WEBVTT

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Prof: The chronological
end of the Old Testament,

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Hebrew Bible,
takes place in the sixth

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century BCE that is in the 500s
BCE.

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I say the chronological end of
the text is that because that's

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actually not the latest that our
literature comes from.

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It's just that's the end of the
story.

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What happens basically is that
the Jews are taken out of Judea,

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they're taken into captivity,
or at least the upper class is,

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in Babylon, and then they wait
70 years and then they're

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brought--
they're allowed to come back

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into Judea to rebuild the temple
and the walls of Jerusalem,

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and it's the rebuilding of the
temple and the walls of

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Jerusalem that are narrated in
the books Ezra and Nehemiah.

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That's kind of where the story
of the Jews or the Israelites

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ends, at the end of the sixth
century BCE.

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That's not actually the latest
document because,

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as we'll talk about a little
bit later today,

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the book of Daniel,
which claims of course to be

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written in Babylon,
Babylonian captivity,

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but also by a guy named Daniel
who lived in the sixth century.

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It's actually not written then,
it's written around the year of

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164 BCE,
so that's the latest document

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that we have that's in the
Hebrew Bible or the Old

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Testament.

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So there's a difference in the
actual timing of the documents

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and the chronological end of the
story.

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I'll remind you of what we
talked about last time with

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Alexander the Great just very
briefly.

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Alexander the Great,
remember, wanted to set up a

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one world, a universal empire.

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He taught a sort of syncretism
of religion,

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he taught a common language,
Greek,

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he set up these Greek cities
all around,

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these things will all be very
important for us.

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That process is what we call
Hellenization,

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so the Hellenization of the
world in that time means that we

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even call that period
Hellenistic Greek,

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the Hellenistic Period.

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To differentiate it from
classical Greek period,

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say classical Athens in the
sixth and fifth century,

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and then the Greco Roman Period
which will come later,

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the period of Rome.

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The reason Hellenism is so
important for us is because

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Alexander--what happened to his
empire after he died.

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After much confusion and
fighting among his major

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generals, after his death,
Alexander's kingdom ended up

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being divided up into four major
empires.

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For our purposes only three of
those really matter,

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and on your handout you'll see
the names Seleucus,

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Antiochus, and the Seleucids.

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Seleucus was one of the
Generals of Alexander and he

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ended up getting the part of his
empire that had been Babylonia,

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that is modern day Iraq,
and Syria.

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What happens is,
you'll find over and over

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again,
a man named Seleucus will have

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a kid named maybe Antiochus,
who will have a kid named

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Seleucus,
who will have a kid named

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Antiochus.

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The Seleucids is what we call
their dynasty,

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their family name,
they tended to use those two

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names Seleucus and Antiochus a
lot,

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so you'll see just Seleucus I,
II, III;

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Antiochus I, II, III, and IV.

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Those two names were used
quite--in their family over and

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over again,
so it gets very confusing in

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historical literature when it's
hard to keep them straight but

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that's the reason.

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His general Ptolemy II got the
Kingdom of Egypt,

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which was very,
very important because Egypt

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was one of the wealthiest parts
of the ancient world.

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Ptolemy II took Egypt and set
up his own sort of

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Greco-Egyptian kingdom there,
so when we talk about these

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things--
sometimes you'll hear us talk

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about the Syrian Empire or the
Greco Syrian Empire,

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or simply the Greek Empire.

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That's because there was a
Greek sort of veneer over what

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would have been local
differences.

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You'd have Egyptians speaking
ancient Egyptian languages but

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the elites in the cities would
be speaking Greek,

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so the culture,
the elite culture would still

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be Greek and the same way in
Syria.

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The Ptolemies are easier to
keep straight because they

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tended to all be named Ptolemy.

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They might have a nickname,
like Ptolemy Philadelphus is a

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very famous one,
but then they would give them

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numbers.

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Ptolemy II was the first
general who ruled Egypt,

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and then his descendants would
be named II, III,

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and IV and that sort of--and so
forth.

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The other empire that was
important,

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but we'll not talk about it too
much today,

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is what was Macedonia and
Greece itself and the General

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Antigonus Gonatas was the one
who took that.

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That would be its own sort of
area until the Romans defeated

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the different Greek rulers there
and took over Macedonia and

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Greece.

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What's important for us though
is really the Seleucids and the

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Ptolemies because if you draw a
line separating Syria from

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Egypt,
the line goes right through

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Palestine.

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The Jews were kind of caught,
therefore,

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on the border,
so Judea at this time was on

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the border between these two
empires and they were constantly

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fighting trying to aggrandize
their own kingdoms.

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The Jews were often,
therefore, caught right in the

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middle.

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Antiochus IV Epiphanes reigned
from 175 to 164 BCE.

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He's called the IV obviously
because he's the fourth

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Antiochus.

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Epiphanes though is a sort of
nickname and it means

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"manifest,"
it's just the Greek word for

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"manifest."

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What Antiochus was doing with
his name is saying he was

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claiming divine honors for
himself,

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because what he's saying is,
"I'm Antiochus,

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God made manifest among
you."

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This was not that unusual.

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As I said last time,
Alexander had sort of claimed

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divine honors for himself.

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He was following the lead of a
lot of eastern monarchs and

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rulers who would claim to be the
descendants of a god and claim

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to be a god themselves,
and would receive cult and

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worship.

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Antiochus IV,
though, was ruling at that time

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and he had control,
he had gained control of Judea.

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At one point he almost
conquered Egypt,

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as a matter of fact,
again they were always these

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battles, but then Rome
intervened.

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Rome was not in control of
eastern Mediterranean at this

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time but they started getting
more and more powerful,

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so Rome came to Egypt,
and a Roman general basically

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said,
"You've got to

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withdraw,"
and forced Antiochus IV to pull

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out of Egypt.

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Why did Rome do that?

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Well Rome wanted--Rome didn't
want any other empire in the

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Mediterranean to get too
powerful so they wanted small--

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they didn't want to really
control all the eastern part of

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the Mediterranean at this time,
they would have been stretched

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too thin,
but they wanted these two

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kingdoms to balance each other
out,

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so they didn't--they weren't
particularly for Antiochus IV,

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they just didn't want him to
destroy the Egyptian Ptolemies

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and him to take over Egypt
because it would make him too

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powerful.

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Rome, though,
shows that they have enough

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power that they kind of play the
referee between different

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kingdoms even in the east at
this time.

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While Judea,
though, was under Antiochus

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control a lot of Jews tried to
figure out how do you deal with

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this whole process of
Hellenization?

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In other words,
if you want your own kids to

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get ahead in the world,
in this time,

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and you're going to have an
elite family yourself in a town,

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in a city, it makes sense for
your kids to get a Greek

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education.

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You want your sons,
for example,

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to be able to speak,
and read, and write Greek.

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Why?

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Because that's the lingra
franca of the elite--of

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business, and of government,
and all that sort of thing.

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It's precisely the way it is
now with English around the

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world.

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Elite families want their kids
to have English education,

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they want them to be familiar
with American culture,

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and, if possible,
they'll even send them to a

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university in the States,
or to graduate school in the

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States,
and this is partly because

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there are good universities in
the States,

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but it's also partly because
they know that to get ahead

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their kids need to use English,
they need to become,

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in some sense,
to some extent Americanized.

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This is what's going on even in
places like Jerusalem at this

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time.

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Jerusalem wasn't a huge city
but it was important enough that

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there were elites there
themselves,

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and so they responded to this
urge of Hellenizing culture to

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have their kids educated in the
gymnasium.

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Remember?

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So they would themselves get
this sort of Greek rhetorical

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education.

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In fact, what we'll call for
the purposes,

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liberals and conservatives in
Jerusalem,

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because there was conflict in
Jerusalem at this time over how

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much Hellenization you should go
along with.

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Apparently, a majority of the
priests and the lay nobility

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supported the Hellenizing group,
that is the Jewish leaders who

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wanted to bring more
Hellenization into the Jerusalem

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itself.

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The high priest at this time
was named Jason,

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his name is on here,
and in 175 he built a gymnasium

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in Jerusalem.

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Why did he build a gymnasium in
Jerusalem?

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Well if you're going to have
Greek education you have to have

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a gymnasium.

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This--he also founded a Greek
polis,

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that is as Greek city structure
and Jason apparently paid

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Antiochus for the privilege of
having Jerusalem recognized as a

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Greek city.

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This would have consolidated
the power of those Jewish

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leaders who wanted to press
Greek culture more rather than

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those Jewish leaders who wanted
to hold back on Greek culture.

