WEBVTT 00:01.330 --> 00:04.540 Prof: The chronological end of the Old Testament, 00:04.540 --> 00:08.250 Hebrew Bible, takes place in the sixth 00:08.249 --> 00:12.059 century BCE that is in the 500s BCE. 00:12.060 --> 00:16.420 I say the chronological end of the text is that because that's 00:16.423 --> 00:20.503 actually not the latest that our literature comes from. 00:20.500 --> 00:22.690 It's just that's the end of the story. 00:22.690 --> 00:26.810 What happens basically is that the Jews are taken out of Judea, 00:26.810 --> 00:30.450 they're taken into captivity, or at least the upper class is, 00:30.450 --> 00:34.070 in Babylon, and then they wait 70 years and then they're 00:34.066 --> 00:36.546 brought-- they're allowed to come back 00:36.547 --> 00:40.437 into Judea to rebuild the temple and the walls of Jerusalem, 00:40.440 --> 00:44.270 and it's the rebuilding of the temple and the walls of 00:44.270 --> 00:48.680 Jerusalem that are narrated in the books Ezra and Nehemiah. 00:48.680 --> 00:53.470 That's kind of where the story of the Jews or the Israelites 00:53.474 --> 00:57.054 ends, at the end of the sixth century BCE. 00:57.050 --> 00:59.950 That's not actually the latest document because, 00:59.950 --> 01:02.080 as we'll talk about a little bit later today, 01:02.079 --> 01:04.919 the book of Daniel, which claims of course to be 01:04.920 --> 01:07.580 written in Babylon, Babylonian captivity, 01:07.581 --> 01:11.581 but also by a guy named Daniel who lived in the sixth century. 01:11.578 --> 01:16.048 It's actually not written then, it's written around the year of 01:16.046 --> 01:18.496 164 BCE, so that's the latest document 01:18.500 --> 01:21.310 that we have that's in the Hebrew Bible or the Old 01:21.305 --> 01:22.045 Testament. 01:22.049 --> 01:26.249 So there's a difference in the actual timing of the documents 01:26.254 --> 01:29.134 and the chronological end of the story. 01:29.129 --> 01:31.369 I'll remind you of what we talked about last time with 01:31.369 --> 01:33.059 Alexander the Great just very briefly. 01:33.060 --> 01:36.350 Alexander the Great, remember, wanted to set up a 01:36.354 --> 01:38.554 one world, a universal empire. 01:38.550 --> 01:42.020 He taught a sort of syncretism of religion, 01:42.019 --> 01:44.459 he taught a common language, Greek, 01:44.459 --> 01:46.219 he set up these Greek cities all around, 01:46.220 --> 01:48.330 these things will all be very important for us. 01:48.330 --> 01:51.910 That process is what we call Hellenization, 01:51.910 --> 01:55.730 so the Hellenization of the world in that time means that we 01:55.727 --> 01:58.507 even call that period Hellenistic Greek, 01:58.510 --> 01:59.710 the Hellenistic Period. 01:59.709 --> 02:02.529 To differentiate it from classical Greek period, 02:02.530 --> 02:06.360 say classical Athens in the sixth and fifth century, 02:06.358 --> 02:09.178 and then the Greco Roman Period which will come later, 02:09.180 --> 02:10.660 the period of Rome. 02:10.658 --> 02:13.708 The reason Hellenism is so important for us is because 02:13.711 --> 02:16.881 Alexander--what happened to his empire after he died. 02:16.878 --> 02:20.348 After much confusion and fighting among his major 02:20.354 --> 02:24.264 generals, after his death, Alexander's kingdom ended up 02:24.262 --> 02:27.522 being divided up into four major empires. 02:27.520 --> 02:31.460 For our purposes only three of those really matter, 02:31.459 --> 02:35.319 and on your handout you'll see the names Seleucus, 02:35.318 --> 02:37.918 Antiochus, and the Seleucids. 02:37.919 --> 02:41.589 Seleucus was one of the Generals of Alexander and he 02:41.589 --> 02:46.409 ended up getting the part of his empire that had been Babylonia, 02:46.410 --> 02:52.690 that is modern day Iraq, and Syria. 02:52.690 --> 02:54.710 What happens is, you'll find over and over 02:54.706 --> 02:57.176 again, a man named Seleucus will have 02:57.175 --> 03:00.385 a kid named maybe Antiochus, who will have a kid named 03:00.387 --> 03:01.687 Seleucus, who will have a kid named 03:01.687 --> 03:02.027 Antiochus. 03:02.030 --> 03:04.360 The Seleucids is what we call their dynasty, 03:04.360 --> 03:07.200 their family name, they tended to use those two 03:07.195 --> 03:09.535 names Seleucus and Antiochus a lot, 03:09.538 --> 03:12.108 so you'll see just Seleucus I, II, III; 03:12.110 --> 03:13.560 Antiochus I, II, III, and IV. 03:13.560 --> 03:16.260 Those two names were used quite--in their family over and 03:16.256 --> 03:18.166 over again, so it gets very confusing in 03:18.171 --> 03:20.881 historical literature when it's hard to keep them straight but 03:20.877 --> 03:21.807 that's the reason. 03:21.810 --> 03:25.150 His general Ptolemy II got the Kingdom of Egypt, 03:25.146 --> 03:28.196 which was very, very important because Egypt 03:28.200 --> 03:32.250 was one of the wealthiest parts of the ancient world. 03:32.250 --> 03:36.570 Ptolemy II took Egypt and set up his own sort of 03:36.568 --> 03:40.568 Greco-Egyptian kingdom there, so when we talk about these 03:40.574 --> 03:42.614 things-- sometimes you'll hear us talk 03:42.609 --> 03:45.679 about the Syrian Empire or the Greco Syrian Empire, 03:45.680 --> 03:47.110 or simply the Greek Empire. 03:47.110 --> 03:50.880 That's because there was a Greek sort of veneer over what 03:50.883 --> 03:53.313 would have been local differences. 03:53.310 --> 03:56.220 You'd have Egyptians speaking ancient Egyptian languages but 03:56.217 --> 03:58.777 the elites in the cities would be speaking Greek, 03:58.780 --> 04:01.380 so the culture, the elite culture would still 04:01.376 --> 04:03.556 be Greek and the same way in Syria. 04:03.560 --> 04:06.540 The Ptolemies are easier to keep straight because they 04:06.536 --> 04:08.386 tended to all be named Ptolemy. 04:08.389 --> 04:11.479 They might have a nickname, like Ptolemy Philadelphus is a 04:11.479 --> 04:13.919 very famous one, but then they would give them 04:13.919 --> 04:14.569 numbers. 04:14.568 --> 04:18.038 Ptolemy II was the first general who ruled Egypt, 04:18.041 --> 04:21.441 and then his descendants would be named II, III, 04:21.440 --> 04:24.480 and IV and that sort of--and so forth. 04:24.480 --> 04:26.340 The other empire that was important, 04:26.339 --> 04:28.749 but we'll not talk about it too much today, 04:28.750 --> 04:32.510 is what was Macedonia and Greece itself and the General 04:32.507 --> 04:35.707 Antigonus Gonatas was the one who took that. 04:35.709 --> 04:40.309 That would be its own sort of area until the Romans defeated 04:40.305 --> 04:44.895 the different Greek rulers there and took over Macedonia and 04:44.903 --> 04:45.763 Greece. 04:45.759 --> 04:50.119 What's important for us though is really the Seleucids and the 04:50.119 --> 04:54.189 Ptolemies because if you draw a line separating Syria from 04:54.192 --> 04:56.842 Egypt, the line goes right through 04:56.841 --> 04:57.601 Palestine. 04:57.600 --> 05:00.840 The Jews were kind of caught, therefore, 05:00.838 --> 05:03.838 on the border, so Judea at this time was on 05:03.841 --> 05:08.131 the border between these two empires and they were constantly 05:08.130 --> 05:11.920 fighting trying to aggrandize their own kingdoms. 05:11.920 --> 05:15.610 The Jews were often, therefore, caught right in the 05:15.613 --> 05:16.283 middle. 05:16.278 --> 05:22.928 Antiochus IV Epiphanes reigned from 175 to 164 BCE. 05:22.930 --> 05:26.600 He's called the IV obviously because he's the fourth 05:26.596 --> 05:27.456 Antiochus. 05:27.459 --> 05:30.069 Epiphanes though is a sort of nickname and it means 05:30.072 --> 05:32.632 "manifest," it's just the Greek word for 05:32.632 --> 05:33.942 "manifest." 05:33.940 --> 05:37.210 What Antiochus was doing with his name is saying he was 05:37.214 --> 05:39.524 claiming divine honors for himself, 05:39.519 --> 05:41.239 because what he's saying is, "I'm Antiochus, 05:41.240 --> 05:44.530 God made manifest among you." 05:44.529 --> 05:46.129 This was not that unusual. 05:46.129 --> 05:48.749 As I said last time, Alexander had sort of claimed 05:48.745 --> 05:50.235 divine honors for himself. 05:50.240 --> 05:52.920 He was following the lead of a lot of eastern monarchs and 05:52.923 --> 05:55.843 rulers who would claim to be the descendants of a god and claim 05:55.841 --> 05:58.571 to be a god themselves, and would receive cult and 05:58.571 --> 05:59.061 worship. 05:59.060 --> 06:02.080 Antiochus IV, though, was ruling at that time 06:02.076 --> 06:05.706 and he had control, he had gained control of Judea. 06:05.709 --> 06:08.279 At one point he almost conquered Egypt, 06:08.278 --> 06:11.518 as a matter of fact, again they were always these 06:11.521 --> 06:14.091 battles, but then Rome intervened. 