WEBVTT 00:01.580 --> 00:05.150 Prof: Religion can't be divorced from social, 00:05.150 --> 00:08.510 political, and historical contexts and issues. 00:08.510 --> 00:11.700 And so what we're going to do today is do, one, 00:11.698 --> 00:13.638 the first of two lectures. 00:13.640 --> 00:18.270 Now these are going to be sort of dreary, boring, 00:18.271 --> 00:22.771 typical Martin lectures; dreary and boring historical 00:22.770 --> 00:23.410 surveys. 00:23.410 --> 00:26.790 And I just have to do this today on the Greco-Roman world, 00:26.790 --> 00:28.240 tell you everything you need to know about the Greco-Roman 00:28.240 --> 00:30.130 world, at least for this semester. 00:30.130 --> 00:32.290 And then next time, next Wednesday-- 00:32.290 --> 00:34.120 because remember we're not meeting on Monday-- 00:34.120 --> 00:36.240 next Wednesday, I'll do a similar kind of 00:36.241 --> 00:39.691 lecture for everything you need to know about Ancient Judaism, 00:39.690 --> 00:42.360 to put the New Testament into its historical context. 00:42.360 --> 00:45.660 So you'll just have to survive these two very historical survey 00:45.659 --> 00:48.639 lectures, because it's material that you need to know. 00:48.640 --> 00:51.870 I'll try to make it as interesting as I humanly can do. 00:51.870 --> 00:56.580 We now find the New Testament in the same book as the Old 00:56.577 --> 00:59.517 Testament, as Christians call it; 00:59.520 --> 01:01.240 and as Jews call it, the Hebrew Bible or 01:01.240 --> 01:02.080 theTanakh. 01:02.079 --> 01:05.639 Clearly early Christianity has got to be studied in the context 01:05.635 --> 01:08.555 of Ancient Judaism, and so we'll do so next time. 01:08.560 --> 01:10.480 We'll look at the Jewish context, for example, 01:10.480 --> 01:12.570 for the development of the New Testament and early 01:12.573 --> 01:13.303 Christianity. 01:13.299 --> 01:17.849 But, to understand Judaism, of the time of Jesus and Paul, 01:17.849 --> 01:22.289 which is centuries after the chronological end of the Hebrew 01:22.292 --> 01:25.382 Bible, we need to understand Judaism 01:25.379 --> 01:29.139 as a Greco-Roman cult; it is a Greco-Roman religion. 01:29.140 --> 01:31.970 And that means we need to understand at least a little bit 01:31.970 --> 01:33.460 about the Greco-Roman world. 01:33.459 --> 01:36.879 For us, we can start not so all the way back at Classical 01:36.884 --> 01:40.374 Greece, but with Alexander the Great, and the beginning of 01:40.369 --> 01:43.689 Hellenization; that is, the Grecization of the 01:43.694 --> 01:46.784 eastern part of the Ancient Mediterranean. 01:46.780 --> 01:49.530 That's all Hellenization means, making it Greek. 01:49.530 --> 01:53.110 Alexander the Great's father was Philip II, 01:53.110 --> 01:55.630 King of Macedonia, King of Macedon, 01:55.629 --> 02:01.029 and he conquered different Greek city-states by defeating 02:01.028 --> 02:05.558 Athens and its allies at Chaeronea in 338 BC. 02:05.560 --> 02:09.400 And I've got some of these names and some of these dates on 02:09.403 --> 02:11.993 the handout that you have before you. 02:11.990 --> 02:19.180 Alexander himself was born in 356, BCE of course. 02:19.180 --> 02:23.900 He was educated by Aristotle, beginning in 343. 02:23.900 --> 02:30.050 He was made king after the assassination of his father in 02:30.050 --> 02:31.150 336 BCE. 02:31.150 --> 02:33.720 As your textbook points out, as Ehrman points out-- 02:33.720 --> 02:36.370 and you probably already know, but for some of you this may 02:36.372 --> 02:39.292 sound like odd lingo-- I'm using CE for the Common 02:39.288 --> 02:42.318 Era, which is exactly the same thing as AD, 02:42.318 --> 02:45.438 and I'm using BCE for Before the Common Era, 02:45.440 --> 02:48.650 which is the same dates as Before Christ. 02:48.650 --> 02:50.760 We in religious studies tend to like these terms, 02:50.758 --> 02:53.148 rather than BC, Before Christ, 02:53.154 --> 02:55.704 and AD, because AD actually stands for 02:55.697 --> 02:58.717 Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord. 02:58.720 --> 03:01.500 And because we in religious studies include people in our 03:01.502 --> 03:03.542 departments who are in Judaic studies, 03:03.538 --> 03:05.568 Islam, Hinduism, all kinds of religions-- 03:05.568 --> 03:08.988 you can imagine that people who are in other religions might not 03:08.985 --> 03:11.965 want to call things "in the year of our Lord," 03:11.966 --> 03:13.806 since Jesus is not their Lord. 03:13.810 --> 03:17.750 So in simply the interests of reflecting the plurality of our 03:17.748 --> 03:20.568 own departments, we tend to use these terms, 03:20.572 --> 03:22.282 rather than BC and AD. 03:22.280 --> 03:24.660 But it means the same thing. 03:24.658 --> 03:28.678 Alexander defeated the Persian Army, which at that time 03:28.681 --> 03:31.881 controlled all of Asia Minor, Modern Turkey, 03:31.883 --> 03:35.313 and had even threatened to control Greece. 03:35.310 --> 03:40.180 He defeated the Persian Army in Asia Minor at Granicus, 03:40.181 --> 03:43.161 the Battle of Granicus, in 334. 03:43.160 --> 03:48.160 That put Alexander and his Macedonian Army in charge of 03:48.156 --> 03:50.836 both Greece and Asia Minor. 03:50.840 --> 03:54.910 When Darius II died, who was the king of the 03:54.913 --> 03:59.653 Persians, Alexander himself took on Darius's title, 03:59.651 --> 04:02.021 which was Great King. 04:02.020 --> 04:05.080 After defeating the Persians again, 04:05.080 --> 04:10.510 he pushed his army all the way to the Indus River in India, 04:10.508 --> 04:12.978 to the western part of what's now India, 04:12.979 --> 04:15.809 and what was then called India also by Greeks. 04:15.810 --> 04:18.860 He wanted to go all the way to the Ganges River, 04:18.858 --> 04:21.388 but his army forced him to turn back. 04:21.389 --> 04:24.809 He died in 323, when he was not yet 04:24.805 --> 04:28.825 33-years-old, and he died in Babylon of a 04:28.826 --> 04:33.546 fever, that is, of course, modern day Iraq. 04:33.550 --> 04:36.380 After his death, his empire was divided up among 04:36.377 --> 04:39.237 his generals, and after some fighting and 04:39.242 --> 04:43.512 maneuvering and negotiations, four successors to Alexander 04:43.514 --> 04:47.614 the Great finally ended up splitting up his large empire 04:47.610 --> 04:49.770 into four smaller empires. 04:49.769 --> 04:53.439 And we call these four successors simply the Diadochi. 04:53.440 --> 04:55.410 And I think that's actually not on your handout, 04:55.410 --> 04:56.710 so I'll write it out for you. 04:56.709 --> 05:03.999 This is a Greek word that simply means the successors. 05:04.000 --> 05:07.580 So the Diadokhoi, the Greek plural of Diadochi, 05:07.579 --> 05:10.339 as we often refer to it, ended up splitting his army 05:10.343 --> 05:13.223 into four parts and four dynasties descending from the 05:13.216 --> 05:14.296 four successors. 05:14.300 --> 05:16.670 They were four generals of Alexander. 05:16.670 --> 05:19.050 Now next time, in my lecture on introducing 05:19.050 --> 05:21.750 you to Judaism, I'll talk about the importance 05:21.750 --> 05:23.710 of at least two of these empires, 05:23.709 --> 05:27.039 because they're very important for the history of Palestine and 05:27.038 --> 05:28.218 Israel at this time. 05:28.220 --> 05:30.820 But for now all you need to know is that these four 05:30.817 --> 05:33.647 different kingdoms-- one was where we now have 05:33.649 --> 05:36.419 Greece, another one was where Syria is, 05:36.420 --> 05:38.570 another was Egypt, and then there was another 05:38.569 --> 05:41.069 further north, but that's not as important for 05:41.065 --> 05:41.275 us. 05:41.279 --> 05:45.009 The Syrian-Greek Empire and the Egyptian-Greek Empire will 05:45.009 --> 05:48.149 become very important for the history of Judaism, 05:48.151 --> 05:49.921 and Jesus himself also. 05:49.920 --> 05:52.060 But for right now, all you need to know is that 05:52.064 --> 05:54.874 all of these generals, although they were Macedonians 05:54.872 --> 05:57.502 and spoke Macedonian and not themselves Greek, 05:57.500 --> 05:59.090 but they had, just like Alexander, 05:59.086 --> 06:00.766 they had adopted Greek language, 06:00.769 --> 06:01.849 Greek culture. 06:01.850 --> 06:04.680 They educated their children in Greek ways. 06:04.680 --> 06:07.490 Alexander, of course, had been educated by Aristotle, 06:07.490 --> 06:10.010 when he was young, and so he had adopted Greek 06:10.009 --> 06:13.479 language and Greek literature and a lot of other Greek ways. 06:13.480 --> 06:17.870 What Alexander had wanted to do was to take all these different 06:17.870 --> 06:19.790 peoples, who spoke different languages 06:19.793 --> 06:24.183 and had different customs, and use a Greek layer to sort 06:24.175 --> 06:27.445 of unite his empire overall. 06:27.449 --> 06:30.099 Now he didn't really care about the lower class people so much. 06:30.100 --> 06:32.680 So they could just still live in their villages and out in the 06:32.684 --> 06:35.484 country and do their farming and speak their own local language. 06:35.480 --> 06:38.430 But if you were going to be elite--he wanted to establish 06:38.428 --> 06:41.378 cities throughout his empire that would be actually Greek 06:41.377 --> 06:43.947 cities, and he wanted to have the elite 06:43.946 --> 06:46.816 people all be able, at least, to speak Greek. 