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If you control the gymnasium,
and you control the means of

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education,
you actually control the

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citizenry because you can't
become a citizen of a Greek

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polis,
a Greek city,

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unless you yourself have Greek
education,

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so sons would--sons of people
would go to the

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gymnasium.

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Notice what this would do also,
it would disenfranchise those

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leading families who didn't want
to have their sons Hellenized.

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By holding the control of the
education, you disenfranchise

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conservative Jews who are
resisting this Greek influence.

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About this time,
apparently, Antiochus offered

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citizenship status to the Jews,
but, like I said,

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admission to the gymnasium
and the ephebate--

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remember the ephebate we
talked about how the boys around

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the years 18 to 22 or so,
around the age that you guys

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are, you would be enrolled in
this sort of quasi education,

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quasi military training club
sort of thing of the town.

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That was the ephebate,
and you had to go through that

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to be a citizen.

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Jason and his party controlled
this, and in fact,

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they renamed Jerusalem
"Antioch of

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Jerusalem."

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There are lots of different
cities named Antioch in the

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ancient world,
and they were all done in honor

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of some Antiochus,
so Jerusalem was renamed

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Antioch of Jerusalem.

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The high priesthood was the
main ruler of the Jews at this

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time.

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They didn't have a king,
and they didn't have a direct

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governor,
so whoever controlled the high

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priesthood was sort of the
political ruler also at this

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time.

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But Antiochus was the one who
had the privilege of appointing

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the high priest.

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Menelaus, another leading Jew,
his name is on your handout,

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seems to have offered Antiochus
more money for the priesthood

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trying to get it away from
Jason,

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and he couldn't afford it.

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In order to pay for his own
priesthood he took gold vessels

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and instruments out of the
temple treasury,

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and this seems to have caused a
riot.

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Now notice, "Jason,"
is that a good Jewish name?

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No, that's not a good Jewish
name.

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"Menelaus"
is that a good Jewish name?

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No, Jason and Menelaus are both
famous Greek names.

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You have two guys fighting for
the high priesthood in

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Jerusalem,
both with Greek names,

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not traditional Hebrew names,
and both of them apparently

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trying to get in with this
Hellenizing process.

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They get into a big fight.

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To settle things down in
Jerusalem,

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Antiochus takes control of
Jerusalem and he stationed

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Syrian troops,
that is the Greco-Syrian

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troops, in Jerusalem in 167.

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Now things are heating up.

12:31.200 --> 12:35.030
Around this time changes were
made to the temple in Jerusalem.

12:35.029 --> 12:37.629
It may have been basically to
accommodate the soldiers.

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They may have had to house
soldiers from the Greco-Syrian

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Empire, and they may have used
the temple mount apparently to

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house some of them.

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This caused changes to the
temple.

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At this time Menelaus is in
charge,

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and his Hellenizing party,
which we could call the radical

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reformers,
they saw--this is the beginning

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of the anti-Judaism laws.

13:00.019 --> 13:03.809
About this time several laws
were passed that forbade

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circumcision,
you can't circumcise your boys

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anymore;
you're forbidden from observing

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the Torah, the Jewish law;
it may have been that even a

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pig was sacrificed on the altar
in Jerusalem in the Holy of

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Holies,
and the temple was turned into

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a syncretistic Jewish pagan
grove.

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In traditional Greek religion
and other religions having a

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grove of trees is sort of
considered the sacred area.

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Like when you walk through a
forest now and you come upon a

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nice open kind of grove of
trees,

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and all of sudden you just kind
of feel like some nymph or

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something is going to jump out
at you,

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and God is there,
so the Greeks liked these sorts

13:43.365 --> 13:46.105
of groves of trees,
so this is often what they

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would use as a sacred area.

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They did this to the temple,
and it was renamed as a shrine

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to Zeus Olympus.

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Now notice what's happening,
I talked about syncretism last

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time.

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If you're one of these liberal
Jews, you may not really believe

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you're doing anything bad.

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You're not forsaking Judaism,
you're just updating it,

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you're just bringing it up to
the modern era.

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You might say,
"Well what's wrong with

14:09.032 --> 14:10.312
calling it Zeus Olympus?

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We all know these are just
different names given to the

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same god anyway,
there's just one supreme

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God."

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So they may well have
identified the Jewish god Yahweh

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with this god Zeus Olympus and
said it's just two different

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names,
one Greek name and one Jewish

14:25.302 --> 14:27.212
name for the same Jewish god.

14:27.210 --> 14:28.800
That may have been what they
were thinking about.

14:28.798 --> 14:32.818
They could also have been
thinking about the Syrian god

14:32.815 --> 14:34.855
Baal,
that Baal Shamin was a Syrian

14:34.863 --> 14:37.623
god, so they're just saying
we'll have an altar here,

14:37.620 --> 14:40.090
Antiochus will be happy because
we're worshipping this Syrian

14:40.086 --> 14:41.686
god here,
the Greeks are happy we're

14:41.692 --> 14:43.962
worshipping Zeus Olympus,
and the Jews will be happy

14:43.961 --> 14:45.461
because it's identified as
Yahweh.

14:45.460 --> 14:48.060
This whole process of
Hellenization,

14:48.058 --> 14:51.018
therefore, I'm interpreting
this--in a lot of history books,

14:51.019 --> 14:53.769
sometimes, you'll get the idea
that the Jews were all good

14:53.765 --> 14:55.785
loyal Jews just trying to keep
the law,

14:55.788 --> 14:59.078
trying to keep Torah,
and that Antiochus IV Epiphanes

14:59.078 --> 15:03.058
is putting all this on them and
forcing Greek religion and Greek

15:03.063 --> 15:04.333
culture on them.

15:04.330 --> 15:06.280
That's not really the way it
happened.

15:06.278 --> 15:08.558
I've told the story the way
I--I've proceeded--

15:08.558 --> 15:10.248
if you read between the lines
of some of these ancient Jewish

15:10.254 --> 15:12.394
texts,
it's more like it's a debate

15:12.385 --> 15:14.995
that's going on within Judaism
itself.

15:15.000 --> 15:17.650
How Greek should we be?

15:17.649 --> 15:20.799
How much do you accommodate the
dominant culture?

15:20.798 --> 15:23.248
Precisely the way you get a lot
of this kind of debate in the

15:23.254 --> 15:25.284
modern world,
our time, of how much do you

15:25.278 --> 15:27.468
want your kids,
your Jewish boys and girls to

15:27.467 --> 15:29.947
assimilate to be just as
American as everybody else?

15:29.950 --> 15:32.940
How much intermarriage do you
want to have or do you allow?

15:32.940 --> 15:35.500
If you're a Muslim immigrant to
this country,

15:35.498 --> 15:38.398
the first generation,
do you let them listen to hip

15:38.404 --> 15:38.874
hop?

15:38.870 --> 15:41.610
Do you let the women stop
covering their hair?

15:41.610 --> 15:43.770
Where do you draw the line?

15:43.769 --> 15:46.079
What I'm arguing is that this
is what was going on,

15:46.081 --> 15:48.811
and it was an internal Jewish
conflict that was going on.

15:48.808 --> 15:51.178
There were several responses to
Hellenization,

15:51.177 --> 15:52.437
therefore, among Jews.

15:52.440 --> 15:55.120
It wasn't just that the
Helleni--that Greeks are here

15:55.123 --> 15:57.913
putting this onto Jews,
but there were responses within

15:57.908 --> 15:58.888
Judaism itself.

15:58.889 --> 16:03.779
As I've already said Menelaus
and the liberals accept it and

16:03.782 --> 16:04.862
promote it.

16:04.860 --> 16:07.660
Another priest that had been
dislocated from the high

16:07.663 --> 16:10.313
priesthood earlier,
his family had originally been

16:10.307 --> 16:11.977
the high priesthood family.

16:11.980 --> 16:15.480
Onias, I think Onias IV is on
your hand out there.

16:15.480 --> 16:18.590
Onias IV actually withdrew from
Jerusalem and went off and built

16:18.589 --> 16:19.329
a new temple.

16:19.330 --> 16:23.510
He says, well if you're going
to destroy the existing Jewish

16:23.509 --> 16:27.829
temple we're going to have an
alternative temple elsewhere.

16:27.830 --> 16:30.680
You also have these people that
come to be called the Hasidim,

16:30.678 --> 16:32.898
it's on your hand out,
that's from a Hebrew word

16:32.899 --> 16:35.779
meaning the holy ones or pious
ones or something like that.

16:35.779 --> 16:38.859
It--and they're not to be
confused with the modern Hasidim

16:38.861 --> 16:41.891
who live in Brooklyn and who
come from Eastern Europe.

