Well--right? 51:18.289 --> 51:21.789 And there is actually more to it, rather than repression of 51:21.793 --> 51:22.523 sexuality. 51:22.519 --> 51:23.839 You know? 51:23.840 --> 51:29.530 It has to restrict all other kind of drives which is coming 51:29.534 --> 51:30.914 from the id. 51:30.909 --> 51:37.419 It teaches you--right?--to love your neighbor and even your 51:37.423 --> 51:43.043 enemy, which is in his view--right?--impossible. 51:43.039 --> 51:51.389 But well we have to control somehow aggressivity. 51:51.389 --> 51:57.019 Homo homini lupus; man is the wolf of man. 51:57.021 --> 51:57.961 Right? 51:57.960 --> 52:02.470 This is kind of Hobbesian theory of human nature--deeply 52:02.465 --> 52:04.345 down we are actually. 52:04.349 --> 52:06.019 There is also a critique of Marx. 52:06.018 --> 52:08.028 Marx thinks there is an easy solution. 52:08.030 --> 52:11.690 You eliminate private ownership and homo homini lupus 52:11.693 --> 52:12.753 will be solved. 52:15.909 --> 52:20.209 Well I don't have time to work on this, though it's a very 52:20.208 --> 52:23.528 interesting idea: Nazism, and why you dislike 52:23.527 --> 52:26.467 particularly which is close to you. 52:26.469 --> 52:31.279 Well I think I'll probably just have to leave this here, 52:31.277 --> 52:36.437 and just finish with the note suggesting that he is actually 52:36.436 --> 52:38.006 very troubled. 52:38.010 --> 52:42.040 He shows the repressive nature of civilization, 52:42.041 --> 52:47.211 but he does not want to buy into the Nazi anti-civilization. 52:47.213 --> 52:48.093 Right? 52:48.090 --> 52:51.420 And he said, "Well I am not suggesting 52:51.422 --> 52:56.502 the superego is not necessary-- superego is necessary--but I'm 52:56.496 --> 53:00.666 concerned about the superego to be tyrannical." 53:00.672 --> 53:01.412 Right? 53:01.409 --> 53:03.709 "And let's try to find a middle 53:07.650 --> 53:12.910 The id gives bad impulses and they have to be controlled by 53:12.911 --> 53:16.901 the superego, but the superego can go too far 53:16.902 --> 53:18.992 and too much." 53:18.989 --> 53:25.529 So kind of tries to walk a narrow way between Marx and 53:25.528 --> 53:27.008 Nietzsche. 53:27.010 --> 53:28.480 All right? Thank you. 53:28.480 --> 53:34.000