06:46.819 --> 06:51.069 You have therefore one world, and in fact this whole dream of 06:51.069 --> 06:52.969 Alexander-- and it was a very 06:52.968 --> 06:55.268 self-conscious, propaganda campaign and a 06:55.269 --> 06:57.629 cultural campaign on Alexander's part. 06:57.629 --> 06:59.569 He wanted to make one world. 06:59.569 --> 07:02.249 You really have, therefore, for in some way the 07:02.245 --> 07:05.985 first time in history, a dream of making all of his 07:05.988 --> 07:10.858 empire basically universal, a dream of a universal vision, 07:10.863 --> 07:13.883 for one world, under one kind of culture, 07:13.884 --> 07:15.314 one kind of language. 07:15.310 --> 07:16.750 This really hadn't been attempted. 07:16.750 --> 07:19.180 You see, in the previous empires, like the Assyrian 07:19.175 --> 07:21.915 Empire, or these kinds of--the Egyptian 07:21.923 --> 07:24.543 Empire, when people conquered other 07:24.535 --> 07:26.735 peoples, often all they wanted was 07:26.737 --> 07:27.267 tribute. 07:27.269 --> 07:30.119 They just wanted taxes and food and money and that sort of 07:30.120 --> 07:30.520 thing. 07:30.519 --> 07:33.309 They didn't really care about turning those people into 07:33.310 --> 07:34.860 Egyptians or into Assyrians. 07:34.860 --> 07:37.540 And Alexander didn't really care that much about the lower 07:37.543 --> 07:40.043 classes doing that, but he still wanted the elites. 07:40.040 --> 07:42.800 And so he would plant Greek cities and settle his veterans 07:42.800 --> 07:44.980 in different parts of his empire in Egypt, 07:44.980 --> 07:47.750 in Syria, all the way over, and sometimes in the western 07:47.745 --> 07:50.155 part of India, and he would take his veterans 07:50.161 --> 07:52.691 of his army, and he would drum them out of 07:52.694 --> 07:54.184 the army, when they retired, 07:54.182 --> 07:56.862 and he would give them land and they'd build a city there, 07:56.860 --> 07:59.980 and that city would be just like a Greek city back home. 07:59.980 --> 08:04.200 And they all would speak what developed to be a common form of 08:04.201 --> 08:07.381 Greek, slightly different from Classical Greek, 08:07.384 --> 08:11.284 and we call that Koine Greek; and koine is just a 08:11.283 --> 08:13.833 Greek word that means common, or shared. 08:13.829 --> 08:17.189 So the Bible is actually written in Koine Greek, 08:17.189 --> 08:20.139 because this was the form of Greek that had become spread 08:20.139 --> 08:22.979 around the eastern Mediterranean by the time the Hebrew 08:22.983 --> 08:25.253 Scriptures were translated themselves, 08:25.250 --> 08:28.200 and by the time the New Testament writings were 08:28.202 --> 08:29.552 themselves written. 08:29.550 --> 08:32.650 The Greek polis, which is simply the Greek word 08:32.648 --> 08:34.568 for city, had several institutions that 08:34.567 --> 08:36.797 are very important, and they'll become important 08:36.799 --> 08:38.729 for early Christianity and for Judaism. 08:38.730 --> 08:40.290 So you need to know what some of those are. 08:40.288 --> 08:42.968 The polis itself is just a Greek word for city. 08:42.970 --> 08:46.150 But you can't think of this as in huge cities like we have now. 08:46.149 --> 08:50.249 What they would call a polis might only be 1000 citizens or 08:50.254 --> 08:50.754 5000. 08:50.750 --> 08:52.640 So it wasn't like millions of people. 08:52.639 --> 08:55.159 It wasn't nearly as big as Rome, which would consist of a 08:55.164 --> 08:57.604 million inhabitants fairly quickly around this time. 08:57.600 --> 09:00.860 The poleis--that's plural for a Greek city-- 09:00.860 --> 09:03.630 the poleis or the polises, they were much smaller 09:03.634 --> 09:05.834 than that, but they would have several 09:05.831 --> 09:06.291 things. 09:06.288 --> 09:08.878 The city center, the town, would be the center 09:08.876 --> 09:10.176 of this, and that's where the 09:10.177 --> 09:11.917 institutions would be, that's where the government 09:11.917 --> 09:13.267 would be, that's where the different 09:13.269 --> 09:15.209 buildings would be that I'm going to explain later. 09:15.210 --> 09:18.370 But the polis also included the surrounding farmland, 09:18.373 --> 09:19.533 and the villages. 09:19.528 --> 09:22.978 So Athens was the polis for Attica, 09:22.980 --> 09:25.740 but it was also the polis for all of Attica, 09:25.740 --> 09:29.540 all that region around Athens, including villages and farms 09:29.535 --> 09:31.365 and other small towns too. 09:31.370 --> 09:35.700 So there was a rural dependency on these Greek cities. 09:35.700 --> 09:39.180 They all practiced a certain kind of Greek education. 09:39.178 --> 09:41.998 The Greek word paideia, which is right there on your 09:41.995 --> 09:43.345 handout, means education, 09:43.345 --> 09:45.885 but it also means more than simply rote learning or 09:45.892 --> 09:48.492 memorization or learning to read, like we think. 09:48.490 --> 09:51.290 Paideia is the Greek word that means the formation of 09:51.289 --> 09:52.049 the young man. 09:52.048 --> 09:54.838 And I say young man because throughout all this it was 09:54.839 --> 09:57.259 mainly young men and boys who were educated. 09:57.259 --> 09:59.139 Girls could be given some education, 09:59.139 --> 10:01.039 if their families were wealthy enough, 10:01.038 --> 10:04.088 but the cities didn't really concern themselves so much with 10:04.087 --> 10:05.067 girls' education. 10:05.070 --> 10:06.940 Their family might, but the cities concerned 10:06.943 --> 10:08.953 themselves with the education of their boys. 10:08.950 --> 10:12.700 So paideia referred to the education of the young man, 10:12.702 --> 10:15.272 both mentally, but militarily--so you were 10:15.268 --> 10:18.378 taught to fight--and culturally; you might be taught other 10:18.375 --> 10:19.125 things about culture. 10:19.129 --> 10:23.279 You might even have some music training or something like that. 10:23.278 --> 10:26.308 The place where this took place was the gymnasium. 10:26.308 --> 10:29.548 Now a gymnasium doesn't mean what it means to in 10:29.553 --> 10:32.923 English, the gymnasium, like Payne Whitney over there. 10:32.918 --> 10:35.828 It actually comes from the Greek word for naked, 10:35.828 --> 10:36.818 gymnos. 10:36.820 --> 10:40.240 And the reason it was called 'the naked place' is because, 10:40.240 --> 10:43.720 of course, young Greek men always exercised in the nude and 10:43.720 --> 10:45.520 played sports in the nude. 10:45.519 --> 10:47.459 And so this is where you did it. 10:47.460 --> 10:49.120 So where did you do this? 10:49.120 --> 10:51.230 That came to be called "the naked place," 10:51.229 --> 10:52.199 the gymnasium. 10:52.200 --> 10:54.390 But this also became the place where you would do other kinds 10:54.389 --> 10:54.899 of learning. 10:54.899 --> 10:57.189 So if you were learning rhetoric, for example, 10:57.187 --> 10:59.217 you might practice giving speeches at the 10:59.221 --> 11:00.291 gymnasium. 11:00.288 --> 11:02.638 But also men in town would just kind of gather there. 11:02.639 --> 11:04.409 It was kind of a place where men gathered, 11:04.408 --> 11:06.478 and they had gone to school at the same place. 11:06.480 --> 11:07.590 You would meet your friends. 11:07.590 --> 11:10.500 You might play some games, you might play like checkers 11:10.498 --> 11:13.248 and these kinds of--bones, bone knuckle bones games, 11:13.245 --> 11:14.695 that you can still see. 11:14.700 --> 11:16.640 If you travel around in Greek cities throughout the Ancient 11:16.640 --> 11:18.780 Mediterranean, you can see where they've 11:18.779 --> 11:22.609 carved little game boards into flagstones of different temples 11:22.611 --> 11:24.641 or buildings, in Greek cities. 11:24.639 --> 11:27.079 So this would all take place in the gymnasium. 11:27.080 --> 11:29.620 You also had what they called the ephebeia. 11:29.620 --> 11:32.520 When you were a young boy, you would've studied just 11:32.524 --> 11:34.124 reading and writing Homer. 11:34.120 --> 11:37.910 When you got to be about the age of what you guys are here, 11:37.908 --> 11:40.388 you might enter the ephebate; 11:40.389 --> 11:43.549 you'd become an ephebe, and that just meant that you 11:43.547 --> 11:46.707 were past your sort of early secondary training and now you 11:46.705 --> 11:50.185 were being really in training to be a warrior and a citizen. 11:50.190 --> 11:53.790 So the ephebes were those boys who were between the 11:53.791 --> 11:56.131 age of maybe 16 or 17 and 20 or 22. 11:56.129 --> 11:59.639 You would march together in a parade in town. 11:59.639 --> 12:02.379 You would go on military training perhaps together. 12:02.379 --> 12:03.889 You would also engage in sports together, 12:03.889 --> 12:06.619 and you would develop a camaraderie because you were 12:06.615 --> 12:09.605 expected then to be the fighting force for your city, 12:09.610 --> 12:10.990 your city-state. 12:10.990 --> 12:14.090 So the ephebate, or the ephebeia, 12:14.094 --> 12:18.214 was this institution that every boy had to go through in order 12:18.210 --> 12:20.910 then to be a full citizen of a city. 12:20.908 --> 12:24.228 You also had these political structures that are in your 12:24.226 --> 12:24.826 handout. 12:24.830 --> 12:27.310 The first political structure is the demos. 12:27.308 --> 12:29.348 Demos just means the "people," 12:29.351 --> 12:31.661 it's just a Greek word for "the people." 