06:14.088 --> 06:16.818 Rome was not in control of eastern Mediterranean at this 06:16.819 --> 06:19.599 time but they started getting more and more powerful, 06:19.600 --> 06:23.110 so Rome came to Egypt, and a Roman general basically 06:23.108 --> 06:24.518 said, "You've got to 06:24.523 --> 06:26.613 withdraw," and forced Antiochus IV to pull 06:26.613 --> 06:27.343 out of Egypt. 06:27.339 --> 06:28.689 Why did Rome do that? 06:28.689 --> 06:31.889 Well Rome wanted--Rome didn't want any other empire in the 06:31.891 --> 06:35.151 Mediterranean to get too powerful so they wanted small-- 06:35.149 --> 06:36.929 they didn't want to really control all the eastern part of 06:36.928 --> 06:39.068 the Mediterranean at this time, they would have been stretched 06:39.065 --> 06:40.795 too thin, but they wanted these two 06:40.802 --> 06:42.792 kingdoms to balance each other out, 06:42.790 --> 06:46.090 so they didn't--they weren't particularly for Antiochus IV, 06:46.089 --> 06:49.069 they just didn't want him to destroy the Egyptian Ptolemies 06:49.067 --> 06:51.887 and him to take over Egypt because it would make him too 06:51.891 --> 06:52.561 powerful. 06:52.560 --> 06:55.480 Rome, though, shows that they have enough 06:55.480 --> 06:59.640 power that they kind of play the referee between different 06:59.641 --> 07:02.781 kingdoms even in the east at this time. 07:02.778 --> 07:05.278 While Judea, though, was under Antiochus 07:05.276 --> 07:09.176 control a lot of Jews tried to figure out how do you deal with 07:09.180 --> 07:11.740 this whole process of Hellenization? 07:11.740 --> 07:14.230 In other words, if you want your own kids to 07:14.226 --> 07:16.456 get ahead in the world, in this time, 07:16.456 --> 07:19.916 and you're going to have an elite family yourself in a town, 07:19.920 --> 07:22.770 in a city, it makes sense for your kids to get a Greek 07:22.773 --> 07:23.423 education. 07:23.420 --> 07:25.040 You want your sons, for example, 07:25.041 --> 07:27.451 to be able to speak, and read, and write Greek. 07:27.451 --> 07:27.871 Why? 07:27.870 --> 07:30.530 Because that's the lingra franca of the elite--of 07:30.526 --> 07:33.326 business, and of government, and all that sort of thing. 07:33.329 --> 07:36.319 It's precisely the way it is now with English around the 07:36.315 --> 07:36.745 world. 07:36.750 --> 07:41.100 Elite families want their kids to have English education, 07:41.100 --> 07:44.090 they want them to be familiar with American culture, 07:44.089 --> 07:46.189 and, if possible, they'll even send them to a 07:46.185 --> 07:49.405 university in the States, or to graduate school in the 07:49.411 --> 07:51.551 States, and this is partly because 07:51.545 --> 07:54.125 there are good universities in the States, 07:54.129 --> 07:56.739 but it's also partly because they know that to get ahead 07:56.737 --> 07:59.357 their kids need to use English, they need to become, 07:59.355 --> 08:02.145 in some sense, to some extent Americanized. 08:02.149 --> 08:05.629 This is what's going on even in places like Jerusalem at this 08:05.632 --> 08:06.042 time. 08:06.040 --> 08:08.860 Jerusalem wasn't a huge city but it was important enough that 08:08.855 --> 08:10.635 there were elites there themselves, 08:10.639 --> 08:14.819 and so they responded to this urge of Hellenizing culture to 08:14.822 --> 08:18.442 have their kids educated in the gymnasium. 08:18.439 --> 08:19.559 Remember? 08:19.560 --> 08:22.950 So they would themselves get this sort of Greek rhetorical 08:22.946 --> 08:23.656 education. 08:23.660 --> 08:26.520 In fact, what we'll call for the purposes, 08:26.519 --> 08:29.179 liberals and conservatives in Jerusalem, 08:29.180 --> 08:32.370 because there was conflict in Jerusalem at this time over how 08:32.371 --> 08:34.821 much Hellenization you should go along with. 08:34.820 --> 08:39.840 Apparently, a majority of the priests and the lay nobility 08:39.844 --> 08:44.714 supported the Hellenizing group, that is the Jewish leaders who 08:44.712 --> 08:47.802 wanted to bring more Hellenization into the Jerusalem 08:47.804 --> 08:48.404 itself. 08:48.399 --> 08:53.479 The high priest at this time was named Jason, 08:53.475 --> 08:59.355 his name is on here, and in 175 he built a gymnasium 08:59.357 --> 09:01.317 in Jerusalem. 09:01.320 --> 09:03.670 Why did he build a gymnasium in Jerusalem? 09:03.668 --> 09:05.908 Well if you're going to have Greek education you have to have 09:05.913 --> 09:06.703 a gymnasium. 09:06.700 --> 09:10.550 This--he also founded a Greek polis, 09:10.548 --> 09:14.848 that is as Greek city structure and Jason apparently paid 09:14.852 --> 09:19.622 Antiochus for the privilege of having Jerusalem recognized as a 09:19.616 --> 09:20.766 Greek city. 09:20.769 --> 09:24.719 This would have consolidated the power of those Jewish 09:24.722 --> 09:28.982 leaders who wanted to press Greek culture more rather than 09:28.976 --> 09:33.896 those Jewish leaders who wanted to hold back on Greek culture. 09:33.899 --> 09:38.699 If you control the gymnasium, and you control the means of 09:38.703 --> 09:41.133 education, you actually control the 09:41.125 --> 09:44.105 citizenry because you can't become a citizen of a Greek 09:44.110 --> 09:45.860 polis, a Greek city, 09:45.860 --> 09:48.540 unless you yourself have Greek education, 09:48.538 --> 09:51.518 so sons would--sons of people would go to the 09:51.522 --> 09:52.812 gymnasium. 09:52.808 --> 09:56.808 Notice what this would do also, it would disenfranchise those 09:56.807 --> 10:01.137 leading families who didn't want to have their sons Hellenized. 10:01.139 --> 10:04.829 By holding the control of the education, you disenfranchise 10:04.827 --> 10:08.577 conservative Jews who are resisting this Greek influence. 10:08.580 --> 10:11.410 About this time, apparently, Antiochus offered 10:11.410 --> 10:14.490 citizenship status to the Jews, but, like I said, 10:14.490 --> 10:17.810 admission to the gymnasium and the ephebate-- 10:17.808 --> 10:21.508 remember the ephebate we talked about how the boys around 10:21.505 --> 10:24.445 the years 18 to 22 or so, around the age that you guys 10:24.452 --> 10:27.292 are, you would be enrolled in this sort of quasi education, 10:27.288 --> 10:31.618 quasi military training club sort of thing of the town. 10:31.620 --> 10:34.430 That was the ephebate, and you had to go through that 10:34.432 --> 10:35.292 to be a citizen. 10:35.288 --> 10:38.228 Jason and his party controlled this, and in fact, 10:38.227 --> 10:40.547 they renamed Jerusalem "Antioch of 10:40.554 --> 10:41.784 Jerusalem." 10:41.779 --> 10:44.739 There are lots of different cities named Antioch in the 10:44.738 --> 10:47.628 ancient world, and they were all done in honor 10:47.633 --> 10:51.223 of some Antiochus, so Jerusalem was renamed 10:51.216 --> 10:53.336 Antioch of Jerusalem. 10:53.340 --> 10:57.290 The high priesthood was the main ruler of the Jews at this 10:57.293 --> 10:57.783 time. 10:57.779 --> 10:59.819 They didn't have a king, and they didn't have a direct 10:59.817 --> 11:01.967 governor, so whoever controlled the high 11:01.971 --> 11:05.021 priesthood was sort of the political ruler also at this 11:05.018 --> 11:05.468 time. 11:05.470 --> 11:09.650 But Antiochus was the one who had the privilege of appointing 11:09.645 --> 11:10.895 the high priest. 11:10.899 --> 11:17.159 Menelaus, another leading Jew, his name is on your handout, 11:17.158 --> 11:20.468 seems to have offered Antiochus more money for the priesthood 11:20.466 --> 11:22.446 trying to get it away from Jason, 11:22.450 --> 11:24.570 and he couldn't afford it. 11:24.570 --> 11:29.270 In order to pay for his own priesthood he took gold vessels 11:29.274 --> 11:32.684 and instruments out of the temple treasury, 11:32.682 --> 11:36.012 and this seems to have caused a riot. 11:36.009 --> 11:44.899 Now notice, "Jason," is that a good Jewish name? 11:44.899 --> 11:51.169 No, that's not a good Jewish name. 11:51.168 --> 11:55.048 "Menelaus" is that a good Jewish name? 11:55.048 --> 12:00.308 No, Jason and Menelaus are both famous Greek names. 12:00.308 --> 12:03.518 You have two guys fighting for the high priesthood in 12:03.518 --> 12:06.408 Jerusalem, both with Greek names, 12:06.412 --> 12:11.142 not traditional Hebrew names, and both of them apparently 12:11.142 --> 12:14.312 trying to get in with this Hellenizing process. 12:14.309 --> 12:17.079 They get into a big fight. 12:17.080 --> 12:19.020 To settle things down in Jerusalem, 12:19.019 --> 12:22.599 Antiochus takes control of Jerusalem and he stationed 12:22.599 --> 12:25.979 Syrian troops, that is the Greco-Syrian 12:25.979 --> 12:28.649 troops, in Jerusalem in 167. 