16:41.889 --> 16:44.669
That's a modern movement that
came about in the medieval

16:44.666 --> 16:47.686
period and has come to--but it's
the same word used for these

16:47.693 --> 16:48.253
people.

16:48.250 --> 16:51.160
These weren't Jews who decided
to be very strict and they

16:51.158 --> 16:53.338
seemed to reject a lot of Greek
culture.

16:53.340 --> 16:56.340
They certainly rejected Greek
religion and Greek sacrifice.

16:56.340 --> 16:59.340
They seemed to promote the
speaking of Hebrew,

16:59.344 --> 17:02.354
the use of Hebrew text,
and particularly pious

17:02.349 --> 17:04.419
observations of Jewish law.

17:04.420 --> 17:07.550
You even have a group of high
priests,

17:07.548 --> 17:10.048
former high priests,
who have been dislocated and

17:10.047 --> 17:12.807
other priestly families
withdrawing from Jerusalem and

17:12.805 --> 17:15.615
apparently going out in the
desert and maybe building a

17:15.615 --> 17:18.815
community out there,
and we find out about them in

17:18.821 --> 17:22.671
the twentieth century when the
Dead Sea scrolls were discovered

17:22.673 --> 17:23.983
in the late 1940s.

17:23.980 --> 17:28.120
A lot of the theories are these
Dead Sea scrolls were the

17:28.117 --> 17:32.627
writings of a sect of Jews led
by people who had been priestly

17:32.625 --> 17:35.145
families,
who moved out into the desert,

17:35.146 --> 17:37.326
set up camp on the shores of
the Dead Sea,

17:37.328 --> 17:40.318
and had their own little sort
of maybe quasi monastic

17:40.317 --> 17:42.597
community there,
very strict in their

17:42.601 --> 17:45.621
observation of the Law,
they keep their documents--they

17:45.618 --> 17:49.358
have some documents in Greek,
some in Hebrew, some in Aramaic.

17:49.358 --> 17:51.968
So that may have been another
way to respond to this

17:51.973 --> 17:55.153
increasing Hellenization to just
pull away and form a different

17:55.152 --> 17:55.872
community.

17:55.868 --> 17:59.748
Then you have the reaction of
Mattathias.

17:59.750 --> 18:03.600
Mattathias was a priest from
Jerusalem who had settled in a

18:03.596 --> 18:07.176
village called Modein,
in the hill country of Judea.

18:07.180 --> 18:10.790
Apparently, according to the
text that had come down to us,

18:10.788 --> 18:13.958
some of which had to be sort of
legends and that sort of thing,

18:13.960 --> 18:16.520
hero worship,
the story goes that Mattathias

18:16.516 --> 18:19.726
was in his village and a priest
and a soldier come from

18:19.726 --> 18:23.426
Jerusalem to the village,
and they're trying to force the

18:23.430 --> 18:25.350
Jews to sacrifice on an altar.

18:25.348 --> 18:29.018
Now what an altar is most of
the time is--do you all see this

18:29.016 --> 18:31.396
little base over there in the
corner?

18:31.400 --> 18:34.210
There's just a little pillar
that might be this high,

18:34.210 --> 18:36.530
and to offer something--you
don't actually have to sacrifice

18:36.526 --> 18:39.386
a chicken or anything like that,
you can obviously sacrifice

18:39.394 --> 18:41.274
animals,
but you can just pour out some

18:41.269 --> 18:43.909
wine or you can pour some grain
or something like that on the

18:43.910 --> 18:45.940
altar,
burn it up, and that will

18:45.938 --> 18:50.068
suffice as an offering to a god,
without killing an animal.

18:50.068 --> 18:51.988
Something like this may have
been going on.

18:51.990 --> 18:55.300
Mattathias, it is said,
took the sword away from the

18:55.299 --> 18:59.259
soldier and killed this priest
and the soldier for encouraging

18:59.259 --> 19:02.439
Jews in his village to sacrifice
to the gods.

19:02.440 --> 19:05.110
This was, of course,
against the law,

19:05.108 --> 19:07.688
so Mattathias runs off to the
hills,

19:07.690 --> 19:10.230
taking his family with him,
his sons,

19:10.230 --> 19:13.730
he had several sons,
and this is the beginning of

19:13.733 --> 19:17.753
the war that comes to be called
the Maccabean Revolt.

19:17.750 --> 19:21.640
It's called Maccabean because
after Mattathias died,

19:21.640 --> 19:24.120
shortly thereafter,
he was the leader of the revolt

19:24.117 --> 19:27.867
in the beginning,
his son Judas becomes the head

19:27.872 --> 19:33.852
general of the bunch,
and Judas, early on earned the

19:33.854 --> 19:36.434
nickname Maccabeus.

19:36.430 --> 19:38.790
We're not really sure what the
nickname means or where it comes

19:38.794 --> 19:40.654
from,
it could be something like

19:40.654 --> 19:43.834
"the hammer,"
so he could be "Judah the

19:43.827 --> 19:45.977
hammer,"
but it may have been an

19:45.981 --> 19:49.631
attribute from him being a very
good general and winning a lot

19:49.632 --> 19:50.712
of battles.

19:50.710 --> 19:54.470
Against all odds,
this rag tag bunch of basically

19:54.472 --> 19:59.322
guerilla fighters,
up against a far superior army

19:59.316 --> 20:03.366
of Antiochus IV Epiphanes,
they beat them,

20:03.365 --> 20:06.115
they retook Jerusalem,
they didn't actually beat them

20:06.115 --> 20:08.075
in Syria,
they just beat them several

20:08.077 --> 20:10.957
battles in Judea,
and Judas was able to recapture

20:10.957 --> 20:12.437
Jerusalem and the temple.

20:12.440 --> 20:18.150
In the year 164,
they cleansed the temple of the

20:18.147 --> 20:21.727
profanation,
the pollution of having maybe

20:21.734 --> 20:24.114
pigs and things like that
sacrificed,

20:24.108 --> 20:26.158
it being polluted as a Greek
temple,

20:26.160 --> 20:32.280
and so 164 is the beginning of
the celebration of the Jewish

20:32.278 --> 20:34.248
holiday Hanukkah.

20:34.250 --> 20:38.140
The Hanukkah song now--no we
won't sing the Hanukkah song.

20:38.140 --> 20:43.200
So 164 in the cleansing of the
temple is what Jews celebrate

20:43.198 --> 20:44.568
with Hanukkah.

20:44.568 --> 20:49.748
Judas Maccabeus reigned as not
an official king at that point

20:49.751 --> 20:53.381
but he reigned over Judea of
this time,

20:53.380 --> 20:56.000
and there was still battles
that raged between him and his

20:56.000 --> 20:57.410
family,
and his army,

20:57.413 --> 21:01.293
and Antiochus IV Epiphanes,
and then other descendants.

21:01.288 --> 21:02.948
After he died,
his brother--one of his

21:02.945 --> 21:05.395
brothers became the leader,
and then another brother became

21:05.395 --> 21:08.085
the leader,
gradually these different

21:08.089 --> 21:13.089
people of this family came to
set up their own dynasty of

21:13.086 --> 21:14.956
rulers themselves.

21:14.960 --> 21:16.690
Their family name was not
Maccabeus,

21:16.690 --> 21:19.760
that was just a nickname,
the family name was Hasmoneus

21:19.755 --> 21:22.305
and so we call this the
Hasmonean Dynasty,

21:22.308 --> 21:25.248
that's the descendants of
Mattathias.

21:25.250 --> 21:28.580
Some of them actually were then
proclaimed king,

21:28.578 --> 21:32.348
they were recognized as--with
the title king by the later

21:32.345 --> 21:36.375
rulers of the neighboring areas
like the Syria-- Greco-Syrian

21:36.380 --> 21:37.120
Empire.

21:37.118 --> 21:43.298
The Hasmonean Dynasty was in
power from the year 165 to the

21:43.298 --> 21:44.788
year 60 BCE.

21:44.788 --> 21:49.198
Now, that's the way one people
responded to this,

21:49.202 --> 21:52.422
they revolted against the
rulers.

21:52.420 --> 21:57.150
Another way some Jews responded
was by believing that military

21:57.146 --> 22:01.206
revolt wasn't the way to go,
that God would somehow

22:01.210 --> 22:05.970
intervene miraculously that God
would send an angel or some kind

22:05.965 --> 22:10.715
of heavenly figure down to earth
and an army of heavenly figures

22:10.721 --> 22:15.781
would defeat Antiochus and usher
in the new Kingdom of Israel.