12:31.658 --> 12:35.868 But it actually referred more politically to all of the male 12:35.865 --> 12:38.925 citizens, and in Greek cities, by tradition, 12:38.932 --> 12:41.572 only men were citizens of a city. 12:41.570 --> 12:43.960 This will change in Rome, because in Rome women were 12:43.962 --> 12:46.032 citizens also, although that didn't mean they 12:46.027 --> 12:47.057 were equal to men. 12:47.058 --> 12:49.978 But in Greek cities men were citizens and women weren't 12:49.984 --> 12:50.584 citizens. 12:50.580 --> 12:53.510 But with the revolution of democracy in Athens, 12:53.509 --> 12:55.929 which also spread then to other Greek cities, 12:55.928 --> 12:58.808 partly because Athens did what George Bush tried to do in Iraq, 12:58.808 --> 13:02.268 they tried to force democracy on other Greek cities around the 13:02.265 --> 13:03.905 Eastern Mediterranean also. 13:03.908 --> 13:07.038 So democracies of some sort existed in different places. 13:07.038 --> 13:11.458 And a democracy--the demos meant all the men of adult 13:11.460 --> 13:14.450 citizenship; that is, it excluded men who 13:14.451 --> 13:17.021 lived there who came from elsewhere. 13:17.019 --> 13:19.659 It excluded foreigners, it excluded some laborers, 13:19.663 --> 13:22.043 it excluded slaves, and it excluded women. 13:22.038 --> 13:25.308 But all the men who were citizens had a vote, 13:25.309 --> 13:29.849 and the demos referred to that political body of voting 13:29.845 --> 13:30.435 men. 13:30.440 --> 13:33.460 Now democracies collapsed, obviously, later, 13:33.456 --> 13:35.976 and Philip of Macedon, and Alexander, 13:35.984 --> 13:38.234 did not promote democracies. 13:38.230 --> 13:41.140 But they kept this idea that the demos--that is, 13:41.144 --> 13:44.334 the adult citizen males of a city--were a political body. 13:44.330 --> 13:46.670 And that's when, if you had everybody come to 13:46.673 --> 13:49.233 the theater for a big debate about something, 13:49.230 --> 13:51.630 you could still have people voting on certain things that 13:51.629 --> 13:54.139 the city might decide to do, although they couldn't rule 13:54.144 --> 13:55.774 themselves completely by themselves. 13:55.769 --> 13:59.369 Then you had a smaller council that might be 50 people. 13:59.370 --> 14:01.620 It varied, the size, according to the city. 14:01.620 --> 14:03.630 The council was called the boule, 14:03.629 --> 14:06.839 which is also in your handout, and that referred to a smaller 14:06.836 --> 14:09.776 council of older men, usually, who made decisions 14:09.780 --> 14:12.490 that they then would put before the whole, 14:12.490 --> 14:14.700 the demos, the whole voting population. 14:14.700 --> 14:16.950 And then you had the term called the ekklesia, 14:16.951 --> 14:18.121 which is on your handout. 14:18.120 --> 14:23.310 That really did refer to the voting body of the citizens, 14:23.312 --> 14:26.652 or the gathered citizens together. 14:26.649 --> 14:29.019 Ekklesia is a Greek word, it just means "the 14:29.024 --> 14:29.894 calling out." 14:29.889 --> 14:33.169 Ekklesia therefore is what you would call the 14:33.168 --> 14:35.138 assembly, the Athenian Assembly, 14:35.135 --> 14:37.855 who would debate things and vote on things that the 14:37.855 --> 14:39.235 boule, the council, 14:39.241 --> 14:40.861 would put forward for a debate or a vote. 14:40.860 --> 14:42.650 That was called the ekklesia. 14:42.649 --> 14:46.119 This is very important because ekklesia, then, 14:46.120 --> 14:48.590 in our bible, gets translated as-- 14:48.590 --> 14:49.650 Student: Ecclesiastes. 14:49.649 --> 14:51.869 Prof: Ecclesiastes does, but it's called Ecclesiastes 14:51.869 --> 14:53.539 because that means "the preacher," 14:53.542 --> 14:55.612 that's the translation from the Hebrew word, "the 14:55.605 --> 14:56.805 preacher," qoheleth, 14:56.811 --> 14:57.591 for the book. 14:57.590 --> 14:59.530 So Ecclesiastes means the preacher. 14:59.529 --> 15:02.439 But ekklesia is a term for the church. 15:02.440 --> 15:05.960 So this'll be odd, when we get to early Christian 15:05.960 --> 15:06.620 groups. 15:06.620 --> 15:10.880 Why did these early Christian groups decide to call themselves 15:10.881 --> 15:12.281 the town assembly? 15:12.278 --> 15:15.788 Because by that time it's the basic meaning of this term, 15:15.791 --> 15:16.921 ekklesia. 15:16.918 --> 15:19.758 And then you have other social structures of any city-state. 15:19.759 --> 15:21.149 For example, you have a theater. 15:21.149 --> 15:23.239 The theater was a place where you had performances. 15:23.240 --> 15:25.680 By the first century, when Christianity was coming 15:25.681 --> 15:27.761 around, it was not so much the place 15:27.760 --> 15:30.530 where you'd go to see necessarily high theater, 15:30.528 --> 15:37.448 like Sophocles or Euripides or something like that. 15:37.450 --> 15:40.780 What you'd often do is go to see farces or comedies. 15:40.779 --> 15:44.239 Or sometimes the Romans liked to take a big theater and fill 15:44.244 --> 15:47.244 the central part of the theater, the cavea, 15:47.244 --> 15:50.804 with water and then stage naval battles and that kind of thing. 15:50.798 --> 15:53.698 So people have all kinds of entertainments in the theater. 15:53.700 --> 15:57.050 But it was also where often the demos or the ekklesia 15:57.053 --> 16:00.243 would meet to have meetings and holler at each other and 16:00.244 --> 16:01.384 have big debates. 16:01.379 --> 16:04.369 So the ekklesia was the city place, and it would often 16:04.365 --> 16:05.355 meet in a theater. 16:05.360 --> 16:06.770 You also had games. 16:06.769 --> 16:10.539 So you had the gymnasium where games would take place, 16:10.538 --> 16:13.228 but also you had the hippodrome, which is in Greek, 16:13.230 --> 16:14.880 which basically just means "the horse running 16:14.878 --> 16:15.348 place." 16:15.350 --> 16:17.410 This was when you had this big track, 16:17.408 --> 16:21.238 and if you have wandered around different Greek cities that are 16:21.240 --> 16:23.010 dug up, some of them will have the 16:23.014 --> 16:25.034 hippodrome there, and you can see how huge they 16:25.028 --> 16:25.268 were. 16:25.269 --> 16:27.499 They had these huge stands, and it was sort of like a 16:27.499 --> 16:29.259 football stadium, except it was longer and 16:29.256 --> 16:31.526 narrower than what our football stadium would be. 16:31.528 --> 16:35.078 But it had rows of seats like that, usually made over a hill 16:35.076 --> 16:37.296 or dug into the ground in some way. 16:37.298 --> 16:39.678 And the hippodrome, which becomes the circus 16:39.678 --> 16:41.398 in Latin-- that's just the Latin 16:41.402 --> 16:44.132 translation of hippodrome, because as you'll see, 16:44.126 --> 16:46.336 Romans started adopting a lot of these, 16:46.340 --> 16:48.190 which were originally Greek institutions, 16:48.190 --> 16:50.350 into their society also. 16:50.350 --> 16:52.880 So the hippodrome is the circus in Latin. 16:52.879 --> 16:54.259 And eventually, for the Romans, 16:54.256 --> 16:56.596 this would be very popular for big chariot races. 16:56.600 --> 16:58.760 That's the big thing for the Romans later. 16:58.759 --> 17:01.499 And you'd also have baths; that is, public places, 17:01.495 --> 17:04.765 sometimes where only men could go, or sometimes women could go, 17:04.772 --> 17:07.472 or sometimes they would be mixed in some places. 17:07.470 --> 17:10.580 Or sometimes they might have men one day, women another time, 17:10.579 --> 17:11.979 and mixed at other times. 17:11.980 --> 17:14.220 So different cities had their baths differently. 17:14.220 --> 17:17.710 But the bath would be a place where at least especially the 17:17.714 --> 17:19.694 men would go, after they'd been working out 17:19.693 --> 17:21.683 in the gymnasium, and you go and--this is where 17:21.683 --> 17:23.013 the public toilets were too. 17:23.009 --> 17:25.549 You can't wander around any Greek city, or Roman city of the 17:25.547 --> 17:27.437 Ancient World, without seeing the latrine. 17:27.440 --> 17:28.610 You can always find the latrine. 17:28.608 --> 17:31.498 And they always had latrines and baths, 17:31.500 --> 17:35.240 and you'd have the cold room where you'd have cold water, 17:35.240 --> 17:37.020 you'd have the tepid room where you'd have kind of lukewarm 17:37.022 --> 17:38.202 water, and you'd have the hot room 17:38.198 --> 17:39.128 where you'd have hot water. 17:39.130 --> 17:42.760 So this is where you'd go to relax, to make a business deal, 17:42.758 --> 17:45.768 to meet your friends, to chat, to try to have sex, 17:45.771 --> 17:47.311 try to meet somebody. 17:47.308 --> 17:49.378 All kinds of things go on in these baths. 17:49.380 --> 17:53.000 But those basic structures are part of any kind of Greek city 17:53.000 --> 17:54.390 in the Ancient World. 