12:28.649 --> 12:31.199 Now things are heating up. 12:31.200 --> 12:35.030 Around this time changes were made to the temple in Jerusalem. 12:35.029 --> 12:37.629 It may have been basically to accommodate the soldiers. 12:37.629 --> 12:40.899 They may have had to house soldiers from the Greco-Syrian 12:40.900 --> 12:44.410 Empire, and they may have used the temple mount apparently to 12:44.405 --> 12:45.745 house some of them. 12:45.750 --> 12:47.890 This caused changes to the temple. 12:47.889 --> 12:49.859 At this time Menelaus is in charge, 12:49.860 --> 12:54.450 and his Hellenizing party, which we could call the radical 12:54.452 --> 12:57.962 reformers, they saw--this is the beginning 12:57.957 --> 13:00.017 of the anti-Judaism laws. 13:00.019 --> 13:03.809 About this time several laws were passed that forbade 13:03.809 --> 13:06.949 circumcision, you can't circumcise your boys 13:06.945 --> 13:10.075 anymore; you're forbidden from observing 13:10.080 --> 13:13.720 the Torah, the Jewish law; it may have been that even a 13:13.724 --> 13:17.194 pig was sacrificed on the altar in Jerusalem in the Holy of 13:17.192 --> 13:20.952 Holies, and the temple was turned into 13:20.946 --> 13:24.556 a syncretistic Jewish pagan grove. 13:24.558 --> 13:27.898 In traditional Greek religion and other religions having a 13:27.903 --> 13:31.133 grove of trees is sort of considered the sacred area. 13:31.129 --> 13:34.149 Like when you walk through a forest now and you come upon a 13:34.147 --> 13:36.017 nice open kind of grove of trees, 13:36.019 --> 13:38.689 and all of sudden you just kind of feel like some nymph or 13:38.688 --> 13:40.608 something is going to jump out at you, 13:40.610 --> 13:43.370 and God is there, so the Greeks liked these sorts 13:43.365 --> 13:46.105 of groves of trees, so this is often what they 13:46.107 --> 13:47.697 would use as a sacred area. 13:47.700 --> 13:51.740 They did this to the temple, and it was renamed as a shrine 13:51.736 --> 13:52.986 to Zeus Olympus. 13:52.990 --> 13:56.250 Now notice what's happening, I talked about syncretism last 13:56.254 --> 13:56.654 time. 13:56.649 --> 14:00.009 If you're one of these liberal Jews, you may not really believe 14:00.010 --> 14:01.530 you're doing anything bad. 14:01.528 --> 14:04.408 You're not forsaking Judaism, you're just updating it, 14:04.413 --> 14:06.973 you're just bringing it up to the modern era. 14:06.970 --> 14:09.030 You might say, "Well what's wrong with 14:09.032 --> 14:10.312 calling it Zeus Olympus? 14:10.308 --> 14:13.108 We all know these are just different names given to the 14:13.110 --> 14:15.180 same god anyway, there's just one supreme 14:15.183 --> 14:15.913 God." 14:15.908 --> 14:19.188 So they may well have identified the Jewish god Yahweh 14:19.188 --> 14:22.778 with this god Zeus Olympus and said it's just two different 14:22.778 --> 14:25.298 names, one Greek name and one Jewish 14:25.302 --> 14:27.212 name for the same Jewish god. 14:27.210 --> 14:28.800 That may have been what they were thinking about. 14:28.798 --> 14:32.818 They could also have been thinking about the Syrian god 14:32.815 --> 14:34.855 Baal, that Baal Shamin was a Syrian 14:34.863 --> 14:37.623 god, so they're just saying we'll have an altar here, 14:37.620 --> 14:40.090 Antiochus will be happy because we're worshipping this Syrian 14:40.086 --> 14:41.686 god here, the Greeks are happy we're 14:41.692 --> 14:43.962 worshipping Zeus Olympus, and the Jews will be happy 14:43.961 --> 14:45.461 because it's identified as Yahweh. 14:45.460 --> 14:48.060 This whole process of Hellenization, 14:48.058 --> 14:51.018 therefore, I'm interpreting this--in a lot of history books, 14:51.019 --> 14:53.769 sometimes, you'll get the idea that the Jews were all good 14:53.765 --> 14:55.785 loyal Jews just trying to keep the law, 14:55.788 --> 14:59.078 trying to keep Torah, and that Antiochus IV Epiphanes 14:59.078 --> 15:03.058 is putting all this on them and forcing Greek religion and Greek 15:03.063 --> 15:04.333 culture on them. 15:04.330 --> 15:06.280 That's not really the way it happened. 15:06.278 --> 15:08.558 I've told the story the way I--I've proceeded-- 15:08.558 --> 15:10.248 if you read between the lines of some of these ancient Jewish 15:10.254 --> 15:12.394 texts, it's more like it's a debate 15:12.385 --> 15:14.995 that's going on within Judaism itself. 15:15.000 --> 15:17.650 How Greek should we be? 15:17.649 --> 15:20.799 How much do you accommodate the dominant culture? 15:20.798 --> 15:23.248 Precisely the way you get a lot of this kind of debate in the 15:23.254 --> 15:25.284 modern world, our time, of how much do you 15:25.278 --> 15:27.468 want your kids, your Jewish boys and girls to 15:27.467 --> 15:29.947 assimilate to be just as American as everybody else? 15:29.950 --> 15:32.940 How much intermarriage do you want to have or do you allow? 15:32.940 --> 15:35.500 If you're a Muslim immigrant to this country, 15:35.498 --> 15:38.398 the first generation, do you let them listen to hip 15:38.404 --> 15:38.874 hop? 15:38.870 --> 15:41.610 Do you let the women stop covering their hair? 15:41.610 --> 15:43.770 Where do you draw the line? 15:43.769 --> 15:46.079 What I'm arguing is that this is what was going on, 15:46.081 --> 15:48.811 and it was an internal Jewish conflict that was going on. 15:48.808 --> 15:51.178 There were several responses to Hellenization, 15:51.177 --> 15:52.437 therefore, among Jews. 15:52.440 --> 15:55.120 It wasn't just that the Helleni--that Greeks are here 15:55.123 --> 15:57.913 putting this onto Jews, but there were responses within 15:57.908 --> 15:58.888 Judaism itself. 15:58.889 --> 16:03.779 As I've already said Menelaus and the liberals accept it and 16:03.782 --> 16:04.862 promote it. 16:04.860 --> 16:07.660 Another priest that had been dislocated from the high 16:07.663 --> 16:10.313 priesthood earlier, his family had originally been 16:10.307 --> 16:11.977 the high priesthood family. 16:11.980 --> 16:15.480 Onias, I think Onias IV is on your hand out there. 16:15.480 --> 16:18.590 Onias IV actually withdrew from Jerusalem and went off and built 16:18.589 --> 16:19.329 a new temple. 16:19.330 --> 16:23.510 He says, well if you're going to destroy the existing Jewish 16:23.509 --> 16:27.829 temple we're going to have an alternative temple elsewhere. 16:27.830 --> 16:30.680 You also have these people that come to be called the Hasidim, 16:30.678 --> 16:32.898 it's on your hand out, that's from a Hebrew word 16:32.899 --> 16:35.779 meaning the holy ones or pious ones or something like that. 16:35.779 --> 16:38.859 It--and they're not to be confused with the modern Hasidim 16:38.861 --> 16:41.891 who live in Brooklyn and who come from Eastern Europe. 16:41.889 --> 16:44.669 That's a modern movement that came about in the medieval 16:44.666 --> 16:47.686 period and has come to--but it's the same word used for these 16:47.693 --> 16:48.253 people. 16:48.250 --> 16:51.160 These weren't Jews who decided to be very strict and they 16:51.158 --> 16:53.338 seemed to reject a lot of Greek culture. 16:53.340 --> 16:56.340 They certainly rejected Greek religion and Greek sacrifice. 16:56.340 --> 16:59.340 They seemed to promote the speaking of Hebrew, 16:59.344 --> 17:02.354 the use of Hebrew text, and particularly pious 17:02.349 --> 17:04.419 observations of Jewish law. 17:04.420 --> 17:07.550 You even have a group of high priests, 17:07.548 --> 17:10.048 former high priests, who have been dislocated and 17:10.047 --> 17:12.807 other priestly families withdrawing from Jerusalem and 17:12.805 --> 17:15.615 apparently going out in the desert and maybe building a 17:15.615 --> 17:18.815 community out there, and we find out about them in 17:18.821 --> 17:22.671 the twentieth century when the Dead Sea scrolls were discovered 17:22.673 --> 17:23.983 in the late 1940s. 17:23.980 --> 17:28.120 A lot of the theories are these Dead Sea scrolls were the 17:28.117 --> 17:32.627 writings of a sect of Jews led by people who had been priestly 17:32.625 --> 17:35.145 families, who moved out into the desert, 17:35.146 --> 17:37.326 set up camp on the shores of the Dead Sea, 17:37.328 --> 17:40.318 and had their own little sort of maybe quasi monastic 17:40.317 --> 17:42.597 community there, very strict in their 17:42.601 --> 17:45.621 observation of the Law, they keep their documents--they 17:45.618 --> 17:49.358 have some documents in Greek, some in Hebrew, some in Aramaic. 17:49.358 --> 17:51.968 So that may have been another way to respond to this 17:51.973 --> 17:55.153 increasing Hellenization to just pull away and form a different 17:55.152 --> 17:55.872 community. 17:55.868 --> 17:59.748 Then you have the reaction of Mattathias. 