22:15.778 --> 22:18.208
And that's where you get the
story of that from the book of

22:18.211 --> 22:18.591
Daniel.

22:18.588 --> 22:23.528
I asked you to read Daniel,
at least the last part of

22:23.532 --> 22:28.002
Daniel for today,
if you've got your Bibles take

22:28.000 --> 22:32.660
it out and turn with me first to
Daniel 8:20.

22:32.660 --> 22:35.400
Now the book of Daniel is in
two halves.

22:35.400 --> 22:38.170
The first half of it tells
about the adventures of this

22:38.169 --> 22:41.479
young man Daniel who's very,
very wise and very smart and

22:41.480 --> 22:44.970
very loyal,
and who refuses to worship the

22:44.972 --> 22:46.142
Persian god.

22:46.140 --> 22:49.500
Of course this--these are
morality stories written for

22:49.500 --> 22:53.500
Jews who were living under Greek
domination encouraging them not

22:53.497 --> 22:57.237
to worship Greek gods but its
past in the distant past.

22:57.240 --> 23:00.980
Then the second half of Daniel
is a whole series of visions and

23:00.983 --> 23:01.773
prophecies.

23:01.769 --> 23:04.379
Daniel says,
"I was in a dream,

23:04.380 --> 23:06.550
I was in a vision on a day,
and I saw this,

23:06.548 --> 23:08.918
and this angel told me to do
this and this person told me

23:08.923 --> 23:11.213
this," and so it's the
narration of the history of

23:11.211 --> 23:13.841
humankind that's part of which
has already happened by the time

23:13.838 --> 23:15.938
of Daniel,
but most of which is to happen

23:15.942 --> 23:17.142
in the future for Daniel.

23:17.140 --> 23:20.050
Some of this stuff actually
does happen.

23:20.048 --> 23:22.358
So for example,
and he tells about different

23:22.356 --> 23:22.836
beasts.

23:22.838 --> 23:24.948
There's the ram that does this,
there's the beast that does

23:24.949 --> 23:27.869
this,
but you know that these beasts

23:27.865 --> 23:33.375
represent different kingdoms
because in Chapter 8:20 he says,

23:33.380 --> 23:36.130
"As for the ram that you
saw [in your vision]

23:36.125 --> 23:39.465
with the two horns,
these are the Kings of Mede and

23:39.468 --> 23:40.418
Persia."

23:40.420 --> 23:42.820
There was the kingdom of the
Medes and the kingdom of the

23:42.815 --> 23:44.565
Persians who came together under
Cyrus.

23:44.568 --> 23:47.568
"The male goat is the King
of Greece,

23:47.568 --> 23:51.858
and the great horn between its
eyes is the first king,"

23:51.862 --> 23:56.122
so that would be Phillip,
Alexander's father.

23:56.118 --> 23:59.988
"As for the horn that was
broken in place of which four

23:59.990 --> 24:02.810
others arose,
four kingdoms shall arise from

24:02.806 --> 24:05.216
his nation but not with his
power."

24:05.220 --> 24:07.430
This is Alexander,
he's broken,

24:07.433 --> 24:11.203
and his kingdom is divided up
into four empires,

24:11.200 --> 24:14.810
like I told you about earlier,
but none of those four empires

24:14.808 --> 24:18.298
enjoys the same power that
Alexander the Great enjoyed with

24:18.298 --> 24:18.778
his.

24:18.778 --> 24:21.338
Notice how you're already given
a clue,

24:21.338 --> 24:24.428
right here in Daniel,
that these different images,

24:24.430 --> 24:27.100
these different beasts are to
refer to kingdoms that are going

24:27.099 --> 24:29.289
to come in the future from
Daniel's perspective.

24:29.288 --> 24:31.478
We know, actually,
that they already did.

24:31.480 --> 24:34.130
Then what happens in Daniel is
each different chapter,

24:34.125 --> 24:36.865
the last part of Daniel,
in a sense tells the story over

24:36.869 --> 24:37.369
again.

24:37.368 --> 24:39.298
He has another vision and
instead of reading it

24:39.300 --> 24:42.310
chronologically,
as if Chapter 9 told about one

24:42.305 --> 24:44.165
century,
and then Chapter 10 or Chapter

24:44.173 --> 24:46.243
11 is the next century,
and the next century,

24:46.244 --> 24:49.414
you actually have to read them
cycles because what Daniel is

24:49.407 --> 24:52.457
doing he's giving you a prophecy
of what's going to happen

24:52.462 --> 24:55.412
politically related to Judea,
but he's giving it to you in

24:55.406 --> 24:57.576
several different visions that
all tell the same story,

24:57.578 --> 24:59.148
just in different kind of
symbols.

24:59.150 --> 25:01.730
Turn over now to Chapter 11.

25:01.730 --> 25:09.160


25:09.160 --> 25:13.760
Here again it's sort of like
the fourth--

25:13.759 --> 25:15.649
Chapter 11:2,
"The four shall be far

25:15.654 --> 25:18.834
richer then all of them when he
has become strong to his riches,

25:18.828 --> 25:21.918
he shall stir up all against
the Kingdom of Greece,"

25:21.920 --> 25:25.180
so this is actually talking
about the Persian ruler who will

25:25.175 --> 25:26.165
attack Greece.

25:26.170 --> 25:29.430
"Then a warrior king shall
arise who shall rule with great

25:29.433 --> 25:31.333
dominion,"
that's Alexander,

25:31.328 --> 25:33.908
"While still rising in
power,"--

25:33.910 --> 25:37.020
Alexander remember was still
young and increasing his power

25:37.020 --> 25:39.000
when he died--
"his kingdom shall be

25:39.000 --> 25:41.590
broken and divided to the four
winds of heaven but not to his

25:41.589 --> 25:42.409
posterity."

25:42.410 --> 25:45.870
Alexander had a child but the
child dies, and Alexander's

25:45.874 --> 25:48.724
kingdom did not go to any of his
own offspring,

25:48.719 --> 25:51.379
they went to these other four
generals.

25:51.380 --> 25:54.290
Then notice in verse 5,
"The King of the South

25:54.291 --> 25:57.031
shall grow strong,"
and the next verse,

25:57.029 --> 25:59.399
"The daughter of the King
of the South shall come to the

25:59.402 --> 26:01.382
King of the North to ratify the
agreement."

26:01.380 --> 26:03.790
What's the King of the South?

26:03.789 --> 26:06.099
Who's the King of the South?

26:06.098 --> 26:09.998
Ptolemy, some Ptolemy,
one of the Ptolemies.

26:10.000 --> 26:12.670
So whenever you see King of the
South in Daniel it's always

26:12.671 --> 26:15.391
referring to the Ptolemaic
Dynasty, one of the Ptolemies.

26:15.390 --> 26:18.560
Who's the King of the North?

26:18.558 --> 26:21.468
Seleucus or Antiochus,
so whenever you see the King of

26:21.465 --> 26:23.985
the North it refers to one of
the Seleucids.

26:23.990 --> 26:25.900
So over and over again in
Daniel, you're going to get the

26:25.902 --> 26:27.382
King of the North,
the King of the South,

26:27.375 --> 26:29.135
the King of the North,
and notice how it says,

26:29.137 --> 26:31.587
"The daughter of the King
of the South shall come to the

26:31.587 --> 26:33.667
King of the North to ratify the
agreement."

26:33.670 --> 26:36.890
If you look down--if you have a
study bible and you look at your

26:36.888 --> 26:40.008
footnotes it'll actually give
you the names of these different

26:40.006 --> 26:42.046
people that historians can
identify.

26:42.048 --> 26:45.358
This may be Berenice because we
know that she was a daughter of

26:45.364 --> 26:48.094
Antiochus or Seleucus,
she was married to one of the

26:48.090 --> 26:48.840
Ptolemies.

26:48.838 --> 26:51.418
If you follow in your study
bible--now it has to be a good

26:51.419 --> 26:52.459
critical study bible.

26:52.460 --> 26:55.040
I mean if you--by real
scholars--if you use these

26:55.040 --> 26:58.050
bibles that take all this as
prophecy that relates to the

26:58.051 --> 27:01.441
Soviet Union or to Russia they
might tell you things like,

27:01.440 --> 27:05.030
"Well the King of the
North here refers to the head of

27:05.031 --> 27:08.441
Politburo or something like
this," and so if it's a

27:08.439 --> 27:12.279
bible by a contemporary church
that takes all this is referring

27:12.278 --> 27:15.808
to our time or the time
immediately to the future,

27:15.808 --> 27:17.638
which of course a lot of
Christians do,

27:17.640 --> 27:19.470
then their footnotes might be
different.