17:54.390 --> 17:57.010 And what Alexander and his successors did was they took 17:57.006 --> 18:00.336 that basic Greek structure, and they transplanted it all 18:00.340 --> 18:04.170 over the Eastern Mediterranean, whether they were in Egypt or 18:04.173 --> 18:06.293 Syria or Asia Minor or anyplace else. 18:06.288 --> 18:10.898 Which is why you can travel right now to Turkey or Syria or 18:10.895 --> 18:15.425 Israel or Jordan or Egypt, and you can see excavations of 18:15.425 --> 18:18.185 towns, and it's remarkable how they 18:18.191 --> 18:23.011 all look so much alike, because they're all inspired by 18:23.009 --> 18:26.819 this originally Greek model of the city. 18:26.818 --> 18:29.548 So that's one of the most important things about Alexander 18:29.548 --> 18:32.178 and his successors is they Hellenized the entire eastern 18:32.180 --> 18:35.220 Mediterranean, and that meant every major city 18:35.224 --> 18:37.984 would have a certain commonality to it. 18:37.980 --> 18:39.870 It would have a certain koine to it; 18:39.868 --> 18:43.018 that is, a Greek overlay, over what may be also be there, 18:43.020 --> 18:46.230 the original indigenous kind of cultures and languages. 18:46.230 --> 18:49.530 The other thing you have is religious syncretism. 18:49.529 --> 18:58.139 I didn't put that down, so just in case. 18:58.140 --> 19:05.110 The Greek word synkresis means "a mixing 19:05.106 --> 19:07.426 together." 19:07.430 --> 19:11.920 When Alexander gets to Persia, or let's say when he gets to 19:11.924 --> 19:15.264 Egypt, he knows that there is this god Isis, 19:15.259 --> 19:18.979 this female god Isis, that's very important. 19:18.980 --> 19:21.070 You see statues of her all over the place. 19:21.068 --> 19:23.368 Well, Alexander just followed a custom that had been taught by 19:23.365 --> 19:25.055 philosophy and other kinds of things that, 19:25.058 --> 19:26.658 "Oh well, they worship Isis." 19:26.660 --> 19:30.600 But Isis is sort of like Artemis. 19:30.598 --> 19:34.318 So sometimes you'd see they'd make statues of Isis look like 19:34.323 --> 19:36.283 statues of Artemis back home. 19:36.279 --> 19:40.939 Artemis is the Greek goddess of--anybody know? 19:40.940 --> 19:41.210 Student: The hunt. 19:41.210 --> 19:42.680 Prof: The hunt. 19:42.680 --> 19:45.320 See all you guys really know your Greek and Roman mythology. 19:45.318 --> 19:48.398 That shows that you did well on your SATs I bet, 19:48.397 --> 19:49.247 didn't you? 19:49.250 --> 19:51.340 So, we'll talk a bit about what that means, 19:51.338 --> 19:53.258 with the different gods and goddesses, 19:53.259 --> 19:56.049 and how you learned all this in mythological courses and English 19:56.047 --> 19:56.797 in high school. 19:56.799 --> 19:58.059 But we'll get back to that. 19:58.058 --> 20:00.538 But Artemis is the Goddess of the Hunt. 20:00.538 --> 20:02.868 So these Greeks would say, "Well, we have another 20:02.866 --> 20:05.326 Goddess of the Hunt," and you'd find other Goddesses 20:05.326 --> 20:06.026 of the Hunt. 20:06.028 --> 20:08.068 Or when they'd get to Jerusalem, they'd see, 20:08.066 --> 20:09.956 "Oh, these people worship Yahweh. 20:09.960 --> 20:12.440 Well that's just Zeus, that's just another name for 20:12.442 --> 20:12.792 Zeus. 20:12.788 --> 20:14.728 It's the same god, they just have a different name 20:14.733 --> 20:15.333 for it." 20:15.328 --> 20:18.518 Alexander took this tendency of syncretism, 20:18.519 --> 20:20.219 of mixing together different religious traditions from 20:20.218 --> 20:22.008 different places, and he used it as a 20:22.009 --> 20:24.249 self-conscious propaganda technique. 20:24.250 --> 20:27.490 He even identified himself, because he started claiming 20:27.490 --> 20:29.170 divine status for himself. 20:29.170 --> 20:31.470 He went around passing out rumors that his mother had 20:31.471 --> 20:34.261 actually been impregnated by the god Apollo, when he appeared as 20:34.260 --> 20:35.280 a snake in her bed. 20:35.279 --> 20:38.729 So, Alexander is putting himself forward as divine. 20:38.730 --> 20:39.460 Why? 20:39.460 --> 20:43.010 This is not a Greek tradition, but it's very much a tradition 20:43.012 --> 20:46.512 in the East for kings to be considered by their people to be 20:46.507 --> 20:47.037 gods. 20:47.038 --> 20:48.868 Alexander says, "Well, if they can be 20:48.866 --> 20:50.156 gods, I can be a god." 20:50.160 --> 20:52.430 So he starts spreading rumors that he is divine himself. 20:52.430 --> 20:53.460 He probably even believed it. 20:53.460 --> 20:55.320 I don't think he necessarily lied about it, 20:55.315 --> 20:57.165 he probably believed that he was divine. 20:57.170 --> 21:00.180 And so he had a god father, he had a human mother, 21:00.184 --> 21:03.824 and so then he would identify himself with whoever was a god 21:03.816 --> 21:05.536 in the different places. 21:05.538 --> 21:09.688 So he would identify himself as a Greek god with a Persian god. 21:09.690 --> 21:12.880 He would identify the goddess Isis with some Greek goddess. 21:12.880 --> 21:16.600 And so all the time these different gods from different 21:16.596 --> 21:20.786 places were basically all said to be simply different cultural 21:20.794 --> 21:23.134 representations, different names, 21:23.130 --> 21:26.360 for what were generally the same gods all over the place. 21:26.358 --> 21:28.238 Also, though, what they would do is sometimes 21:28.244 --> 21:30.734 they wouldn't try to simply say these gods are the same. 21:30.730 --> 21:32.990 What they would just do is add on more gods. 21:32.990 --> 21:33.920 They'd just say, "Oh well, 21:33.919 --> 21:35.719 we got to Egypt and we found out there are a whole lot more 21:35.715 --> 21:36.765 gods than we knew about." 21:36.769 --> 21:39.189 Or they'd get to Syria, "Look at all these god 21:39.192 --> 21:40.502 that the Syrians worship. 21:40.500 --> 21:44.020 Well, we'll just add those into our pantheon of gods too." 21:44.019 --> 21:46.999 And this is part of what ancient religion was like, 21:46.996 --> 21:49.136 is that people were not exclusive. 21:49.140 --> 21:50.640 You didn't have to worry. 21:50.640 --> 21:52.750 Just because you worshiped one god doesn't mean you couldn't 21:52.750 --> 21:54.900 worship another god or several gods or five gods or a hundred 21:54.896 --> 21:55.216 gods. 21:55.220 --> 21:57.990 Gods knew that everybody was--they weren't particularly 21:57.988 --> 21:59.268 jealous, in that sense. 21:59.269 --> 22:00.859 So this is the way people did it. 22:00.858 --> 22:04.078 But what Alexander and his successors did was they made 22:04.077 --> 22:07.927 sort of a conscious, propagandistic decision to use 22:07.928 --> 22:12.388 religious syncretism to bind together their kingdoms. 22:12.390 --> 22:15.990 Now this will become a problem obviously when we talk about 22:15.987 --> 22:18.747 Judaism, because Jews--the Greek rulers, 22:18.753 --> 22:22.253 were trying to do the same thing with Jewish gods and 22:22.251 --> 22:24.521 Jewish figures, as they had elsewhere. 22:24.519 --> 22:27.579 And some Jews would go along with this and some Jews would 22:27.584 --> 22:28.234 resist it. 22:28.230 --> 22:31.010 The Romans, when they came on the scene, 22:31.009 --> 22:32.529 in the East, and they gradually became more 22:32.528 --> 22:35.918 and more powerful, they destroyed Corinth in a big 22:35.917 --> 22:37.527 battle in 144 BCE. 22:37.529 --> 22:42.779 Pompey was the Roman general who took over Jerusalem in 63 22:42.777 --> 22:43.327 BCE. 22:43.328 --> 22:47.778 So the Romans were in charge of Judea from 63 BCE on. 22:47.779 --> 22:50.169 And this is very important, because the Romans, 22:50.170 --> 22:53.450 as their power grew in the East, they simply moved 22:53.452 --> 22:57.402 increasingly into the eastern Mediterranean and they adopted 22:57.404 --> 23:00.094 the whole Greek system, the Greek world, 23:00.085 --> 23:02.445 and they didn't even try to make it non-Greek. 23:02.450 --> 23:05.610 So Romans didn't go around trying to get people in the East 23:05.605 --> 23:06.525 to speak Latin. 23:06.528 --> 23:10.618 They might put up an official inscription in an Eastern city 23:10.617 --> 23:12.387 in Latin, but they'd almost always, 23:12.392 --> 23:13.752 if it was an official inscription, 23:13.750 --> 23:15.300 it would also be listed in Greek. 23:15.298 --> 23:18.518 So Romans who ruled in the East were expected to speak Greek. 23:18.519 --> 23:21.849 And by this time all educated Roman men were expected to be 23:21.846 --> 23:24.136 able to speak Greek, well if possible. 23:24.140 --> 23:27.050 So the Romans didn't try to make the East Roman, 23:27.048 --> 23:29.828 in that sense, culturally, nor did they try to 23:29.834 --> 23:31.324 change the language. 23:31.318 --> 23:35.708 Greek language, culture, and religions, 23:35.710 --> 23:38.560 different religions and the syncretism, 23:38.558 --> 23:41.058 Greek education, the polis structure-- 23:41.058 --> 23:44.698 all of these things remained in the East throughout the Roman 23:44.696 --> 23:47.846 rule of the East, all the way up until the time 23:47.847 --> 23:51.657 you had a Christian emperor with Constantine, and later. 23:51.660 --> 23:55.840 But there's one thing that the Romans made even more of, 23:55.836 --> 24:00.166 than the Greeks had made of, and this is the patron-client 24:00.165 --> 24:01.225 structure. 24:01.230 --> 24:04.450 This is a bit more of a distinctly Roman institution, 24:04.448 --> 24:06.118 even a legal institution. 24:06.118 --> 24:08.808 But it's important for understanding both the Roman 24:08.811 --> 24:11.181 Empire, as well as early Christianity and its 24:11.182 --> 24:12.692 patron-client relations. 24:12.690 --> 24:15.970 The household structure of a Roman household was this-- 24:15.970 --> 24:17.790 and I say "household," 24:17.792 --> 24:19.852 because our word "family," 24:19.851 --> 24:22.851 which we usually take to mean the biological family: 24:22.851 --> 24:24.951 the father, the mother, the children, 24:24.949 --> 24:27.509 maybe the grandchildren, maybe the extended family. 