17:59.750 --> 18:03.600 Mattathias was a priest from Jerusalem who had settled in a 18:03.596 --> 18:07.176 village called Modein, in the hill country of Judea. 18:07.180 --> 18:10.790 Apparently, according to the text that had come down to us, 18:10.788 --> 18:13.958 some of which had to be sort of legends and that sort of thing, 18:13.960 --> 18:16.520 hero worship, the story goes that Mattathias 18:16.516 --> 18:19.726 was in his village and a priest and a soldier come from 18:19.726 --> 18:23.426 Jerusalem to the village, and they're trying to force the 18:23.430 --> 18:25.350 Jews to sacrifice on an altar. 18:25.348 --> 18:29.018 Now what an altar is most of the time is--do you all see this 18:29.016 --> 18:31.396 little base over there in the corner? 18:31.400 --> 18:34.210 There's just a little pillar that might be this high, 18:34.210 --> 18:36.530 and to offer something--you don't actually have to sacrifice 18:36.526 --> 18:39.386 a chicken or anything like that, you can obviously sacrifice 18:39.394 --> 18:41.274 animals, but you can just pour out some 18:41.269 --> 18:43.909 wine or you can pour some grain or something like that on the 18:43.910 --> 18:45.940 altar, burn it up, and that will 18:45.938 --> 18:50.068 suffice as an offering to a god, without killing an animal. 18:50.068 --> 18:51.988 Something like this may have been going on. 18:51.990 --> 18:55.300 Mattathias, it is said, took the sword away from the 18:55.299 --> 18:59.259 soldier and killed this priest and the soldier for encouraging 18:59.259 --> 19:02.439 Jews in his village to sacrifice to the gods. 19:02.440 --> 19:05.110 This was, of course, against the law, 19:05.108 --> 19:07.688 so Mattathias runs off to the hills, 19:07.690 --> 19:10.230 taking his family with him, his sons, 19:10.230 --> 19:13.730 he had several sons, and this is the beginning of 19:13.733 --> 19:17.753 the war that comes to be called the Maccabean Revolt. 19:17.750 --> 19:21.640 It's called Maccabean because after Mattathias died, 19:21.640 --> 19:24.120 shortly thereafter, he was the leader of the revolt 19:24.117 --> 19:27.867 in the beginning, his son Judas becomes the head 19:27.872 --> 19:33.852 general of the bunch, and Judas, early on earned the 19:33.854 --> 19:36.434 nickname Maccabeus. 19:36.430 --> 19:38.790 We're not really sure what the nickname means or where it comes 19:38.794 --> 19:40.654 from, it could be something like 19:40.654 --> 19:43.834 "the hammer," so he could be "Judah the 19:43.827 --> 19:45.977 hammer," but it may have been an 19:45.981 --> 19:49.631 attribute from him being a very good general and winning a lot 19:49.632 --> 19:50.712 of battles. 19:50.710 --> 19:54.470 Against all odds, this rag tag bunch of basically 19:54.472 --> 19:59.322 guerilla fighters, up against a far superior army 19:59.316 --> 20:03.366 of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, they beat them, 20:03.365 --> 20:06.115 they retook Jerusalem, they didn't actually beat them 20:06.115 --> 20:08.075 in Syria, they just beat them several 20:08.077 --> 20:10.957 battles in Judea, and Judas was able to recapture 20:10.957 --> 20:12.437 Jerusalem and the temple. 20:12.440 --> 20:18.150 In the year 164, they cleansed the temple of the 20:18.147 --> 20:21.727 profanation, the pollution of having maybe 20:21.734 --> 20:24.114 pigs and things like that sacrificed, 20:24.108 --> 20:26.158 it being polluted as a Greek temple, 20:26.160 --> 20:32.280 and so 164 is the beginning of the celebration of the Jewish 20:32.278 --> 20:34.248 holiday Hanukkah. 20:34.250 --> 20:38.140 The Hanukkah song now--no we won't sing the Hanukkah song. 20:38.140 --> 20:43.200 So 164 in the cleansing of the temple is what Jews celebrate 20:43.198 --> 20:44.568 with Hanukkah. 20:44.568 --> 20:49.748 Judas Maccabeus reigned as not an official king at that point 20:49.751 --> 20:53.381 but he reigned over Judea of this time, 20:53.380 --> 20:56.000 and there was still battles that raged between him and his 20:56.000 --> 20:57.410 family, and his army, 20:57.413 --> 21:01.293 and Antiochus IV Epiphanes, and then other descendants. 21:01.288 --> 21:02.948 After he died, his brother--one of his 21:02.945 --> 21:05.395 brothers became the leader, and then another brother became 21:05.395 --> 21:08.085 the leader, gradually these different 21:08.089 --> 21:13.089 people of this family came to set up their own dynasty of 21:13.086 --> 21:14.956 rulers themselves. 21:14.960 --> 21:16.690 Their family name was not Maccabeus, 21:16.690 --> 21:19.760 that was just a nickname, the family name was Hasmoneus 21:19.755 --> 21:22.305 and so we call this the Hasmonean Dynasty, 21:22.308 --> 21:25.248 that's the descendants of Mattathias. 21:25.250 --> 21:28.580 Some of them actually were then proclaimed king, 21:28.578 --> 21:32.348 they were recognized as--with the title king by the later 21:32.345 --> 21:36.375 rulers of the neighboring areas like the Syria-- Greco-Syrian 21:36.380 --> 21:37.120 Empire. 21:37.118 --> 21:43.298 The Hasmonean Dynasty was in power from the year 165 to the 21:43.298 --> 21:44.788 year 60 BCE. 21:44.788 --> 21:49.198 Now, that's the way one people responded to this, 21:49.202 --> 21:52.422 they revolted against the rulers. 21:52.420 --> 21:57.150 Another way some Jews responded was by believing that military 21:57.146 --> 22:01.206 revolt wasn't the way to go, that God would somehow 22:01.210 --> 22:05.970 intervene miraculously that God would send an angel or some kind 22:05.965 --> 22:10.715 of heavenly figure down to earth and an army of heavenly figures 22:10.721 --> 22:15.781 would defeat Antiochus and usher in the new Kingdom of Israel. 22:15.778 --> 22:18.208 And that's where you get the story of that from the book of 22:18.211 --> 22:18.591 Daniel. 22:18.588 --> 22:23.528 I asked you to read Daniel, at least the last part of 22:23.532 --> 22:28.002 Daniel for today, if you've got your Bibles take 22:28.000 --> 22:32.660 it out and turn with me first to Daniel 8:20. 22:32.660 --> 22:35.400 Now the book of Daniel is in two halves. 22:35.400 --> 22:38.170 The first half of it tells about the adventures of this 22:38.169 --> 22:41.479 young man Daniel who's very, very wise and very smart and 22:41.480 --> 22:44.970 very loyal, and who refuses to worship the 22:44.972 --> 22:46.142 Persian god. 22:46.140 --> 22:49.500 Of course this--these are morality stories written for 22:49.500 --> 22:53.500 Jews who were living under Greek domination encouraging them not 22:53.497 --> 22:57.237 to worship Greek gods but its past in the distant past. 22:57.240 --> 23:00.980 Then the second half of Daniel is a whole series of visions and 23:00.983 --> 23:01.773 prophecies. 23:01.769 --> 23:04.379 Daniel says, "I was in a dream, 23:04.380 --> 23:06.550 I was in a vision on a day, and I saw this, 23:06.548 --> 23:08.918 and this angel told me to do this and this person told me 23:08.923 --> 23:11.213 this," and so it's the narration of the history of 23:11.211 --> 23:13.841 humankind that's part of which has already happened by the time 23:13.838 --> 23:15.938 of Daniel, but most of which is to happen 23:15.942 --> 23:17.142 in the future for Daniel. 23:17.140 --> 23:20.050 Some of this stuff actually does happen. 23:20.048 --> 23:22.358 So for example, and he tells about different 23:22.356 --> 23:22.836 beasts. 23:22.838 --> 23:24.948 There's the ram that does this, there's the beast that does 23:24.949 --> 23:27.869 this, but you know that these beasts 23:27.865 --> 23:33.375 represent different kingdoms because in Chapter 8:20 he says, 23:33.380 --> 23:36.130 "As for the ram that you saw [in your vision] 23:36.125 --> 23:39.465 with the two horns, these are the Kings of Mede and 23:39.468 --> 23:40.418 Persia." 23:40.420 --> 23:42.820 There was the kingdom of the Medes and the kingdom of the 23:42.815 --> 23:44.565 Persians who came together under Cyrus. 23:44.568 --> 23:47.568 "The male goat is the King of Greece, 23:47.568 --> 23:51.858 and the great horn between its eyes is the first king," 23:51.862 --> 23:56.122 so that would be Phillip, Alexander's father. 23:56.118 --> 23:59.988 "As for the horn that was broken in place of which four 23:59.990 --> 24:02.810 others arose, four kingdoms shall arise from 24:02.806 --> 24:05.216 his nation but not with his power." 24:05.220 --> 24:07.430 This is Alexander, he's broken, 24:07.433 --> 24:11.203 and his kingdom is divided up into four empires, 24:11.200 --> 24:14.810 like I told you about earlier, but none of those four empires 24:14.808 --> 24:18.298 enjoys the same power that Alexander the Great enjoyed with 24:18.298 --> 24:18.778 his. 24:18.778 --> 24:21.338 Notice how you're already given a clue, 24:21.338 --> 24:24.428 right here in Daniel, that these different images, 24:24.430 --> 24:27.100 these different beasts are to refer to kingdoms that are going 24:27.099 --> 24:29.289 to come in the future from Daniel's perspective. 