27:19.470 --> 27:22.610
But the footnotes in any good
study bible will place these

27:22.605 --> 27:26.175
people to the history of what's
going on in Judea as this time.

27:26.180 --> 27:31.760
Now go over to 11:29 because
I'm not going to lead you

27:31.760 --> 27:37.870
through all the stuff that
happens in Chapter 11 because if

27:37.868 --> 27:40.418
you read it,
and you read it with the

27:40.420 --> 27:42.340
footnotes,
it's basically telling you a

27:42.343 --> 27:45.483
history of the battles and
alliances between the Seleucids

27:45.484 --> 27:48.634
and the Ptolemies and where
Judea was caught in the middle

27:48.626 --> 27:49.946
at different times.

27:49.950 --> 27:51.960
"At the time appointed he
shall return and come into the

27:51.958 --> 27:53.128
south," this is one of
the--

27:53.130 --> 27:57.950
this is Antiochus,
not Antiochus IV,

27:57.950 --> 28:01.680
"But this time it shall
not be as before for ships of

28:01.684 --> 28:05.354
Kittim shall come against him
and he shall lose heart and

28:05.354 --> 28:06.604
withdraw."

28:06.599 --> 28:09.579
Who are the Kittim?

28:09.579 --> 28:11.219
Romans, exactly.

28:11.220 --> 28:12.960
"The Kittim"
is a term that's used in

28:12.961 --> 28:14.371
Hebrew,
and in a lot of different

28:14.371 --> 28:16.611
ancient Jewish texts,
and sometimes it seems to refer

28:16.605 --> 28:18.955
to the Greeks,
and here it clearly refers to

28:18.958 --> 28:22.448
the Romans because the Romans
come and they force the King of

28:22.451 --> 28:23.501
the North back.

28:23.500 --> 28:26.610
Notice what it says,
"Forces sent by him--he

28:26.607 --> 28:30.297
shall turn back and pay heed to
those who forsake the holy

28:30.298 --> 28:31.528
covenant."

28:31.528 --> 28:35.968
Antiochus IV will pay attention
to the Jews who have forsaken

28:35.968 --> 28:38.658
the Torah,
"Forces sent by him shall

28:38.663 --> 28:41.443
occupy and profane the temple
and the fortress.

28:41.440 --> 28:45.110
They shall abolish the regular
burnt offering and set up the

28:45.114 --> 28:47.424
abomination that makes
desolate,"

28:47.419 --> 28:50.159
or in some modern English
translations,

28:50.160 --> 28:53.880
"the abomination of
desolation."

28:53.880 --> 28:56.850
That term will be used also in
the New Testament in several

28:56.848 --> 28:57.308
places.

28:57.308 --> 29:00.908
"He shall seduce with
intrigue those who violate the

29:00.914 --> 29:02.014
covenant."

29:02.009 --> 29:05.529
That is, the bad Jews who have
violated the Torah will be in

29:05.528 --> 29:07.018
cahoots with Antiochus.

29:07.019 --> 29:09.779
"But the people who are
loyal to their God shall stand

29:09.782 --> 29:10.882
firm and take action.

29:10.880 --> 29:14.550
The wise among the people shall
give understanding to many;

29:14.548 --> 29:16.958
for some days,
however, they shall by fall by

29:16.959 --> 29:20.079
sword and flame and suffer
captivity and plunder."

29:20.079 --> 29:21.529
Who are the wise?

29:21.529 --> 29:23.639
The author of the book.

29:23.640 --> 29:26.660
Remember he spent the whole
first part of the book setting

29:26.661 --> 29:28.041
up Daniel as a wise man.

29:28.038 --> 29:30.998
So this author writing under
the name of Daniel,

29:31.000 --> 29:35.170
a wise man, identifies other
wise Jews of his own day and he

29:35.166 --> 29:39.186
says they're going to oppose
Antiochus IV and some of them

29:39.192 --> 29:41.102
will die because of it.

29:41.098 --> 29:45.718
"When they fall victim
they shall receive a little help

29:45.722 --> 29:49.252
and many shall join them
insincerely."

29:49.250 --> 29:52.890
Some scholars believe that this
"little help"

29:52.892 --> 29:56.402
may be this author's reference
to Judas Maccabeus.

29:56.400 --> 30:00.430
It may be that he knows that
there is an armed resistance,

30:00.430 --> 30:02.530
and it's a little bit of help,
but he doesn't believe,

30:02.528 --> 30:06.288
himself, that the answer to
Antiochus IV is going to be an

30:06.292 --> 30:08.882
armed revolt,
he believes it's not going to

30:08.884 --> 30:09.894
ultimately succeed.

30:09.892 --> 30:10.212
Why?

30:10.210 --> 30:13.320
Because God's going to be the
one who will intervene,

30:13.315 --> 30:14.625
not Judas Maccabeus.

30:14.630 --> 30:16.690
"The king shall act as he
pleases.

30:16.690 --> 30:19.330
He shall exalt himself
andconsider himself greater than

30:19.330 --> 30:21.630
any god,"--remember
Antiochus Epiphanes?

30:21.630 --> 30:23.210
"God
manifest"?--"and shall

30:23.211 --> 30:25.141
speak horrendous things against
the God of gods.

30:25.140 --> 30:27.950
He shall prosper until the
period of wrath is completed for

30:27.952 --> 30:29.652
what is determined shall be
done.

30:29.650 --> 30:32.500
He shall pay no respect to the
gods of his ancestors or to the

30:32.502 --> 30:35.022
one beloved by women;
he shall pay no respect to any

30:35.017 --> 30:37.937
other god, he shall consider
himself greater than all."

30:37.940 --> 30:40.610
So it's all about setting
himself up.

30:40.608 --> 30:43.968
Now look, "He shall come
into the beautiful land,"

30:43.974 --> 30:46.204
obviously we're talking about
Judea,

30:46.200 --> 30:50.270
"And tens of thousands
shall fall victim but Edom and

30:50.268 --> 30:51.848
Moab,
and the main part of the

30:51.845 --> 30:53.515
Ammonites shall escape from his
power,

30:53.519 --> 30:56.609
he shall stretch forth his hand
against the countries and the

30:56.609 --> 30:58.619
land of Egypt shall not
escape."

30:58.618 --> 31:01.108
In other words,
Antiochus IV this time is

31:01.112 --> 31:04.292
actually going to capture Egypt,
he's predicting.

31:04.288 --> 31:07.178
"He shall become ruler of
the treasures of gold and silver

31:07.175 --> 31:09.945
and all the riches of Egypt,
and the Libyans and the

31:09.948 --> 31:12.488
Ethiopians shall follow in his
train."

31:12.490 --> 31:16.170
Not only will he overrun Egypt
he's going to go west of Egypt

31:16.167 --> 31:19.477
and take Libya and south of
Egypt and take Ethiopia.

31:19.480 --> 31:22.440
"But reports from the east
and the north shall alarm him,

31:22.440 --> 31:25.340
and he shall go out with great
fury to bring ruin and complete

31:25.343 --> 31:26.393
destruction to many.

31:26.390 --> 31:31.330
He shall pitch his palatial
tents between the

31:31.326 --> 31:34.576
sea,"--what's the sea?

31:34.578 --> 31:36.918
the Mediterranean,
thank you, somebody is

31:36.924 --> 31:39.864
awake--"and the beautiful
holy mountain,"

31:39.855 --> 31:41.435
what the holy mountain?

31:41.440 --> 31:44.480
Say it, Zion,
Mount Zion which is where

31:44.480 --> 31:46.320
Jerusalem is founded.

31:46.318 --> 31:50.928
"Yet he shall come to his
end with no one to help

31:50.934 --> 31:51.984
him."

31:51.980 --> 31:53.340
"He shall come to his
end"--

31:53.338 --> 31:55.748
wait a minute,
he conquers Egypt,

31:55.750 --> 31:58.420
takes Libya,
takes Ethiopia,

31:58.422 --> 32:02.392
comes back through Judea,
sets up camp,

32:02.394 --> 32:07.454
somewhere in that coastal area
between Jerusalem and the

32:07.451 --> 32:10.671
Mediterranean and there he dies.

32:10.670 --> 32:12.450
That didn't happen.

32:12.450 --> 32:17.810
Antiochus IV never took all of
Egypt, he never took Ethiopia,

32:17.810 --> 32:21.920
he never took Libya,
and he did eventually die,

32:21.922 --> 32:25.142
but he died way over in
Babylon.