24:27.509 --> 24:31.009 But we usually mean by it the immediate, the nuclear family, 24:31.006 --> 24:32.306 with some extension. 24:32.308 --> 24:34.828 That use of the English word "family," 24:34.828 --> 24:36.758 although it comes from the Latin, 24:36.759 --> 24:38.529 familia, means something totally 24:38.530 --> 24:39.510 different in Latin. 24:39.509 --> 24:42.949 The Latin word familia didn't mean that biological 24:42.952 --> 24:43.692 kin group. 24:43.690 --> 24:47.030 It actually was originally used for the slaves of a household. 24:47.029 --> 24:49.459 The slaves and the freed persons of a Roman household 24:49.460 --> 24:51.890 were legally the ones who were the familia. 24:51.890 --> 24:54.610 But so when I say "family"-- 24:54.608 --> 24:57.418 we try to avoid even talking about "the Roman 24:57.421 --> 24:59.531 family," because it means something so 24:59.529 --> 25:01.889 different to them than what it means to us. 25:01.890 --> 25:05.450 So I'll tend to talk about "the Roman household," 25:05.445 --> 25:08.875 because that's what's more meaningful sociologically when 25:08.878 --> 25:10.288 we talk about this. 25:10.288 --> 25:13.978 The Roman household was constructed like a pyramid. 25:13.980 --> 25:17.300 Imagine this as a pyramid and not a triangle. 25:17.298 --> 25:22.598 At the top of it is the head of the household, 25:22.598 --> 25:26.838 the man, the paterfamilias. 25:26.838 --> 25:29.408 And increasingly you'll actually see this written in the 25:29.405 --> 25:31.455 New York Times or used in politics. 25:31.460 --> 25:34.120 But it comes from the Latin, and it referred to the head of 25:34.124 --> 25:35.634 the household; pater, 25:35.630 --> 25:38.830 father, familias is the household, the family. 25:38.828 --> 25:44.308 The paterfamilias is the oldest man of the household. 25:44.308 --> 25:51.108 Under him is his sons, his daughters, 25:51.113 --> 26:01.323 and then at the bottom are his slaves, and here are his 26:01.317 --> 26:06.607 freedmen, freed persons. 26:06.608 --> 26:09.988 And then also you consider, in some ways, 26:09.987 --> 26:13.277 free people who may exist as clients. 26:13.278 --> 26:18.428 But legally the word client in Latin refers to 26:18.431 --> 26:22.791 the freed slaves of apaterfamilias. 26:22.788 --> 26:27.198 Now where's the wife in this picture? 26:27.200 --> 26:32.180 Notice, I didn't put the wife and the mother in there. 26:32.180 --> 26:33.470 Why is that? 26:33.470 --> 26:37.210 Because legally she's actually not part of this man's 26:37.207 --> 26:38.067 household. 26:38.068 --> 26:41.308 She remains part of the household of her father, 26:41.308 --> 26:45.308 and she's legally under the control of her father probably, 26:45.306 --> 26:48.266 or her brothers, if her father is dead; 26:48.269 --> 26:50.889 or her grandfather if her grandfather is still alive. 26:50.890 --> 26:53.140 But since life expectancy in the Ancient World was much less 26:53.143 --> 26:55.093 than ours, you didn't have usually several 26:55.094 --> 26:58.614 generations in these households, because older people just died. 26:58.608 --> 27:02.388 The wife though is legally a part of her own household over 27:02.393 --> 27:02.853 here. 27:02.849 --> 27:04.319 Why did the Romans do that? 27:04.318 --> 27:06.088 That's very different from the Greeks, very different from 27:06.086 --> 27:07.446 other people in the Ancient Mediterranean. 27:07.450 --> 27:11.370 Why did they want to make sure that the daughters stayed in the 27:11.365 --> 27:13.255 households of their fathers? 27:13.259 --> 27:17.849 They did this because they didn't want the upper-class in 27:17.853 --> 27:19.763 Rome, who were the elite, 27:19.755 --> 27:22.175 they didn't want any one household, 27:22.180 --> 27:24.450 or any small group of households, to become too 27:24.446 --> 27:24.986 powerful. 27:24.990 --> 27:28.240 And if you have women marrying off into other families, 27:28.240 --> 27:31.050 and then they leave the household of their fathers, 27:31.048 --> 27:33.328 and they are officially and legally in a household with 27:33.330 --> 27:35.590 somebody else, that may end up increasing 27:35.586 --> 27:38.956 those households that have intermarriage coming in and not 27:38.959 --> 27:41.029 so much intermarriage going out. 27:41.029 --> 27:44.589 By keeping women under the household of the men of their 27:44.589 --> 27:47.669 original family, the upper-class Romans tried to 27:47.669 --> 27:50.349 balance these different households in size and 27:50.354 --> 27:51.194 importance. 27:51.190 --> 27:52.960 They didn't care about the lower-class really. 27:52.960 --> 27:55.200 The lower-class didn't really count much. 27:55.200 --> 27:59.080 What they cared about--because the Roman Republic by this time 27:59.077 --> 28:02.507 was basically a bunch of very important households, 28:02.509 --> 28:05.289 wealthy men and their households, and they were the 28:05.288 --> 28:07.908 members of the Senate, they were the knight class, 28:07.912 --> 28:09.512 they were the people who ran Rome. 28:09.509 --> 28:12.989 So they didn't want one king to arise, and they didn't want a 28:12.990 --> 28:15.080 small coterie of leaders to arise. 28:15.078 --> 28:18.198 They wanted there to be some kind of balance of power among 28:18.199 --> 28:21.479 the several major households of Rome, the families of Rome. 28:21.480 --> 28:25.000 Now slaves obviously are in the paterfamilias. 28:25.000 --> 28:27.290 When a slave is freed--and in the Ancient World, 28:27.288 --> 28:29.188 in the Roman Empire, most slaves were eventually 28:29.185 --> 28:31.405 freed, unless they just died before 28:31.410 --> 28:33.470 long--they became a freed man. 28:33.470 --> 28:36.710 They didn't become a free man, they became a freed man, 28:36.710 --> 28:38.690 and that was legally different. 28:38.690 --> 28:42.160 So the status of slave was lowest, freed persons was next 28:42.159 --> 28:45.319 highest in Roman Law;, and free people were next. 28:45.318 --> 28:48.178 But even though they became freed, they were still 28:48.182 --> 28:50.692 considered a member of this guy's household, 28:50.694 --> 28:52.744 as his client and his freedman. 28:52.740 --> 28:54.590 And they owed certain duties to him. 28:54.588 --> 28:55.528 For example, they 28:55.529 --> 28:58.819 might--paterfamilias would often put a slave up in 28:58.820 --> 29:02.230 business, give a slave enough money to run a business. 29:02.230 --> 29:05.480 And the slave could keep a lot of the income from that business 29:05.482 --> 29:08.742 for himself, and the slave could actually gather together a bit 29:08.737 --> 29:10.047 of money for himself. 29:10.048 --> 29:11.808 He couldn't legally own the money; 29:11.808 --> 29:14.028 his master legally owned everything the slave owned. 29:14.028 --> 29:16.578 But, practically, and in some legal contexts, 29:16.578 --> 29:19.398 what they would do is they'd allow the slave the use of that 29:19.398 --> 29:21.268 money, and that's called the 29:21.271 --> 29:22.441 peculium. 29:22.440 --> 29:26.100 29:26.098 --> 29:28.618 Now when this slave is freed, by the owner, 29:28.618 --> 29:31.358 the slave could take the peculium with him, 29:31.358 --> 29:33.248 and then he could set up his own business, 29:33.250 --> 29:35.270 but he'd still be a client of the owner, 29:35.269 --> 29:38.549 because he's still officially part of his household. 29:38.548 --> 29:41.318 So this maintained, even when--why would a person 29:41.323 --> 29:42.193 free a slave? 29:42.190 --> 29:45.100 Well if you have a slave, that slave can't actually sign 29:45.104 --> 29:45.744 contracts. 29:45.740 --> 29:47.340 The slave might be your business manager, 29:47.344 --> 29:49.194 but all the slave could do is the paperwork. 29:49.190 --> 29:51.580 But if you need a slave representing your business, 29:51.578 --> 29:54.028 and you live in Rome and you need somebody in Ostia, 29:54.029 --> 29:56.229 the port city of Rome, to be able to be there and 29:56.226 --> 29:58.786 watch your imports and your exports of your business, 29:58.788 --> 30:00.498 you need someone who can sign contracts, 30:00.500 --> 30:02.840 who can lend money, who can borrow money, 30:02.839 --> 30:03.969 who can do things like that. 30:03.970 --> 30:06.720 Slaves can't do that legally, but freedmen can. 30:06.720 --> 30:11.960 So rich Romans were often freeing slaves for their own 30:11.961 --> 30:13.051 purposes. 30:13.048 --> 30:15.288 It was not like they were giving them a great deal, 30:15.288 --> 30:18.018 this was part of constructing their own business expansion. 30:18.019 --> 30:20.799 Sons and daughters, though, were still part of the 30:20.800 --> 30:24.150 household, as long as the paterfamilias was alive. 30:24.150 --> 30:25.890 So sons legally were still under their 30:25.887 --> 30:26.967 paterfamilias. 30:26.970 --> 30:30.360 Now this is all legally and officially what's the case. 30:30.358 --> 30:32.798 You wouldn't really see this working all like this. 30:32.798 --> 30:34.468 For example, I said wives were not really 30:34.472 --> 30:35.982 part of their husband's household. 30:35.980 --> 30:38.890 Legally, that's correct, but you see cases in letters 30:38.888 --> 30:41.968 and all kinds of stuff from the Ancient World that women 30:41.967 --> 30:45.657 actually were more unofficially part of their husband's house. 