24:29.288 --> 24:31.478 We know, actually, that they already did. 24:31.480 --> 24:34.130 Then what happens in Daniel is each different chapter, 24:34.125 --> 24:36.865 the last part of Daniel, in a sense tells the story over 24:36.869 --> 24:37.369 again. 24:37.368 --> 24:39.298 He has another vision and instead of reading it 24:39.300 --> 24:42.310 chronologically, as if Chapter 9 told about one 24:42.305 --> 24:44.165 century, and then Chapter 10 or Chapter 24:44.173 --> 24:46.243 11 is the next century, and the next century, 24:46.244 --> 24:49.414 you actually have to read them cycles because what Daniel is 24:49.407 --> 24:52.457 doing he's giving you a prophecy of what's going to happen 24:52.462 --> 24:55.412 politically related to Judea, but he's giving it to you in 24:55.406 --> 24:57.576 several different visions that all tell the same story, 24:57.578 --> 24:59.148 just in different kind of symbols. 24:59.150 --> 25:01.730 Turn over now to Chapter 11. 25:01.730 --> 25:09.160 25:09.160 --> 25:13.760 Here again it's sort of like the fourth-- 25:13.759 --> 25:15.649 Chapter 11:2, "The four shall be far 25:15.654 --> 25:18.834 richer then all of them when he has become strong to his riches, 25:18.828 --> 25:21.918 he shall stir up all against the Kingdom of Greece," 25:21.920 --> 25:25.180 so this is actually talking about the Persian ruler who will 25:25.175 --> 25:26.165 attack Greece. 25:26.170 --> 25:29.430 "Then a warrior king shall arise who shall rule with great 25:29.433 --> 25:31.333 dominion," that's Alexander, 25:31.328 --> 25:33.908 "While still rising in power,"-- 25:33.910 --> 25:37.020 Alexander remember was still young and increasing his power 25:37.020 --> 25:39.000 when he died-- "his kingdom shall be 25:39.000 --> 25:41.590 broken and divided to the four winds of heaven but not to his 25:41.589 --> 25:42.409 posterity." 25:42.410 --> 25:45.870 Alexander had a child but the child dies, and Alexander's 25:45.874 --> 25:48.724 kingdom did not go to any of his own offspring, 25:48.719 --> 25:51.379 they went to these other four generals. 25:51.380 --> 25:54.290 Then notice in verse 5, "The King of the South 25:54.291 --> 25:57.031 shall grow strong," and the next verse, 25:57.029 --> 25:59.399 "The daughter of the King of the South shall come to the 25:59.402 --> 26:01.382 King of the North to ratify the agreement." 26:01.380 --> 26:03.790 What's the King of the South? 26:03.789 --> 26:06.099 Who's the King of the South? 26:06.098 --> 26:09.998 Ptolemy, some Ptolemy, one of the Ptolemies. 26:10.000 --> 26:12.670 So whenever you see King of the South in Daniel it's always 26:12.671 --> 26:15.391 referring to the Ptolemaic Dynasty, one of the Ptolemies. 26:15.390 --> 26:18.560 Who's the King of the North? 26:18.558 --> 26:21.468 Seleucus or Antiochus, so whenever you see the King of 26:21.465 --> 26:23.985 the North it refers to one of the Seleucids. 26:23.990 --> 26:25.900 So over and over again in Daniel, you're going to get the 26:25.902 --> 26:27.382 King of the North, the King of the South, 26:27.375 --> 26:29.135 the King of the North, and notice how it says, 26:29.137 --> 26:31.587 "The daughter of the King of the South shall come to the 26:31.587 --> 26:33.667 King of the North to ratify the agreement." 26:33.670 --> 26:36.890 If you look down--if you have a study bible and you look at your 26:36.888 --> 26:40.008 footnotes it'll actually give you the names of these different 26:40.006 --> 26:42.046 people that historians can identify. 26:42.048 --> 26:45.358 This may be Berenice because we know that she was a daughter of 26:45.364 --> 26:48.094 Antiochus or Seleucus, she was married to one of the 26:48.090 --> 26:48.840 Ptolemies. 26:48.838 --> 26:51.418 If you follow in your study bible--now it has to be a good 26:51.419 --> 26:52.459 critical study bible. 26:52.460 --> 26:55.040 I mean if you--by real scholars--if you use these 26:55.040 --> 26:58.050 bibles that take all this as prophecy that relates to the 26:58.051 --> 27:01.441 Soviet Union or to Russia they might tell you things like, 27:01.440 --> 27:05.030 "Well the King of the North here refers to the head of 27:05.031 --> 27:08.441 Politburo or something like this," and so if it's a 27:08.439 --> 27:12.279 bible by a contemporary church that takes all this is referring 27:12.278 --> 27:15.808 to our time or the time immediately to the future, 27:15.808 --> 27:17.638 which of course a lot of Christians do, 27:17.640 --> 27:19.470 then their footnotes might be different. 27:19.470 --> 27:22.610 But the footnotes in any good study bible will place these 27:22.605 --> 27:26.175 people to the history of what's going on in Judea as this time. 27:26.180 --> 27:31.760 Now go over to 11:29 because I'm not going to lead you 27:31.760 --> 27:37.870 through all the stuff that happens in Chapter 11 because if 27:37.868 --> 27:40.418 you read it, and you read it with the 27:40.420 --> 27:42.340 footnotes, it's basically telling you a 27:42.343 --> 27:45.483 history of the battles and alliances between the Seleucids 27:45.484 --> 27:48.634 and the Ptolemies and where Judea was caught in the middle 27:48.626 --> 27:49.946 at different times. 27:49.950 --> 27:51.960 "At the time appointed he shall return and come into the 27:51.958 --> 27:53.128 south," this is one of the-- 27:53.130 --> 27:57.950 this is Antiochus, not Antiochus IV, 27:57.950 --> 28:01.680 "But this time it shall not be as before for ships of 28:01.684 --> 28:05.354 Kittim shall come against him and he shall lose heart and 28:05.354 --> 28:06.604 withdraw." 28:06.599 --> 28:09.579 Who are the Kittim? 28:09.579 --> 28:11.219 Romans, exactly. 28:11.220 --> 28:12.960 "The Kittim" is a term that's used in 28:12.961 --> 28:14.371 Hebrew, and in a lot of different 28:14.371 --> 28:16.611 ancient Jewish texts, and sometimes it seems to refer 28:16.605 --> 28:18.955 to the Greeks, and here it clearly refers to 28:18.958 --> 28:22.448 the Romans because the Romans come and they force the King of 28:22.451 --> 28:23.501 the North back. 28:23.500 --> 28:26.610 Notice what it says, "Forces sent by him--he 28:26.607 --> 28:30.297 shall turn back and pay heed to those who forsake the holy 28:30.298 --> 28:31.528 covenant." 28:31.528 --> 28:35.968 Antiochus IV will pay attention to the Jews who have forsaken 28:35.968 --> 28:38.658 the Torah, "Forces sent by him shall 28:38.663 --> 28:41.443 occupy and profane the temple and the fortress. 28:41.440 --> 28:45.110 They shall abolish the regular burnt offering and set up the 28:45.114 --> 28:47.424 abomination that makes desolate," 28:47.419 --> 28:50.159 or in some modern English translations, 28:50.160 --> 28:53.880 "the abomination of desolation." 28:53.880 --> 28:56.850 That term will be used also in the New Testament in several 28:56.848 --> 28:57.308 places. 28:57.308 --> 29:00.908 "He shall seduce with intrigue those who violate the 29:00.914 --> 29:02.014 covenant." 29:02.009 --> 29:05.529 That is, the bad Jews who have violated the Torah will be in 29:05.528 --> 29:07.018 cahoots with Antiochus. 29:07.019 --> 29:09.779 "But the people who are loyal to their God shall stand 29:09.782 --> 29:10.882 firm and take action. 29:10.880 --> 29:14.550 The wise among the people shall give understanding to many; 29:14.548 --> 29:16.958 for some days, however, they shall by fall by 29:16.959 --> 29:20.079 sword and flame and suffer captivity and plunder." 29:20.079 --> 29:21.529 Who are the wise? 29:21.529 --> 29:23.639 The author of the book. 29:23.640 --> 29:26.660 Remember he spent the whole first part of the book setting 29:26.661 --> 29:28.041 up Daniel as a wise man. 29:28.038 --> 29:30.998 So this author writing under the name of Daniel, 29:31.000 --> 29:35.170 a wise man, identifies other wise Jews of his own day and he 29:35.166 --> 29:39.186 says they're going to oppose Antiochus IV and some of them 29:39.192 --> 29:41.102 will die because of it. 29:41.098 --> 29:45.718 "When they fall victim they shall receive a little help 29:45.722 --> 29:49.252 and many shall join them insincerely." 29:49.250 --> 29:52.890 Some scholars believe that this "little help" 29:52.892 --> 29:56.402 may be this author's reference to Judas Maccabeus. 29:56.400 --> 30:00.430 It may be that he knows that there is an armed resistance, 30:00.430 --> 30:02.530 and it's a little bit of help, but he doesn't believe, 30:02.528 --> 30:06.288 himself, that the answer to Antiochus IV is going to be an 30:06.292 --> 30:08.882 armed revolt, he believes it's not going to 30:08.884 --> 30:09.894 ultimately succeed. 