32:25.140 --> 32:27.260
He didn't die here.

32:27.259 --> 32:33.039
How do we know that this
document was written around the

32:33.042 --> 32:34.202
year 164?

32:34.200 --> 32:38.450
Because this author doesn't
know the end of the story.

32:38.450 --> 32:41.120
Notice how throughout the
history he's gotten everything

32:41.119 --> 32:43.639
right--well not every
detail--but he gets a lot of it

32:43.644 --> 32:44.134
right.

32:44.130 --> 32:47.810
He knows when Antiochus the so
and so wins a battle,

32:47.808 --> 32:49.868
he knows when one of the
Ptolemies wins a battle,

32:49.868 --> 32:52.538
he knows when they tried to
have a treaty between them and

32:52.541 --> 32:55.261
marry off one of their daughters
to each other to establish

32:55.260 --> 32:55.730
peace.

32:55.730 --> 32:57.240
He knows when they called
truces.

32:57.240 --> 33:01.050
He knows when the Romans
intervened and stopped battles

33:01.050 --> 33:02.110
between them.

33:02.108 --> 33:06.968
He knows all--he knows that
Antiochus profaned the temple,

33:06.970 --> 33:10.110
so this has got to be written
after 167 because he's telling

33:10.114 --> 33:13.104
us all about this stuff that
happened with the temple.

33:13.098 --> 33:17.858
He knows everything that
happens up to 167,

33:17.858 --> 33:20.508
and there may be a little hint
that he even knows about Judas

33:20.513 --> 33:22.633
Maccabeus,
but he doesn't know about

33:22.633 --> 33:26.033
anything what happened to the
cleansing of the temple.

33:26.028 --> 33:29.628
He doesn't know about the
victory of Judas which happened

33:29.631 --> 33:30.211
in 164.

33:30.210 --> 33:32.610
Notice how this is wonderfully
convenient for us modern

33:32.609 --> 33:33.099
scholars.

33:33.098 --> 33:39.128
He gets everything right up to
167 and everything wrong at 164,

33:39.130 --> 33:42.350
because notice what happens
then, in Chapter 12,

33:42.348 --> 33:46.308
right as Antiochus IV dies
according to his prophecy,

33:46.308 --> 33:48.548
"At that time Michael the
Great Prince,

33:48.548 --> 33:50.248
the protector of your
people,"--

33:50.250 --> 33:52.510
Michael's an angel,
the greatest angel--

33:52.509 --> 33:53.849
"shall arise.

33:53.848 --> 33:55.038
There shall be a time of
anguish."

33:55.038 --> 33:56.678
In other words,
this is when all hell breaks

33:56.676 --> 33:58.256
loose,
the heavens come down,

33:58.259 --> 34:01.359
Michael swoops in on a chariot
from the sky with angelic

34:01.358 --> 34:03.768
armies,
and they are the ones who bring

34:03.770 --> 34:04.870
the final victory.

34:04.868 --> 34:08.498
God breaks into history and
brings the final victory.

34:08.500 --> 34:11.940
Judas Maccabeus doesn't win the
battle.

34:11.940 --> 34:16.090
This is how we date apocalyptic
literature.

34:16.090 --> 34:18.460
Daniel is one of the earliest
cases of what we call

34:18.463 --> 34:19.653
apocalyptic literature.

34:19.650 --> 34:22.690
It gives--apocalypticism gives
you this vision of what's going

34:22.693 --> 34:24.543
to happen in the very near
future,

34:24.539 --> 34:28.359
and it answers the problems of
suffering and the answer is not

34:28.362 --> 34:31.872
"arm yourselves and fight
the battle yourself,"

34:31.871 --> 34:35.131
because the odds are
overwhelmingly against you.

34:35.130 --> 34:38.680
You can't defeat all of Rome,
you can't defeat all of Greece,

34:38.677 --> 34:41.687
you can't defeat Antiochus IV
Epiphanes by yourself,

34:41.693 --> 34:42.643
but God can.

34:42.639 --> 34:45.869
And so angelic armies
will break into history and

34:45.871 --> 34:48.341
bring about the solution to the
problem.

34:48.340 --> 34:51.700
The apocalyptic writer sets
himself up usually,

34:51.699 --> 34:54.519
far in the distant past,
like this guy says he's Daniel

34:54.518 --> 34:57.938
writing in the sixth century,
and they narrate history

34:57.943 --> 35:00.883
through the age--
and you can tell he's got it

35:00.875 --> 35:01.505
all right.

35:01.510 --> 35:05.050
Daniel foresaw this stuff
writing way back in the year

35:05.048 --> 35:05.448
580.

35:05.449 --> 35:08.029
And yet he's--he knows about
the Persians,

35:08.030 --> 35:09.510
he knows about the Medes,
he knows about the Greeks,

35:09.510 --> 35:11.100
he knows about Alexander,
he knows about the splitting up

35:11.101 --> 35:12.691
of Alexander's kingdom,
he knows about Berenice,

35:12.693 --> 35:15.113
he knows about the Romans,
and so you think he knows all

35:15.105 --> 35:16.675
this stuff,
he got it all right,

35:16.677 --> 35:19.257
and you pick it up and you're
reading it in the year 164

35:19.259 --> 35:21.399
yourself,
or 165, and you think well he

35:21.398 --> 35:23.978
must be right about what's going
to happen next.

35:23.980 --> 35:26.910
And you think God's going to
break in any day,

35:26.911 --> 35:29.911
we're going to be saved,
we don't have to fight

35:29.909 --> 35:32.449
ourselves, we're going to be
saved.

35:32.449 --> 35:35.099
This is how we date apocalyptic
literature.

35:35.099 --> 35:39.339
Where do they get the history
right, and then when does the

35:39.340 --> 35:41.460
history go pfffffft.

35:41.460 --> 35:43.820
When does the history just all
of a sudden go wrong?

35:43.820 --> 35:51.160
That's when it's dated because
they're writing up to that

35:51.161 --> 35:52.211
point.

35:52.210 --> 35:54.620
That kind of apocalyptic
mentality,

35:54.619 --> 35:57.839
that apocalyptic world view
will become very important for

35:57.838 --> 36:01.278
early Christianity because what
I'll argue in the rest of this

36:01.282 --> 36:03.992
course is,
who else was an apocalyptic

36:03.989 --> 36:04.609
prophet?

36:04.610 --> 36:05.950
Jesus.

36:05.949 --> 36:09.159
Who else was an apocalyptic
prophet?

36:09.159 --> 36:11.009
Paul.

36:11.010 --> 36:14.850
All of the earliest followers
of Jesus seemed to have been

36:14.851 --> 36:18.291
apocalyptic minded Jews,
and that's the beginning of

36:18.289 --> 36:19.839
early Christianity.

36:19.840 --> 36:24.220
Early Christianity starts off
as an apocalyptic Jewish sect.

36:24.219 --> 36:28.069
They all were reading Daniel,
and when they read other

36:28.068 --> 36:31.848
prophecies from the Hebrew Bible
they also read those

36:31.847 --> 36:33.297
apocalyptically.

36:33.300 --> 36:38.050
The apocalyptic response is
another one of these responses

36:38.047 --> 36:39.627
to Hellenization.

36:39.630 --> 36:43.530
In 63, about a hundred years
after the cleansing of the

36:43.532 --> 36:47.652
temple--first are there any
questions about any of that so

36:47.650 --> 36:48.230
far?

36:48.230 --> 36:52.250
I'm giving you a lot of both
confusing history and confusing

36:52.253 --> 36:53.213
terminology.

36:53.210 --> 36:56.910
A hundred years after the
cleansing of the temple,

36:56.909 --> 37:00.739
mas o menos,
in the year 63 BCE,

37:00.739 --> 37:05.339
Pompey, the Roman general
Pompey, enters Jerusalem,

37:05.340 --> 37:09.570
and this is when you have the
beginning of Roman control of

37:09.574 --> 37:10.164
Judea.

37:10.159 --> 37:17.199
Herod the Great gets himself
appointed as King of the Jews by

37:17.199 --> 37:19.429
the Roman Senate.

37:19.429 --> 37:23.369
Only the Senate at this time
can proclaim anybody a king,

37:23.369 --> 37:27.159
so the Senate would sometimes
would have client kings on the

37:27.164 --> 37:29.824
different--
the edge of frontiers of their

37:29.822 --> 37:30.372
control.

37:30.369 --> 37:32.659
They couldn't--they didn't want
to be bothered with controlling

37:32.659 --> 37:34.729
everything themselves with their
own armies directly,

37:34.730 --> 37:37.030
or their governors,
so they would appoint local

37:37.030 --> 37:38.960
kings,
whether in Asia Minor,

37:38.963 --> 37:40.653
Greece, different parts.