30:45.660 --> 30:47.510 They ran it when he was away, for example. 30:47.509 --> 30:50.239 They told his slave--she might have her own slaves and her own 30:50.236 --> 30:52.956 property, the wife had her own property that was separate from 30:52.962 --> 30:54.172 the husband's property. 30:54.170 --> 30:56.810 But in practical purposes most of the time, they didn't--they 30:56.807 --> 30:59.617 just mixed these together and they might use different things. 30:59.618 --> 31:03.418 So the legal situation was set up to try to keep the wife's 31:03.421 --> 31:06.241 ownership as part of a different family, 31:06.240 --> 31:08.630 and so her money didn't go to her husband, 31:08.630 --> 31:10.330 and his money didn't go to her. 31:10.328 --> 31:13.098 But this was a legal situation to try to keep this balance of 31:13.096 --> 31:14.246 power among households. 31:14.250 --> 31:16.060 Practically, sons didn't all live in the 31:16.055 --> 31:17.485 same place with their father. 31:17.490 --> 31:20.100 They would get married and move off to an apartment or someplace 31:20.096 --> 31:21.666 down the street, or to another city. 31:21.670 --> 31:23.580 But this is the legal situation. 31:23.578 --> 31:27.878 Now when you go to jail--I mean when you go to court, 31:27.880 --> 31:30.250 slaves of course can't represent themselves in court at 31:30.251 --> 31:32.861 all, they don't have any legal 31:32.858 --> 31:33.778 standing. 31:33.779 --> 31:36.569 But if you're a freedman you're--the other thing I should 31:36.569 --> 31:39.809 tell you is that in Roman law if you're manumitted as a slave, 31:39.808 --> 31:42.058 you're made free, if you're manumitted in the 31:42.059 --> 31:44.879 normal way they did it, that makes you a Roman citizen, 31:44.877 --> 31:46.557 if your owner was a Roman citizen. 31:46.559 --> 31:47.819 Notice what this means. 31:47.818 --> 31:51.578 Only in the Roman Empire could slavery actually start being a 31:51.583 --> 31:54.033 way that you can move up in society, 31:54.029 --> 31:56.669 because you could--if you were a talented slave, 31:56.670 --> 31:59.270 your owner might free you, probably would free you. 31:59.269 --> 32:01.559 When he freed you, if he was a Roman citizen, 32:01.557 --> 32:04.207 you would automatically become a Roman citizen also, 32:04.208 --> 32:06.598 and your children would be Roman citizens. 32:06.598 --> 32:08.838 And although you were a freedman, which was lower in 32:08.844 --> 32:11.274 status than a free person-- there were some privileges you 32:11.267 --> 32:12.927 couldn't have-- your children would be, 32:12.934 --> 32:14.914 if they were born after you'd been freed, 32:14.910 --> 32:17.660 would be free people, not freed. 32:17.660 --> 32:21.350 So within a couple of generations people could move up 32:21.353 --> 32:25.543 from being the lowest slaves to two generations of being free 32:25.535 --> 32:26.855 Roman citizens. 32:26.858 --> 32:29.988 So Roman slavery and the freedom of that was actually one 32:29.987 --> 32:33.167 way that a few people in the Ancient World recognized some 32:33.170 --> 32:36.870 kind of social mobility, which was very rare in the 32:36.868 --> 32:37.988 Roman Empire. 32:37.990 --> 32:42.260 Any questions about any of that? 32:42.259 --> 32:45.759 Now why is this important for the rest of this stuff? 32:45.759 --> 32:49.239 This will be very important because Christians started out 32:49.238 --> 32:52.008 as house churches, and their house churches fit 32:52.013 --> 32:54.633 sometimes the model of a Greek ekklesia, 32:54.630 --> 32:56.920 an assembly, but sometimes the model of the 32:56.924 --> 32:57.914 Roman household. 32:57.910 --> 33:01.020 And so this household structure becomes very important for the 33:01.015 --> 33:03.915 growth and structure and even the theology of Christianity 33:03.915 --> 33:04.675 eventually. 33:04.680 --> 33:07.370 This is also important though for Roman politics, 33:07.368 --> 33:09.868 because if you're if a freedman, or even if you're a 33:09.873 --> 33:12.023 free person-- sometimes see freemen would 33:12.016 --> 33:15.346 connect themselves to a powerful Roman who was higher status than 33:15.351 --> 33:17.461 them, because they could use him for 33:17.462 --> 33:18.452 important things. 33:18.450 --> 33:20.040 For example, say you want to take your 33:20.036 --> 33:21.836 neighbor to court, because your neighbor is 33:21.836 --> 33:23.376 starting impinging on your land. 33:23.380 --> 33:26.210 Well if you're of lower status, lower social status, 33:26.210 --> 33:27.920 the judge is going to look at you and say, 33:27.920 --> 33:31.260 "Come on, you're poor, your neighbor's rich, 33:31.259 --> 33:33.119 I'm going to side for the neighbor." 33:33.118 --> 33:35.068 Because Roman legal structures--and they even said 33:35.073 --> 33:37.093 this in Roman laws-- if you're a judge and you have 33:37.086 --> 33:38.676 a rich man and a poor man in your court, 33:38.680 --> 33:40.500 of course you're going to decide for the rich man, 33:40.500 --> 33:45.450 because the poor man has incentive to cheat; 33:45.450 --> 33:46.600 he's poor. 33:46.598 --> 33:48.338 But the rich man already has money, he doesn't have any 33:48.335 --> 33:49.005 incentive to cheat. 33:49.009 --> 33:51.039 That's their logic. 33:51.039 --> 33:52.289 > 33:52.288 --> 33:55.958 But so Roman legal system was really geared toward the wealthy 33:55.955 --> 33:57.875 and the people of high status. 33:57.880 --> 34:00.880 For that reason, if you wanted to win a court 34:00.875 --> 34:02.595 case, it helped--or have somebody 34:02.599 --> 34:04.829 represent you in politics or all kinds of things-- 34:04.828 --> 34:07.388 it helped to have strong patrons. 34:07.390 --> 34:09.440 So you'd have a patron who would be higher class, 34:09.440 --> 34:11.550 richer, more powerful, have some political power, 34:11.550 --> 34:13.830 and you would be loyal to your patron, 34:13.829 --> 34:16.299 and your patron would then represent you in court, 34:16.300 --> 34:18.390 try to get you jobs, try to get you more business, 34:18.389 --> 34:21.109 do all the kinds of things that patrons do for their clients. 34:21.110 --> 34:25.320 Also, if your patron wanted to run for a city office, 34:25.324 --> 34:30.194 your patron would expect you to be loyal and vote for him. 34:30.190 --> 34:32.700 So lower-class people--now what happens, 34:32.699 --> 34:36.139 though, when you have--see your clients, 34:36.139 --> 34:38.069 your freedmen, your sons, your daughters, 34:38.070 --> 34:40.100 all these are part of this pyramid structure, 34:40.099 --> 34:43.069 and they all benefit from a strong paterfamilias, 34:43.070 --> 34:45.490 and he benefits by having a strong household and a large 34:45.490 --> 34:46.020 household. 34:46.018 --> 34:48.848 But most of the free citizens of the Roman Empire, 34:48.849 --> 34:51.429 of Rome, were poor people--free, 34:51.431 --> 34:54.721 and even citizens, but they were poor people who 34:54.719 --> 34:56.629 weren't part of any rich household. 34:56.630 --> 34:58.170 So what do you have with all these other people, 34:58.170 --> 35:01.780 these other Romans around here, who don't have a powerful 35:01.784 --> 35:03.364 patron, who don't have a powerful 35:03.358 --> 35:04.808 paterfamilias to help them out? 35:04.809 --> 35:07.989 This is where Julius Caesar was quite the genius. 35:07.989 --> 35:18.009 Julius Caesar came from a patrician family-- 35:18.010 --> 35:22.800 that is, a family, an aristocratic family-- 35:22.800 --> 35:26.980 but he started siding with a party in Rome called the 35:26.981 --> 35:28.511 populares. 35:28.510 --> 35:31.740 And I think this is on your handout; correct? 35:31.739 --> 35:34.529 The Roman Senate, in the late part of the 35:34.532 --> 35:39.142 Republic--yes--started dividing itself into two sort of parties; 35:39.139 --> 35:40.839 not official parties, but factions. 35:40.840 --> 35:44.280 The optimates, meaning "the best," 35:44.279 --> 35:48.539 tended to support the interests of the wealthy senators and the 35:48.543 --> 35:50.473 few wealthiest families. 35:50.469 --> 35:54.059 The populares started representing the interests of 35:54.063 --> 35:55.643 everybody else in Rome. 35:55.639 --> 35:57.749 Populares just comes from the word for "the 35:57.753 --> 35:58.343 people." 35:58.340 --> 36:01.340 Julius Caesar was from one of these aristocratic, 36:01.340 --> 36:03.820 patrician families, although his family didn't have 36:03.824 --> 36:05.534 a lot of money, they weren't really, 36:05.525 --> 36:06.165 really wealthy. 36:06.170 --> 36:10.650 But he had great birth, and so he started getting more 36:10.653 --> 36:14.973 power politically and financially by setting himself 36:14.969 --> 36:18.269 up as the patron of the patronless. 36:18.268 --> 36:21.268 Also, generals ran their armies this way. 36:21.268 --> 36:23.868 So Julius Caesar--if you were really going to be important in 36:23.873 --> 36:26.133 Rome, you had to serve as a general at some point. 36:26.130 --> 36:30.680 Julius Caesar capitalized on his role as a general of a large 36:30.684 --> 36:34.404 army that was at the time winning battles in Gaul, 36:34.402 --> 36:35.772 modern France. 