30:09.892 --> 30:10.212 Why? 30:10.210 --> 30:13.320 Because God's going to be the one who will intervene, 30:13.315 --> 30:14.625 not Judas Maccabeus. 30:14.630 --> 30:16.690 "The king shall act as he pleases. 30:16.690 --> 30:19.330 He shall exalt himself andconsider himself greater than 30:19.330 --> 30:21.630 any god,"--remember Antiochus Epiphanes? 30:21.630 --> 30:23.210 "God manifest"?--"and shall 30:23.211 --> 30:25.141 speak horrendous things against the God of gods. 30:25.140 --> 30:27.950 He shall prosper until the period of wrath is completed for 30:27.952 --> 30:29.652 what is determined shall be done. 30:29.650 --> 30:32.500 He shall pay no respect to the gods of his ancestors or to the 30:32.502 --> 30:35.022 one beloved by women; he shall pay no respect to any 30:35.017 --> 30:37.937 other god, he shall consider himself greater than all." 30:37.940 --> 30:40.610 So it's all about setting himself up. 30:40.608 --> 30:43.968 Now look, "He shall come into the beautiful land," 30:43.974 --> 30:46.204 obviously we're talking about Judea, 30:46.200 --> 30:50.270 "And tens of thousands shall fall victim but Edom and 30:50.268 --> 30:51.848 Moab, and the main part of the 30:51.845 --> 30:53.515 Ammonites shall escape from his power, 30:53.519 --> 30:56.609 he shall stretch forth his hand against the countries and the 30:56.609 --> 30:58.619 land of Egypt shall not escape." 30:58.618 --> 31:01.108 In other words, Antiochus IV this time is 31:01.112 --> 31:04.292 actually going to capture Egypt, he's predicting. 31:04.288 --> 31:07.178 "He shall become ruler of the treasures of gold and silver 31:07.175 --> 31:09.945 and all the riches of Egypt, and the Libyans and the 31:09.948 --> 31:12.488 Ethiopians shall follow in his train." 31:12.490 --> 31:16.170 Not only will he overrun Egypt he's going to go west of Egypt 31:16.167 --> 31:19.477 and take Libya and south of Egypt and take Ethiopia. 31:19.480 --> 31:22.440 "But reports from the east and the north shall alarm him, 31:22.440 --> 31:25.340 and he shall go out with great fury to bring ruin and complete 31:25.343 --> 31:26.393 destruction to many. 31:26.390 --> 31:31.330 He shall pitch his palatial tents between the 31:31.326 --> 31:34.576 sea,"--what's the sea? 31:34.578 --> 31:36.918 the Mediterranean, thank you, somebody is 31:36.924 --> 31:39.864 awake--"and the beautiful holy mountain," 31:39.855 --> 31:41.435 what the holy mountain? 31:41.440 --> 31:44.480 Say it, Zion, Mount Zion which is where 31:44.480 --> 31:46.320 Jerusalem is founded. 31:46.318 --> 31:50.928 "Yet he shall come to his end with no one to help 31:50.934 --> 31:51.984 him." 31:51.980 --> 31:53.340 "He shall come to his end"-- 31:53.338 --> 31:55.748 wait a minute, he conquers Egypt, 31:55.750 --> 31:58.420 takes Libya, takes Ethiopia, 31:58.422 --> 32:02.392 comes back through Judea, sets up camp, 32:02.394 --> 32:07.454 somewhere in that coastal area between Jerusalem and the 32:07.451 --> 32:10.671 Mediterranean and there he dies. 32:10.670 --> 32:12.450 That didn't happen. 32:12.450 --> 32:17.810 Antiochus IV never took all of Egypt, he never took Ethiopia, 32:17.810 --> 32:21.920 he never took Libya, and he did eventually die, 32:21.922 --> 32:25.142 but he died way over in Babylon. 32:25.140 --> 32:27.260 He didn't die here. 32:27.259 --> 32:33.039 How do we know that this document was written around the 32:33.042 --> 32:34.202 year 164? 32:34.200 --> 32:38.450 Because this author doesn't know the end of the story. 32:38.450 --> 32:41.120 Notice how throughout the history he's gotten everything 32:41.119 --> 32:43.639 right--well not every detail--but he gets a lot of it 32:43.644 --> 32:44.134 right. 32:44.130 --> 32:47.810 He knows when Antiochus the so and so wins a battle, 32:47.808 --> 32:49.868 he knows when one of the Ptolemies wins a battle, 32:49.868 --> 32:52.538 he knows when they tried to have a treaty between them and 32:52.541 --> 32:55.261 marry off one of their daughters to each other to establish 32:55.260 --> 32:55.730 peace. 32:55.730 --> 32:57.240 He knows when they called truces. 32:57.240 --> 33:01.050 He knows when the Romans intervened and stopped battles 33:01.050 --> 33:02.110 between them. 33:02.108 --> 33:06.968 He knows all--he knows that Antiochus profaned the temple, 33:06.970 --> 33:10.110 so this has got to be written after 167 because he's telling 33:10.114 --> 33:13.104 us all about this stuff that happened with the temple. 33:13.098 --> 33:17.858 He knows everything that happens up to 167, 33:17.858 --> 33:20.508 and there may be a little hint that he even knows about Judas 33:20.513 --> 33:22.633 Maccabeus, but he doesn't know about 33:22.633 --> 33:26.033 anything what happened to the cleansing of the temple. 33:26.028 --> 33:29.628 He doesn't know about the victory of Judas which happened 33:29.631 --> 33:30.211 in 164. 33:30.210 --> 33:32.610 Notice how this is wonderfully convenient for us modern 33:32.609 --> 33:33.099 scholars. 33:33.098 --> 33:39.128 He gets everything right up to 167 and everything wrong at 164, 33:39.130 --> 33:42.350 because notice what happens then, in Chapter 12, 33:42.348 --> 33:46.308 right as Antiochus IV dies according to his prophecy, 33:46.308 --> 33:48.548 "At that time Michael the Great Prince, 33:48.548 --> 33:50.248 the protector of your people,"-- 33:50.250 --> 33:52.510 Michael's an angel, the greatest angel-- 33:52.509 --> 33:53.849 "shall arise. 33:53.848 --> 33:55.038 There shall be a time of anguish." 33:55.038 --> 33:56.678 In other words, this is when all hell breaks 33:56.676 --> 33:58.256 loose, the heavens come down, 33:58.259 --> 34:01.359 Michael swoops in on a chariot from the sky with angelic 34:01.358 --> 34:03.768 armies, and they are the ones who bring 34:03.770 --> 34:04.870 the final victory. 34:04.868 --> 34:08.498 God breaks into history and brings the final victory. 34:08.500 --> 34:11.940 Judas Maccabeus doesn't win the battle. 34:11.940 --> 34:16.090 This is how we date apocalyptic literature. 34:16.090 --> 34:18.460 Daniel is one of the earliest cases of what we call 34:18.463 --> 34:19.653 apocalyptic literature. 34:19.650 --> 34:22.690 It gives--apocalypticism gives you this vision of what's going 34:22.693 --> 34:24.543 to happen in the very near future, 34:24.539 --> 34:28.359 and it answers the problems of suffering and the answer is not 34:28.362 --> 34:31.872 "arm yourselves and fight the battle yourself," 34:31.871 --> 34:35.131 because the odds are overwhelmingly against you. 34:35.130 --> 34:38.680 You can't defeat all of Rome, you can't defeat all of Greece, 34:38.677 --> 34:41.687 you can't defeat Antiochus IV Epiphanes by yourself, 34:41.693 --> 34:42.643 but God can. 34:42.639 --> 34:45.869 And so angelic armies will break into history and 34:45.871 --> 34:48.341 bring about the solution to the problem. 34:48.340 --> 34:51.700 The apocalyptic writer sets himself up usually, 34:51.699 --> 34:54.519 far in the distant past, like this guy says he's Daniel 34:54.518 --> 34:57.938 writing in the sixth century, and they narrate history 34:57.943 --> 35:00.883 through the age-- and you can tell he's got it 35:00.875 --> 35:01.505 all right. 35:01.510 --> 35:05.050 Daniel foresaw this stuff writing way back in the year 35:05.048 --> 35:05.448 580. 35:05.449 --> 35:08.029 And yet he's--he knows about the Persians, 35:08.030 --> 35:09.510 he knows about the Medes, he knows about the Greeks, 35:09.510 --> 35:11.100 he knows about Alexander, he knows about the splitting up 35:11.101 --> 35:12.691 of Alexander's kingdom, he knows about Berenice, 35:12.693 --> 35:15.113 he knows about the Romans, and so you think he knows all 35:15.105 --> 35:16.675 this stuff, he got it all right, 35:16.677 --> 35:19.257 and you pick it up and you're reading it in the year 164 35:19.259 --> 35:21.399 yourself, or 165, and you think well he 35:21.398 --> 35:23.978 must be right about what's going to happen next. 35:23.980 --> 35:26.910 And you think God's going to break in any day, 35:26.911 --> 35:29.911 we're going to be saved, we don't have to fight 35:29.909 --> 35:32.449 ourselves, we're going to be saved. 35:32.449 --> 35:35.099 This is how we date apocalyptic literature. 35:35.099 --> 35:39.339 Where do they get the history right, and then when does the 35:39.340 --> 35:41.460 history go pfffffft. 35:41.460 --> 35:43.820 When does the history just all of a sudden go wrong? 35:43.820 --> 35:51.160 That's when it's dated because they're writing up to that 35:51.161 --> 35:52.211 point. 