37:40.650 --> 37:46.120
Herod the Great was appointed
king by the Roman Senate and he

37:46.121 --> 37:49.681
ruled from the year 37 to year 4
BCE.

37:49.679 --> 37:54.879
After Herod the Great died,
his kingdom was split up first

37:54.876 --> 37:59.756
among his different sons,
but Judea itself eventually was

37:59.757 --> 38:04.037
placed under direct Roman rule
under procurators that were

38:04.036 --> 38:08.236
appointed by the Senate or
sometimes by the Emperor,

38:08.239 --> 38:10.159
and this is what Pilate's job
was.

38:10.159 --> 38:13.869
Pontius Pilate, who was
the governor of Judea,

38:13.869 --> 38:17.539
his actual title wasn't
governor, he was a procurator,

38:17.539 --> 38:19.949
but he was the one in control
of Judea during the life--

38:19.949 --> 38:22.349
during the time that Jesus was
killed himself.

38:22.349 --> 38:25.989
Pilate was one of these direct
Roman rulers of Judea.

38:25.989 --> 38:30.339
Galilee was ruled by a son of
Herod the Great,

38:30.340 --> 38:33.830
Herod Antipas,
and different descendants of

38:33.827 --> 38:38.477
Herod would rule in different
parts of Palestine for many

38:38.476 --> 38:40.216
years after that.

38:40.219 --> 38:44.509
During the first century there
were sporadic uprisings among

38:44.507 --> 38:47.607
the Jews,
some of them were apocalyptic,

38:47.614 --> 38:49.804
that is,
they seem to have been Jews who

38:49.802 --> 38:52.502
were expecting the end to come
but sometimes they seemed to

38:52.501 --> 38:54.971
have expected that they were
supposed to start it.

38:54.969 --> 38:57.629
So, for example,
you have Josephus tell us about

38:57.626 --> 38:59.716
Jewish prophets who arise and
say,

38:59.719 --> 39:02.059
follow me to Jerusalem,
follow me to Jerusalem,

39:02.059 --> 39:03.799
and then stand on the Mount of
Olives,

39:03.800 --> 39:06.410
which is this mountain that's
right opposite the main mountain

39:06.405 --> 39:07.635
of Jerusalem,
and they'd say,

39:07.641 --> 39:09.811
okay tomorrow we're going to go
out and we're going to march

39:09.809 --> 39:11.979
around the walls of Jerusalem
and the walls are all going to

39:11.978 --> 39:12.528
fall down.

39:12.530 --> 39:15.600
Sound like anything you're
familiar with?

39:15.599 --> 39:18.759
The walls of Jericho in the
Hebrew Bible falling down after

39:18.760 --> 39:22.090
the Israelites marched around it
for seven days and then seven

39:22.085 --> 39:23.335
times the last day.

39:23.340 --> 39:26.720
Prophets were arising,
using inspiration from Jewish

39:26.724 --> 39:29.994
prophets from the ancient past,
and they were setting

39:29.987 --> 39:33.227
themselves up again as prophets,
and, again, expecting God to

39:33.228 --> 39:34.088
break through.

39:34.090 --> 39:37.840
Sometimes these prophets arose,
and they were themselves

39:37.835 --> 39:41.375
apocalyptic prophets,
announcing the end of the known

39:41.378 --> 39:42.398
world soon.

39:42.400 --> 39:45.060
Sometimes, also,
they seem to have been setting

39:45.061 --> 39:48.531
themselves up as king of the
Jews, and that would make them a

39:48.534 --> 39:49.234
Messiah.

39:49.230 --> 39:51.820
Because the word messiah
in Hebrew just means "the

39:51.818 --> 39:53.768
anointed one,"
and what do you do when you

39:53.769 --> 39:55.679
make someone a king in the
ancient world?

39:55.679 --> 39:57.679
You put oil on their heads.

39:57.679 --> 39:59.779
That's how you anoint a king.

39:59.780 --> 40:02.300
If someone's called "the
anointed one,"

40:02.300 --> 40:03.560
that's a kingly title.

40:03.559 --> 40:06.289
Now this is very dangerous
because what did I just say

40:06.291 --> 40:09.541
about how did you get to be a
king and run a controlled area?

40:09.539 --> 40:12.409
The Senate had to appoint you.

40:12.409 --> 40:15.999
Anybody who set himself up as
king, without being appointed

40:15.996 --> 40:18.716
king by the Senate,
that was itself an act of

40:18.717 --> 40:19.457
treason.

40:19.460 --> 40:22.650
There were, though,
other Messianic figures who

40:22.650 --> 40:26.260
would rise and try to provoke
some kind of revolt.

40:26.260 --> 40:30.450
The most important revolt of
the Jewish people during this

40:30.451 --> 40:32.511
time, started the year 66.

40:32.510 --> 40:35.720
Now we're in the Common Era,
so this 66 CE.

40:35.719 --> 40:41.139
It started in 66 with Jews in
both Judea and Galilee revolting

40:41.143 --> 40:46.043
against Roman rule,
they drove the Roman squadron

40:46.041 --> 40:51.661
out of Jerusalem,
and in the year 70 the Romans

40:51.657 --> 40:54.537
finally,
after four years of warfare,

40:54.539 --> 40:57.589
they had surrounded Jerusalem
for a full two years,

40:57.590 --> 41:00.130
they finally took Jerusalem
itself.

41:00.130 --> 41:03.950
They flattened--they destroyed
the temple.

41:03.949 --> 41:07.659
So the destruction of the
temple is the year 70,

41:07.659 --> 41:12.149
and that's probably the most
important date for this course

41:12.152 --> 41:16.262
because a lot of important
things in Christianity,

41:16.260 --> 41:19.730
the early Jesus movement,
happened either before 70,

41:19.730 --> 41:22.130
and they're one kind of event,
some of them happened right

41:22.132 --> 41:24.132
around the year 70,
and we'll talk about that when

41:24.130 --> 41:25.990
we get to the gospel of Mark in
a couple of times,

41:25.989 --> 41:28.789
and then some of them--most of
the things happened after the

41:28.786 --> 41:29.256
year 70.

41:29.260 --> 41:32.260
The destruction of the temple
in Jerusalem in the year 70 is

41:32.255 --> 41:34.485
not only hugely important for
Jews, right?

41:34.489 --> 41:38.619
because ever since then Jews
have not had a sacrificial cult.

41:38.619 --> 41:41.529
If you are a Jew now where do
you go to sacrifice?

41:41.530 --> 41:44.560
You can't go to the temple
there's--Dome of the Rock

41:44.561 --> 41:46.881
sitting on where it's supposed
to be.

41:46.880 --> 41:50.550
Jews substituted different
forms of piety,

41:50.550 --> 41:53.390
reading the Torah,
studying, praying,

41:53.389 --> 41:55.759
meeting in synagogues,
meeting in other places,

41:55.760 --> 41:59.990
so Judaism changed radically
beginning in the year 70,

41:59.989 --> 42:03.659
precisely because the place
where you sacrificed was

42:03.664 --> 42:04.534
destroyed.

42:04.530 --> 42:07.720
Every ethnic group around the
Mediterranean in the ancient

42:07.722 --> 42:10.582
world had its religion as some
part of sacrifice.

42:10.579 --> 42:11.889
They all did.

42:11.889 --> 42:14.359
Sacrifice was just common among
different groups around the

42:14.358 --> 42:15.038
Mediterranean.

42:15.039 --> 42:19.449
The year 70 caused the Jews to
stop being primarily a

42:19.445 --> 42:23.335
sacrificial people,
because they had nowhere to

42:23.342 --> 42:24.532
sacrifice.

42:24.530 --> 42:30.210
The end of the Jewish war is
dated by most people to 74,

42:30.210 --> 42:35.000
because that's the time when
the final battle took place,

42:35.000 --> 42:40.530
and the fortress that fell was
called Masada.

42:40.530 --> 42:44.000
So if you go to Israel now
Masada is a shrine.

42:44.000 --> 42:48.150
It's a tourist spot and a
shrine that celebrates the

42:48.150 --> 42:53.040
defeat of the last of Jews at
Masada, the fortress that Herod

42:53.036 --> 42:54.986
the Great had built.

42:54.989 --> 42:58.089
After that Judaism changes you
have--

42:58.090 --> 43:02.430
I'm not going to go into much
detail because the way rabbinic

43:02.432 --> 43:04.432
Judaism--
what you know as Judaism today,

43:04.429 --> 43:05.939
if you know anything about it
at all,

43:05.940 --> 43:09.460
is a result of developments
that happened after 70.