36:35.768 --> 36:39.878 One example about this is how--Julius Caesar was the 36:39.875 --> 36:42.055 patron, the paterfamilias, 36:42.061 --> 36:43.451 in a sense, of his army, 36:43.454 --> 36:45.934 his soldiers--is that one time the Senate, 36:45.929 --> 36:49.599 who got nervous about Julius's growth in popularity and power, 36:49.599 --> 36:53.819 they wanted to take some legions, some Roman legions, 36:53.820 --> 36:57.420 away from Julius Caesar in Gaul, and send them to another 36:57.418 --> 36:58.638 general in Syria. 36:58.639 --> 37:01.559 The reason they did this was because they wanted to take some 37:01.561 --> 37:02.781 of Julius's power away. 37:02.780 --> 37:05.440 They were afraid he was going to set himself as dictator, 37:05.440 --> 37:06.630 which of course he did. 37:06.630 --> 37:08.490 So they took these Roman legions away, 37:08.485 --> 37:09.985 and they sent them to Syria. 37:09.989 --> 37:12.299 When they left, Julius Caesar, 37:12.304 --> 37:16.214 out of his own pocket, gave every soldier in those 37:16.213 --> 37:18.213 legions a year's pay. 37:18.210 --> 37:20.760 This is what patrons do, you see. 37:20.760 --> 37:24.700 He bought the loyalty of his soldiers, when they were being 37:24.697 --> 37:26.527 taken out of his control. 37:26.530 --> 37:32.030 This is the patron-client structure at work in the Roman 37:32.030 --> 37:32.730 army. 37:32.730 --> 37:35.330 Julius also, then, set himself up in the 37:35.329 --> 37:38.729 city, when he started gaining more power in Rome. 37:38.730 --> 37:42.430 Actually he gained power in Rome mainly by military might, 37:42.429 --> 37:45.219 by kind of making the Senate nervous and winning a few 37:45.219 --> 37:47.679 battles, and that was against the law. 37:47.679 --> 37:49.709 It was against the law for Julius Caesar to do that, 37:49.706 --> 37:50.616 but he did it anyway. 37:50.619 --> 37:52.889 He tried to consolidate his power, though, 37:52.889 --> 37:56.049 by putting forth policies that moderately helped the lower 37:56.045 --> 37:56.705 classes. 37:56.710 --> 38:00.650 He didn't cancel debts, but he mitigated debts. 38:00.650 --> 38:06.040 He eased some of the strains on the poor. 38:06.039 --> 38:09.019 He was assassinated by conservative Senate forces-- 38:09.018 --> 38:12.528 you know, Brutus and Cassius and others-- 38:12.530 --> 38:14.970 on the Ides of March, as you all know, 38:14.969 --> 38:18.959 March 15^(th), 44 BCE. 38:18.960 --> 38:23.880 He had adopted another Roman, Octavian, 38:23.880 --> 38:26.300 and Julius Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, 38:26.300 --> 38:29.100 then formed an alliance with Mark Antony, 38:29.099 --> 38:30.429 who had been Julius Caesar's friend, 38:30.429 --> 38:33.009 and a lesser known figure named Lepidus, 38:33.010 --> 38:35.140 whom you don't really need to remember. 38:35.139 --> 38:37.889 Because at the end it turned out that Mark Antony and 38:37.891 --> 38:39.481 Octavian fought a civil war. 38:39.480 --> 38:45.190 Octavian won, and Octavian defeated Mark 38:45.190 --> 38:46.510 Antony. 38:46.510 --> 38:48.920 And by this time Mark Antony had palled up with Cleopatra, 38:48.920 --> 38:52.470 Queen of Egypt, and Octavian beat both of them, 38:52.469 --> 38:58.589 and he became the sole ruler of the empire in 27 BCE. 38:58.590 --> 39:01.990 He refused the title of king, and he took the traditional 39:01.994 --> 39:03.214 Republican titles. 39:03.210 --> 39:06.650 One of his propagandists said this about him: 39:06.652 --> 39:11.112 "The pristine form of the Republic was recalled as of 39:11.114 --> 39:12.214 old." 39:12.210 --> 39:15.200 Or Augustus--he had taken the title Augustus by this time, 39:15.199 --> 39:17.289 which means "the great"-- 39:17.289 --> 39:19.269 he himself said, "I transferred the 39:19.271 --> 39:22.271 Republic from my power to the dominion of the Senate and the 39:22.268 --> 39:23.538 people of Rome." 39:23.539 --> 39:25.699 In other words, in his propaganda, 39:25.695 --> 39:28.475 Augustus basically said, "I'm not a king, 39:28.478 --> 39:31.358 I'm just another senator, and I'm giving the Senate and 39:31.358 --> 39:33.468 the people all their power back." 39:33.469 --> 39:36.929 A lie, all lies. 39:36.929 --> 39:40.119 See, lying in government didn't start with our government. 39:40.119 --> 39:43.389 So Augustus actually reconstituted the Senate, 39:43.391 --> 39:47.031 and it was just that, a Senate reconstituted by the 39:47.027 --> 39:47.897 emperor. 39:47.900 --> 39:51.800 He became more and more the patron of all the people. 39:51.800 --> 39:54.400 And this is the way the emperor would forever then try to 39:54.402 --> 39:55.242 present himself. 39:55.239 --> 39:57.019 He and his family, the emperor's family, 39:57.018 --> 40:00.778 was, in a sense, the patron for the whole people 40:00.780 --> 40:03.700 of the Roman Empire-- at least for all the 40:03.702 --> 40:06.682 Romans--the paterfamilias of the entire empire. 40:06.679 --> 40:10.169 This led to what we famously call the Pax Romana, 40:10.170 --> 40:14.340 "the Roman Peace," because you had the end of 40:14.340 --> 40:16.190 long, hundreds of years of civil wars 40:16.193 --> 40:18.903 and other wars, at least within Rome itself. 40:18.900 --> 40:20.900 There were always battles and wars going on, 40:20.900 --> 40:22.900 on the boundaries, the frontiers of the Roman 40:22.903 --> 40:25.083 Empire, but within the center of the 40:25.077 --> 40:27.837 empire there was an amazing period of peace. 40:27.840 --> 40:31.420 Most people saw this peace--many people in history 40:31.418 --> 40:32.658 say it is good. 40:32.659 --> 40:36.569 It's debatable whether it was good for everybody. 40:36.570 --> 40:40.790 Non-Romans and poor people may have seen the Pax Romana 40:40.791 --> 40:43.561 as more oppressive than a liberation, 40:43.559 --> 40:49.619 just like people saw the Pax Americana that way, 40:49.619 --> 40:51.809 after the collapse of the Soviet Union and before the 40:51.809 --> 40:52.989 beginning of the Iraq War. 40:52.989 --> 40:56.049 The Romans maintained peace, for one thing, 40:56.050 --> 40:59.460 by leaving local populations pretty much alone when it came 40:59.463 --> 41:02.003 to local customs, religions, and living 41:02.001 --> 41:02.911 arrangements. 41:02.909 --> 41:06.019 When they thought it was necessary, they maintained peace 41:06.018 --> 41:09.348 by destroying communities and forcibly moving populations. 41:09.349 --> 41:11.989 But they tried to do that only when they needed to do so to 41:11.992 --> 41:13.362 keep their absolute control. 41:13.360 --> 41:15.960 The Romans prospered by taxation. 41:15.960 --> 41:19.220 They did hold censuses, not universal ones as mentioned 41:19.219 --> 41:21.149 in the Bible, but local censuses, 41:21.152 --> 41:23.992 in order to keep taxes high and fully paid. 41:23.989 --> 41:26.189 But they didn't--the Romans themselves didn't want to be 41:26.190 --> 41:27.510 bothered with collecting taxes. 41:27.510 --> 41:31.760 So they would have local, sort of higher class, 41:31.760 --> 41:34.280 local elites, would bid for the right to 41:34.282 --> 41:37.312 collect local taxes, and so the Romans would take 41:37.313 --> 41:38.253 the highest bid. 41:38.250 --> 41:39.340 In other words, if I'm a rich, 41:39.340 --> 41:40.890 wealthy person in Corinth, I would say, 41:40.885 --> 41:42.405 "I'll be the local tax collector, 41:42.409 --> 41:45.359 and I'll guarantee you I'll send to Rome this amount of 41:45.356 --> 41:46.716 money for a year." 41:46.719 --> 41:49.889 Of course, the Romans didn't care then how much I charged 41:49.894 --> 41:52.224 you, the people of Corinth in its area. 41:52.219 --> 41:54.349 Actually the City of Corinth wouldn't have been taxed because 41:54.351 --> 41:56.011 it was a Roman colony, and one of the benefits of 41:56.010 --> 41:57.790 being a Roman colony is that you didn't have to pay taxes, 41:57.789 --> 41:59.829 or at least the citizens didn't have to pay taxes. 41:59.829 --> 42:02.649 But the people in the outlying villages and towns and farms and 42:02.650 --> 42:03.970 everything would pay taxes. 42:03.969 --> 42:07.259 And if I'm the tax collector, the way I make a profit is by 42:07.260 --> 42:10.610 charging you a lot more than I need just to send to Rome. 42:10.610 --> 42:11.740 The Romans didn't care about this. 42:11.739 --> 42:12.729 They just knew it was going to happen. 42:12.730 --> 42:14.240 This was the way they collected their taxes. 42:14.239 --> 42:16.899 This is why the word "tax collector" 42:16.902 --> 42:19.922 is such a bad word, for everybody but the Romans; 42:19.920 --> 42:23.340 why you'll see in the gospels the term "tax collectors 42:23.344 --> 42:24.414 and sinners." 42:24.405 --> 42:24.815 Why? 42:24.820 --> 42:28.070 Because the Jews didn't like the tax collectors because they 42:28.074 --> 42:29.844 were being ripped off by them. 42:29.840 --> 42:31.040 Is your hand up? 42:31.039 --> 42:33.909 Student: Did Matthew come from a rich background 42:33.914 --> 42:34.284 then? 42:34.280 --> 42:37.050 Prof: Well, number one, we'll talk about 42:37.050 --> 42:38.980 who the historical Matthew is. 42:38.980 --> 42:42.860 The figure in Matthew, in the Gospel of Matthew, 42:42.856 --> 42:46.646 we don't know much about his actual history. 42:46.650 --> 42:47.860 He just appears. 42:47.860 --> 42:50.010 But when it calls him a "tax collector," 42:50.012 --> 42:52.472 it doesn't necessarily mean that he was the one who owned 42:52.474 --> 42:53.974 the right for that whole area. 42:53.969 --> 42:56.639 It just means he was--he could've been hired by somebody 42:56.639 --> 42:59.599 to sit at a roadside and collect taxes and tolls and stuff. 