35:52.210 --> 35:54.620 That kind of apocalyptic mentality, 35:54.619 --> 35:57.839 that apocalyptic world view will become very important for 35:57.838 --> 36:01.278 early Christianity because what I'll argue in the rest of this 36:01.282 --> 36:03.992 course is, who else was an apocalyptic 36:03.989 --> 36:04.609 prophet? 36:04.610 --> 36:05.950 Jesus. 36:05.949 --> 36:09.159 Who else was an apocalyptic prophet? 36:09.159 --> 36:11.009 Paul. 36:11.010 --> 36:14.850 All of the earliest followers of Jesus seemed to have been 36:14.851 --> 36:18.291 apocalyptic minded Jews, and that's the beginning of 36:18.289 --> 36:19.839 early Christianity. 36:19.840 --> 36:24.220 Early Christianity starts off as an apocalyptic Jewish sect. 36:24.219 --> 36:28.069 They all were reading Daniel, and when they read other 36:28.068 --> 36:31.848 prophecies from the Hebrew Bible they also read those 36:31.847 --> 36:33.297 apocalyptically. 36:33.300 --> 36:38.050 The apocalyptic response is another one of these responses 36:38.047 --> 36:39.627 to Hellenization. 36:39.630 --> 36:43.530 In 63, about a hundred years after the cleansing of the 36:43.532 --> 36:47.652 temple--first are there any questions about any of that so 36:47.650 --> 36:48.230 far? 36:48.230 --> 36:52.250 I'm giving you a lot of both confusing history and confusing 36:52.253 --> 36:53.213 terminology. 36:53.210 --> 36:56.910 A hundred years after the cleansing of the temple, 36:56.909 --> 37:00.739 mas o menos, in the year 63 BCE, 37:00.739 --> 37:05.339 Pompey, the Roman general Pompey, enters Jerusalem, 37:05.340 --> 37:09.570 and this is when you have the beginning of Roman control of 37:09.574 --> 37:10.164 Judea. 37:10.159 --> 37:17.199 Herod the Great gets himself appointed as King of the Jews by 37:17.199 --> 37:19.429 the Roman Senate. 37:19.429 --> 37:23.369 Only the Senate at this time can proclaim anybody a king, 37:23.369 --> 37:27.159 so the Senate would sometimes would have client kings on the 37:27.164 --> 37:29.824 different-- the edge of frontiers of their 37:29.822 --> 37:30.372 control. 37:30.369 --> 37:32.659 They couldn't--they didn't want to be bothered with controlling 37:32.659 --> 37:34.729 everything themselves with their own armies directly, 37:34.730 --> 37:37.030 or their governors, so they would appoint local 37:37.030 --> 37:38.960 kings, whether in Asia Minor, 37:38.963 --> 37:40.653 Greece, different parts. 37:40.650 --> 37:46.120 Herod the Great was appointed king by the Roman Senate and he 37:46.121 --> 37:49.681 ruled from the year 37 to year 4 BCE. 37:49.679 --> 37:54.879 After Herod the Great died, his kingdom was split up first 37:54.876 --> 37:59.756 among his different sons, but Judea itself eventually was 37:59.757 --> 38:04.037 placed under direct Roman rule under procurators that were 38:04.036 --> 38:08.236 appointed by the Senate or sometimes by the Emperor, 38:08.239 --> 38:10.159 and this is what Pilate's job was. 38:10.159 --> 38:13.869 Pontius Pilate, who was the governor of Judea, 38:13.869 --> 38:17.539 his actual title wasn't governor, he was a procurator, 38:17.539 --> 38:19.949 but he was the one in control of Judea during the life-- 38:19.949 --> 38:22.349 during the time that Jesus was killed himself. 38:22.349 --> 38:25.989 Pilate was one of these direct Roman rulers of Judea. 38:25.989 --> 38:30.339 Galilee was ruled by a son of Herod the Great, 38:30.340 --> 38:33.830 Herod Antipas, and different descendants of 38:33.827 --> 38:38.477 Herod would rule in different parts of Palestine for many 38:38.476 --> 38:40.216 years after that. 38:40.219 --> 38:44.509 During the first century there were sporadic uprisings among 38:44.507 --> 38:47.607 the Jews, some of them were apocalyptic, 38:47.614 --> 38:49.804 that is, they seem to have been Jews who 38:49.802 --> 38:52.502 were expecting the end to come but sometimes they seemed to 38:52.501 --> 38:54.971 have expected that they were supposed to start it. 38:54.969 --> 38:57.629 So, for example, you have Josephus tell us about 38:57.626 --> 38:59.716 Jewish prophets who arise and say, 38:59.719 --> 39:02.059 follow me to Jerusalem, follow me to Jerusalem, 39:02.059 --> 39:03.799 and then stand on the Mount of Olives, 39:03.800 --> 39:06.410 which is this mountain that's right opposite the main mountain 39:06.405 --> 39:07.635 of Jerusalem, and they'd say, 39:07.641 --> 39:09.811 okay tomorrow we're going to go out and we're going to march 39:09.809 --> 39:11.979 around the walls of Jerusalem and the walls are all going to 39:11.978 --> 39:12.528 fall down. 39:12.530 --> 39:15.600 Sound like anything you're familiar with? 39:15.599 --> 39:18.759 The walls of Jericho in the Hebrew Bible falling down after 39:18.760 --> 39:22.090 the Israelites marched around it for seven days and then seven 39:22.085 --> 39:23.335 times the last day. 39:23.340 --> 39:26.720 Prophets were arising, using inspiration from Jewish 39:26.724 --> 39:29.994 prophets from the ancient past, and they were setting 39:29.987 --> 39:33.227 themselves up again as prophets, and, again, expecting God to 39:33.228 --> 39:34.088 break through. 39:34.090 --> 39:37.840 Sometimes these prophets arose, and they were themselves 39:37.835 --> 39:41.375 apocalyptic prophets, announcing the end of the known 39:41.378 --> 39:42.398 world soon. 39:42.400 --> 39:45.060 Sometimes, also, they seem to have been setting 39:45.061 --> 39:48.531 themselves up as king of the Jews, and that would make them a 39:48.534 --> 39:49.234 Messiah. 39:49.230 --> 39:51.820 Because the word messiah in Hebrew just means "the 39:51.818 --> 39:53.768 anointed one," and what do you do when you 39:53.769 --> 39:55.679 make someone a king in the ancient world? 39:55.679 --> 39:57.679 You put oil on their heads. 39:57.679 --> 39:59.779 That's how you anoint a king. 39:59.780 --> 40:02.300 If someone's called "the anointed one," 40:02.300 --> 40:03.560 that's a kingly title. 40:03.559 --> 40:06.289 Now this is very dangerous because what did I just say 40:06.291 --> 40:09.541 about how did you get to be a king and run a controlled area? 40:09.539 --> 40:12.409 The Senate had to appoint you. 40:12.409 --> 40:15.999 Anybody who set himself up as king, without being appointed 40:15.996 --> 40:18.716 king by the Senate, that was itself an act of 40:18.717 --> 40:19.457 treason. 40:19.460 --> 40:22.650 There were, though, other Messianic figures who 40:22.650 --> 40:26.260 would rise and try to provoke some kind of revolt. 40:26.260 --> 40:30.450 The most important revolt of the Jewish people during this 40:30.451 --> 40:32.511 time, started the year 66. 40:32.510 --> 40:35.720 Now we're in the Common Era, so this 66 CE. 40:35.719 --> 40:41.139 It started in 66 with Jews in both Judea and Galilee revolting 40:41.143 --> 40:46.043 against Roman rule, they drove the Roman squadron 40:46.041 --> 40:51.661 out of Jerusalem, and in the year 70 the Romans 40:51.657 --> 40:54.537 finally, after four years of warfare, 40:54.539 --> 40:57.589 they had surrounded Jerusalem for a full two years, 40:57.590 --> 41:00.130 they finally took Jerusalem itself. 41:00.130 --> 41:03.950 They flattened--they destroyed the temple. 41:03.949 --> 41:07.659 So the destruction of the temple is the year 70, 41:07.659 --> 41:12.149 and that's probably the most important date for this course 41:12.152 --> 41:16.262 because a lot of important things in Christianity, 41:16.260 --> 41:19.730 the early Jesus movement, happened either before 70, 41:19.730 --> 41:22.130 and they're one kind of event, some of them happened right 41:22.132 --> 41:24.132 around the year 70, and we'll talk about that when 41:24.130 --> 41:25.990 we get to the gospel of Mark in a couple of times, 41:25.989 --> 41:28.789 and then some of them--most of the things happened after the 41:28.786 --> 41:29.256 year 70. 41:29.260 --> 41:32.260 The destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in the year 70 is 41:32.255 --> 41:34.485 not only hugely important for Jews, right? 41:34.489 --> 41:38.619 because ever since then Jews have not had a sacrificial cult. 41:38.619 --> 41:41.529 If you are a Jew now where do you go to sacrifice? 41:41.530 --> 41:44.560 You can't go to the temple there's--Dome of the Rock 41:44.561 --> 41:46.881 sitting on where it's supposed to be. 41:46.880 --> 41:50.550 Jews substituted different forms of piety, 41:50.550 --> 41:53.390 reading the Torah, studying, praying, 41:53.389 --> 41:55.759 meeting in synagogues, meeting in other places, 41:55.760 --> 41:59.990 so Judaism changed radically beginning in the year 70, 41:59.989 --> 42:03.659 precisely because the place where you sacrificed was 42:03.664 --> 42:04.534 destroyed. 42:04.530 --> 42:07.720 Every ethnic group around the Mediterranean in the ancient 42:07.722 --> 42:10.582 world had its religion as some part of sacrifice. 