43:09.460 --> 43:12.630
It's the result of the rabbis
recognizing that the temple cult

43:12.628 --> 43:13.718
is no longer there.

43:13.719 --> 43:17.349
The rabbis, who are teachers of
the law and commentators of the

43:17.351 --> 43:20.521
law, they become the central
organizing feature not the

43:20.516 --> 43:21.216
priests.

43:21.219 --> 43:25.139
The priesthood--you still have
Jews named Cohen,

43:25.139 --> 43:27.039
right, which means
"priest,"

43:27.041 --> 43:29.821
but priests in Judaism don't
really do much anymore.

43:29.820 --> 43:31.780
It's the rabbis who become
important.

43:31.780 --> 43:35.650
At the beginning of--around the
year 200 you have the rabbinic

43:35.652 --> 43:38.702
Judaism starting to develop its
written text,

43:38.699 --> 43:41.069
the Mishnah,
the Babylonian Talmud,

43:41.070 --> 43:44.430
the Jerusalem Talmud,
and this is the birth during

43:44.431 --> 43:46.561
these centuries of rabbinism.

43:46.559 --> 43:49.519
That is rabbinic Judaism as it
comes to be important.

43:49.518 --> 43:53.978
There was another Jewish revolt
in 132 to 135 called the Bar

43:53.976 --> 43:57.326
Kokhba Revolt,
but that was suppressed by the

43:57.327 --> 44:00.337
Emperor Hadrian in 135,
and that you had the complete

44:00.335 --> 44:01.485
destruction of Jerusalem.

44:01.489 --> 44:03.789
It was leveled,
it was renamed Aelia

44:03.793 --> 44:05.493
Capitolina,
a Roman name,

44:05.489 --> 44:08.339
and Jews after that were
forbidden even to enter

44:08.340 --> 44:10.280
Jerusalem for a long time.

44:10.280 --> 44:13.050
What's important about all
this--I told you--

44:13.050 --> 44:16.690
I warned you last time that
last lecture on the Roman

44:16.690 --> 44:18.180
Empire,
the Greek world,

44:18.181 --> 44:20.951
was going to be some just
boring historical narrative and

44:20.952 --> 44:23.872
you've had some of the same
thing this time where I just had

44:23.871 --> 44:26.991
to tell the story of what was
going on in these centuries.

44:26.989 --> 44:28.619
Why was this all important for
us?

44:28.619 --> 44:30.609
Here are the main things to
take away from it.

44:30.610 --> 44:36.410
Hellenization was extremely
important because it united the

44:36.409 --> 44:40.169
Mediterranean world,
the eastern Mediterranean but

44:40.170 --> 44:42.790
then the Romans even took over
some of the aspects of

44:42.788 --> 44:45.908
Hellenization when they took
over all of the Mediterranean.

44:45.909 --> 44:50.209
By Jesus' time,
all of Palestine was Hellenized

44:50.208 --> 44:54.318
to some extent,
only to different degrees.

44:54.320 --> 44:57.270
Yes, if you lived in a village
or out in the country you you

44:57.268 --> 45:00.018
may not have spoken Greek,
you may have spoken Hebrew or

45:00.018 --> 45:00.618
Aramaic.

45:00.619 --> 45:03.579
But if you were an elite person
in any city, even in Palestine's

45:03.583 --> 45:06.033
time, you were expected to be
able to speak Greek.

45:06.030 --> 45:07.910
You had some exposure to Greek
culture.

45:07.909 --> 45:10.049
Syncretism was very important.

45:10.050 --> 45:12.680
The idea that religions
around--religions borrowed from

45:12.677 --> 45:14.517
each other,
religions were mixtures of

45:14.521 --> 45:16.671
things, and cultures borrowed
from each other,

45:16.670 --> 45:18.450
so syncretism was very
important.

45:18.449 --> 45:21.679
There was also conflict within
Judaism.

45:21.679 --> 45:23.099
I've tried to emphasize that.

45:23.099 --> 45:26.149
Jews weren't all agreed about
how to respond to the things,

45:26.152 --> 45:28.472
the politics and the cultures
around them.

45:28.469 --> 45:32.809
Jews conflicted with Jews over
how to adapt to Greek and Roman

45:32.809 --> 45:34.589
domination and culture.

45:34.590 --> 45:38.560
Political, social,
religious, linguistic,

45:38.557 --> 45:43.317
cultural issues were all
affected in some way.

45:43.320 --> 45:48.100
The next really important thing
is the smallness of Judea.

45:48.099 --> 45:50.929
From the modern world we tend
to think of Jerusalem and Judea

45:50.934 --> 45:53.824
as being very important because
of course that's where Judaism

45:53.818 --> 45:56.558
started off and that's where
Christianity started off.

45:56.559 --> 45:59.869
But by the standards of the
Greek and Roman worlds,

45:59.871 --> 46:02.921
Judea was a kind of
insignificant backwater.

46:02.920 --> 46:06.590
It wasn't a big important place
economically or politically,

46:06.592 --> 46:09.582
and Jerusalem was not that
terribly important.

46:09.579 --> 46:11.719
Judea was relatively
unimportant from a world

46:11.722 --> 46:14.602
historical perspective,
but--and this is also very

46:14.603 --> 46:18.273
important for how this lecture
plays out for the rest of the

46:18.266 --> 46:20.696
course--
the Jews were never truly

46:20.697 --> 46:24.957
independent during this time nor
were they ever truly powerful

46:24.960 --> 46:26.360
during this time.

46:26.360 --> 46:28.680
Even when the Hasmoneans,
Judas Maccabeus and his

46:28.677 --> 46:32.337
brothers and their descendants,
were ruling for 100 years or

46:32.342 --> 46:36.682
so, they never were politically
very powerful outside of that

46:36.675 --> 46:38.405
narrow area of Judea.

46:38.409 --> 46:41.339
They were never truly
independent;

46:41.340 --> 46:45.170
they always had to fend off the
greater power of Syria,

46:45.170 --> 46:46.590
or Egypt, or Rome.

46:46.590 --> 46:50.590
The difference--the important
thing, though,

46:50.590 --> 46:56.360
is Jews had an ideology that
supported imperial pretensions.

46:56.360 --> 46:59.010
Go back and read the first few
Psalms,

46:59.010 --> 47:01.880
where God says,
"To my anointed one,"

47:01.878 --> 47:05.308
and here he's either talking to
King David or whoever is

47:05.309 --> 47:08.489
supposed to be sitting on King
David's throne,

47:08.489 --> 47:11.659
"You are the King of the
world.

47:11.659 --> 47:14.119
I will make all the nations
flow to Jerusalem,

47:14.123 --> 47:16.753
all of them will come and
worship Me in this holy

47:16.753 --> 47:17.633
place."

47:17.630 --> 47:21.850
The Psalms are full of language
that implied that whoever is in

47:21.853 --> 47:24.923
control in Jerusalem is the king
of world,

47:24.920 --> 47:28.450
and yet the Jews looked around
themselves and they're going,

47:28.449 --> 47:32.139
we haven't had anybody who
approached that in centuries.

47:32.139 --> 47:37.159
The Jews had an ideology of
empire and world domination

47:37.157 --> 47:41.947
embedded in their scripture,
and yet their social and

47:41.945 --> 47:45.435
political situation was just the
opposite,

47:45.440 --> 47:50.370
and it's in that maelstrom of
Jewish ideology not fitting

47:50.371 --> 47:55.951
reality,
that Jesus is born.

47:55.949 --> 47:59.319
No sections this week.

47:59.320 --> 48:00.750
Look at the syllabus.

48:00.750 --> 48:04.290
On Monday you'll be asked to
come in with lists of historical

48:04.289 --> 48:07.829
events as you see them in Acts
and lists of historical events

48:07.829 --> 48:10.249
as you see them in Galatians 1
and 2.

48:10.250 --> 48:13.030
Come in with your lists on
paper because we're going to put

48:13.032 --> 48:14.042
it up on the board.

48:14.039 --> 48:16.859
Be prepared to tell me what you
do for your homework,

48:16.862 --> 48:18.552
and do the homework for Monday.

48:18.545 --> 48:18.975
Okay?

48:18.980 --> 48:22.300
It's not very difficult;
it won't take you a long time,

48:22.295 --> 48:25.695
but follow the syllabus
instructions and come Monday

48:25.702 --> 48:26.842
ready to talk.

48:26.840 --> 48:33.000