42:59.599 --> 43:01.209 So the word "tax collector" 43:01.206 --> 43:03.616 didn't necessarily mean that the person themselves were 43:03.619 --> 43:07.589 wealthy, but whoever had the tax--what's 43:07.588 --> 43:12.958 the thing I'm looking for?-- franchise, whoever had the tax 43:12.963 --> 43:16.933 franchise for that area would be someone from a wealthy 43:16.931 --> 43:17.961 background. 43:17.960 --> 43:20.190 But then you'd hire out other people to do the taxes. 43:20.190 --> 43:22.770 So these people, of course, were very unpopular. 43:22.768 --> 43:27.748 The Romans maintained peace to a great extent by keeping the 43:27.746 --> 43:28.756 poor poor. 43:28.760 --> 43:33.080 So the Pax Romana may have sounded great, 43:33.079 --> 43:36.049 if you were an elite, but if you were not in the 43:36.050 --> 43:37.950 elite, it may have seemed more 43:37.952 --> 43:39.462 oppressive than anything. 43:39.460 --> 43:41.760 There were some other benefits, though, that the Romans did. 43:41.760 --> 43:43.860 They made travel much easier. 43:43.860 --> 43:46.210 Pompey had cleared the Mediterranean of pirates, 43:46.210 --> 43:49.160 which is something that our governments can't seem to do. 43:49.159 --> 43:52.969 They built roads, maintained some communication. 43:52.969 --> 43:55.749 They had a mail service, although it was for official 43:55.751 --> 43:56.341 use only. 43:56.340 --> 43:58.940 But this meant that you could get--at least the Roman 43:58.940 --> 44:01.540 officials could get mail delivered fairly quickly. 44:01.539 --> 44:04.639 They used even a horseback relay that could go a hundred 44:04.639 --> 44:05.709 kilometers a day. 44:05.710 --> 44:09.080 Soldiers were expected to be able travel thirty kilometers 44:09.079 --> 44:10.499 per day, in full pack. 44:10.500 --> 44:12.920 And that was only possible because, 44:12.920 --> 44:15.270 besides using the sea, the shipping lanes for travel, 44:15.268 --> 44:17.018 which was much faster than overland travel, 44:17.019 --> 44:18.879 the Romans maintained roads. 44:18.880 --> 44:21.110 They didn't really care about roads for everybody else. 44:21.110 --> 44:22.420 They wanted the roads for their Army, 44:22.420 --> 44:25.850 just like the US Interstate system was originally created in 44:25.849 --> 44:29.509 case the Army needed to be moved across the country very quickly 44:29.512 --> 44:31.142 if the Soviets attacked. 44:31.139 --> 44:32.479 So this is the same way with the Romans. 44:32.480 --> 44:34.860 They built roads for the army, but of course other people used 44:34.864 --> 44:35.494 the roads too. 44:35.489 --> 44:38.719 This was why Christianity and other things were able to spread 44:38.722 --> 44:41.852 so easily, why Paul was able to travel around the empire. 44:41.849 --> 44:43.879 He would prefer to go by sea, if possible, 44:43.876 --> 44:46.696 because it's much quicker, but at least he could travel on 44:46.697 --> 44:49.217 the roads that the Romans built and maintained. 44:49.219 --> 44:51.159 As far as religion--Ehrman talks about this in your 44:51.163 --> 44:54.163 textbook, so I won't go into a lot of 44:54.164 --> 44:56.604 detail-- but the common Hollywood idea 44:56.597 --> 44:59.937 that the Romans were kind of oppressive of other religions, 44:59.940 --> 45:01.630 or the Christians, is just that, 45:01.626 --> 45:02.656 a Hollywood idea. 45:02.659 --> 45:04.989 The Romans actually were very tolerant of local religions. 45:04.989 --> 45:06.679 They didn't care what gods you worshipped. 45:06.679 --> 45:08.899 The Romans actually were very pious in the sense that they 45:08.896 --> 45:10.606 believed that whatever land they were in, 45:10.610 --> 45:14.850 they should provide sacrifices and honors for the local gods, 45:14.849 --> 45:16.969 especially the important ones. 45:16.969 --> 45:20.349 So the Romans would honor local gods, other people's gods. 45:20.349 --> 45:22.669 Every people was allowed to use their own gods. 45:22.670 --> 45:24.740 Jews, for example, since the time of Julius 45:24.737 --> 45:26.357 Caesar, who befriended the Jews because 45:26.364 --> 45:27.834 they helped him out politically a lot, 45:27.829 --> 45:29.819 he gave them certain privileges. 45:29.820 --> 45:31.660 Jews didn't have to--they could observe the Sabbath, 45:31.655 --> 45:33.815 they didn't have to do things on the Sabbath that they didn't 45:33.817 --> 45:34.247 want to. 45:34.250 --> 45:35.380 They didn't have to serve in the army. 45:35.380 --> 45:38.170 They got to observe their own religions. 45:38.170 --> 45:40.660 They weren't expected to sacrifice, either to the emperor 45:40.663 --> 45:41.513 or to other gods. 45:41.510 --> 45:44.220 So the Romans, basically, were very tolerant. 45:44.219 --> 45:47.839 When they weren't tolerant was when some religious group or 45:47.835 --> 45:51.135 club started looking like they might be rebellious. 45:51.139 --> 45:53.299 If they started looking like insurrection would happen, 45:53.300 --> 45:54.340 the Romans didn't do it. 45:54.340 --> 45:55.610 So the Romans, for example, 45:55.608 --> 45:57.508 outlawed volunteer fire departments, 45:57.510 --> 46:00.410 in local places, because they were afraid that 46:00.411 --> 46:04.281 volunteer fire departments could be a place where locals, 46:04.280 --> 46:05.970 especially maybe lower-class locals, 46:05.969 --> 46:08.779 could get together and then start gossiping about what they 46:08.782 --> 46:10.872 could do to cause trouble for the Romans. 46:10.869 --> 46:14.059 So the Romans were only concerned about religions when 46:14.061 --> 46:17.621 it looked like those religions were going to cause political 46:17.615 --> 46:18.395 problems. 46:18.400 --> 46:20.970 As we'll see next time, Jews fell into the system in 46:20.969 --> 46:22.079 many different ways. 46:22.079 --> 46:25.119 Sometimes they were relatively happy clients of the Romans. 46:25.119 --> 46:28.219 Sometimes they were subversive enemies of the Roman order. 46:28.219 --> 46:30.909 As I said, they were officially recognized by the Romans, 46:30.914 --> 46:33.134 but this caused problems for Jews sometimes. 46:33.130 --> 46:36.430 In Alexandria, the local Egyptian population 46:36.431 --> 46:40.731 resented the Jews because they were recognized as a legal 46:40.731 --> 46:44.491 ethnicity in Alexandria, and they weren't given complete 46:44.494 --> 46:47.684 privileges of the Greeks in-- Alexandria was a Greek city. 46:47.679 --> 46:50.509 So they were Greek speaking, maybe people of Greek descent. 46:50.510 --> 46:52.870 But if they had fully adopted Greek customs, 46:52.865 --> 46:54.505 they were considered Greeks. 46:54.510 --> 46:57.720 The Jews were not considered Greeks, but at least they were 46:57.722 --> 47:00.992 higher in status in Alexandrian law than local Egyptians. 47:00.989 --> 47:05.019 The Egyptians were the lowest in the city. 47:05.018 --> 47:07.918 So the local Egyptians resented the Jews, because the Jews were 47:07.920 --> 47:10.120 recognized as their own ethnicity and given some 47:10.117 --> 47:10.817 privileges. 47:10.820 --> 47:13.620 So this is why you sometimes had Jews getting in trouble with 47:13.623 --> 47:16.523 local groups and had violence with Jews in different places. 47:16.518 --> 47:18.888 And sure enough, pogroms arise in places. 47:18.889 --> 47:22.259 Local people would attack the Jews, or the Jews would try to 47:22.255 --> 47:24.985 set up an extra big meeting house for themselves, 47:24.992 --> 47:27.162 and it would cause local problems. 47:27.159 --> 47:29.549 But these were not problems brought on by the Romans, 47:29.550 --> 47:32.230 these were local problems, and part of it was precisely 47:32.231 --> 47:34.811 because the Jews had been recognized by the Romans as 47:34.813 --> 47:37.003 having a special status in some places, 47:37.000 --> 47:39.430 and this caused some kind of local resentment. 47:39.429 --> 47:43.389 As we'll see, though, the very fact that the 47:43.393 --> 47:47.823 Romans had allowed this one universal empire, 47:47.820 --> 47:50.050 that had been created by Alexander originally, 47:50.050 --> 47:53.560 and with a Greek veneer, and they allowed the West to 47:53.561 --> 47:56.331 stay Latin and the East to stay Greek, 47:56.329 --> 47:58.479 and they melded these two different things-- 47:58.480 --> 48:01.430 all of this was one of the reasons that Christianity was 48:01.427 --> 48:03.997 able to spread at this time in the way it did. 48:04.000 --> 48:08.840 In fact, you might even think that had Jesus come and had Paul 48:08.835 --> 48:11.795 lived, had they tried to spread this 48:11.798 --> 48:14.198 new group, this new movement, 48:14.197 --> 48:16.967 at a time 500 years before this, 48:16.969 --> 48:20.029 or 500 years afterwards, it may have never happened. 48:20.030 --> 48:22.460 Because it was precisely because of this one world, 48:22.460 --> 48:25.240 run by the Romans and maintained by the Romans, 48:25.239 --> 48:27.879 that allowed the spread of Christianity, 48:27.880 --> 48:30.860 to a great extent, both ideologically and 48:30.864 --> 48:33.814 thought-wise, as well as simply physically. 48:33.809 --> 48:37.569 Any questions? 48:37.570 --> 48:38.730 Okay, time's up. 48:38.730 --> 48:40.410 See you, not on Monday, but on Wednesday. 48:40.409 --> 48:45.999