42:10.579 --> 42:11.889 They all did. 42:11.889 --> 42:14.359 Sacrifice was just common among different groups around the 42:14.358 --> 42:15.038 Mediterranean. 42:15.039 --> 42:19.449 The year 70 caused the Jews to stop being primarily a 42:19.445 --> 42:23.335 sacrificial people, because they had nowhere to 42:23.342 --> 42:24.532 sacrifice. 42:24.530 --> 42:30.210 The end of the Jewish war is dated by most people to 74, 42:30.210 --> 42:35.000 because that's the time when the final battle took place, 42:35.000 --> 42:40.530 and the fortress that fell was called Masada. 42:40.530 --> 42:44.000 So if you go to Israel now Masada is a shrine. 42:44.000 --> 42:48.150 It's a tourist spot and a shrine that celebrates the 42:48.150 --> 42:53.040 defeat of the last of Jews at Masada, the fortress that Herod 42:53.036 --> 42:54.986 the Great had built. 42:54.989 --> 42:58.089 After that Judaism changes you have-- 42:58.090 --> 43:02.430 I'm not going to go into much detail because the way rabbinic 43:02.432 --> 43:04.432 Judaism-- what you know as Judaism today, 43:04.429 --> 43:05.939 if you know anything about it at all, 43:05.940 --> 43:09.460 is a result of developments that happened after 70. 43:09.460 --> 43:12.630 It's the result of the rabbis recognizing that the temple cult 43:12.628 --> 43:13.718 is no longer there. 43:13.719 --> 43:17.349 The rabbis, who are teachers of the law and commentators of the 43:17.351 --> 43:20.521 law, they become the central organizing feature not the 43:20.516 --> 43:21.216 priests. 43:21.219 --> 43:25.139 The priesthood--you still have Jews named Cohen, 43:25.139 --> 43:27.039 right, which means "priest," 43:27.041 --> 43:29.821 but priests in Judaism don't really do much anymore. 43:29.820 --> 43:31.780 It's the rabbis who become important. 43:31.780 --> 43:35.650 At the beginning of--around the year 200 you have the rabbinic 43:35.652 --> 43:38.702 Judaism starting to develop its written text, 43:38.699 --> 43:41.069 the Mishnah, the Babylonian Talmud, 43:41.070 --> 43:44.430 the Jerusalem Talmud, and this is the birth during 43:44.431 --> 43:46.561 these centuries of rabbinism. 43:46.559 --> 43:49.519 That is rabbinic Judaism as it comes to be important. 43:49.518 --> 43:53.978 There was another Jewish revolt in 132 to 135 called the Bar 43:53.976 --> 43:57.326 Kokhba Revolt, but that was suppressed by the 43:57.327 --> 44:00.337 Emperor Hadrian in 135, and that you had the complete 44:00.335 --> 44:01.485 destruction of Jerusalem. 44:01.489 --> 44:03.789 It was leveled, it was renamed Aelia 44:03.793 --> 44:05.493 Capitolina, a Roman name, 44:05.489 --> 44:08.339 and Jews after that were forbidden even to enter 44:08.340 --> 44:10.280 Jerusalem for a long time. 44:10.280 --> 44:13.050 What's important about all this--I told you-- 44:13.050 --> 44:16.690 I warned you last time that last lecture on the Roman 44:16.690 --> 44:18.180 Empire, the Greek world, 44:18.181 --> 44:20.951 was going to be some just boring historical narrative and 44:20.952 --> 44:23.872 you've had some of the same thing this time where I just had 44:23.871 --> 44:26.991 to tell the story of what was going on in these centuries. 44:26.989 --> 44:28.619 Why was this all important for us? 44:28.619 --> 44:30.609 Here are the main things to take away from it. 44:30.610 --> 44:36.410 Hellenization was extremely important because it united the 44:36.409 --> 44:40.169 Mediterranean world, the eastern Mediterranean but 44:40.170 --> 44:42.790 then the Romans even took over some of the aspects of 44:42.788 --> 44:45.908 Hellenization when they took over all of the Mediterranean. 44:45.909 --> 44:50.209 By Jesus' time, all of Palestine was Hellenized 44:50.208 --> 44:54.318 to some extent, only to different degrees. 44:54.320 --> 44:57.270 Yes, if you lived in a village or out in the country you you 44:57.268 --> 45:00.018 may not have spoken Greek, you may have spoken Hebrew or 45:00.018 --> 45:00.618 Aramaic. 45:00.619 --> 45:03.579 But if you were an elite person in any city, even in Palestine's 45:03.583 --> 45:06.033 time, you were expected to be able to speak Greek. 45:06.030 --> 45:07.910 You had some exposure to Greek culture. 45:07.909 --> 45:10.049 Syncretism was very important. 45:10.050 --> 45:12.680 The idea that religions around--religions borrowed from 45:12.677 --> 45:14.517 each other, religions were mixtures of 45:14.521 --> 45:16.671 things, and cultures borrowed from each other, 45:16.670 --> 45:18.450 so syncretism was very important. 45:18.449 --> 45:21.679 There was also conflict within Judaism. 45:21.679 --> 45:23.099 I've tried to emphasize that. 45:23.099 --> 45:26.149 Jews weren't all agreed about how to respond to the things, 45:26.152 --> 45:28.472 the politics and the cultures around them. 45:28.469 --> 45:32.809 Jews conflicted with Jews over how to adapt to Greek and Roman 45:32.809 --> 45:34.589 domination and culture. 45:34.590 --> 45:38.560 Political, social, religious, linguistic, 45:38.557 --> 45:43.317 cultural issues were all affected in some way. 45:43.320 --> 45:48.100 The next really important thing is the smallness of Judea. 45:48.099 --> 45:50.929 From the modern world we tend to think of Jerusalem and Judea 45:50.934 --> 45:53.824 as being very important because of course that's where Judaism 45:53.818 --> 45:56.558 started off and that's where Christianity started off. 45:56.559 --> 45:59.869 But by the standards of the Greek and Roman worlds, 45:59.871 --> 46:02.921 Judea was a kind of insignificant backwater. 46:02.920 --> 46:06.590 It wasn't a big important place economically or politically, 46:06.592 --> 46:09.582 and Jerusalem was not that terribly important. 46:09.579 --> 46:11.719 Judea was relatively unimportant from a world 46:11.722 --> 46:14.602 historical perspective, but--and this is also very 46:14.603 --> 46:18.273 important for how this lecture plays out for the rest of the 46:18.266 --> 46:20.696 course-- the Jews were never truly 46:20.697 --> 46:24.957 independent during this time nor were they ever truly powerful 46:24.960 --> 46:26.360 during this time. 46:26.360 --> 46:28.680 Even when the Hasmoneans, Judas Maccabeus and his 46:28.677 --> 46:32.337 brothers and their descendants, were ruling for 100 years or 46:32.342 --> 46:36.682 so, they never were politically very powerful outside of that 46:36.675 --> 46:38.405 narrow area of Judea. 46:38.409 --> 46:41.339 They were never truly independent; 46:41.340 --> 46:45.170 they always had to fend off the greater power of Syria, 46:45.170 --> 46:46.590 or Egypt, or Rome. 46:46.590 --> 46:50.590 The difference--the important thing, though, 46:50.590 --> 46:56.360 is Jews had an ideology that supported imperial pretensions. 46:56.360 --> 46:59.010 Go back and read the first few Psalms, 46:59.010 --> 47:01.880 where God says, "To my anointed one," 47:01.878 --> 47:05.308 and here he's either talking to King David or whoever is 47:05.309 --> 47:08.489 supposed to be sitting on King David's throne, 47:08.489 --> 47:11.659 "You are the King of the world. 47:11.659 --> 47:14.119 I will make all the nations flow to Jerusalem, 47:14.123 --> 47:16.753 all of them will come and worship Me in this holy 47:16.753 --> 47:17.633 place." 47:17.630 --> 47:21.850 The Psalms are full of language that implied that whoever is in 47:21.853 --> 47:24.923 control in Jerusalem is the king of world, 47:24.920 --> 47:28.450 and yet the Jews looked around themselves and they're going, 47:28.449 --> 47:32.139 we haven't had anybody who approached that in centuries. 47:32.139 --> 47:37.159 The Jews had an ideology of empire and world domination 47:37.157 --> 47:41.947 embedded in their scripture, and yet their social and 47:41.945 --> 47:45.435 political situation was just the opposite, 47:45.440 --> 47:50.370 and it's in that maelstrom of Jewish ideology not fitting 47:50.371 --> 47:55.951 reality, that Jesus is born. 47:55.949 --> 47:59.319 No sections this week. 47:59.320 --> 48:00.750 Look at the syllabus. 48:00.750 --> 48:04.290 On Monday you'll be asked to come in with lists of historical 48:04.289 --> 48:07.829 events as you see them in Acts and lists of historical events 48:07.829 --> 48:10.249 as you see them in Galatians 1 and 2. 48:10.250 --> 48:13.030 Come in with your lists on paper because we're going to put 48:13.032 --> 48:14.042 it up on the board. 48:14.039 --> 48:16.859 Be prepared to tell me what you do for your homework, 48:16.862 --> 48:18.552 and do the homework for Monday. 48:18.545 --> 48:18.975 Okay? 48:18.980 --> 48:22.300 It's not very difficult; it won't take you a long time, 48:22.295 --> 48:25.695 but follow the syllabus instructions and come Monday 48:25.702 --> 48:26.842 ready to talk. 48:26.840 --> 48:33.000