WEBVTT

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Prof: How many of you
saw The New York Times

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yesterday morning?

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What did you see?

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Student:  The girls who
had been splashed with acid by

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the Taliban on the way to
school.

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Prof: Yes,
so the front and center story

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in The Times is--let me
get my pointer.

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So this girl--so in Afghanistan
one of the ways of suppressing

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women is to keep them from
getting any education.

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When these girls go to
school--because,

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you'll learn a lot about that
in the course of why they want

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to go to school and why their
parents want them to go to

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school.

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They go to school and three
guys came up on a motorcycle--

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a motor scooter and they just
ask the girls,

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"Are you going to
school?"

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They're walking to school in
the morning, and the girls said,

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"Yes."

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Threw acid in their faces,
and this story is about that

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kind of thing happening right
now in Afghanistan.

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When this happened,
the girl--everybody was of

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course very scared but the
parents--

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one set of parents that were
quoted here said,

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"You must go to school
even if you're killed."

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That going to school is more
important than their lives in

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these communities and you'll
understand a lot later why.

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Now one other notable thing
happened--so that's quite

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amazing.

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I talked about it on Tuesday
and Wednesday morning up comes

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The New York Times story.

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This happens every year.

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I think there's a spy in the
class.

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The next thing is a student
said she loved the lecture,

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but what did she love about it?

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She loved the dung beetles,
and so she sent me her own

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personal picture of dung
beetles, here,

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and she waxed a little bit
poetic about them.

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"I have to let you know
that dung beetles are among my

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favorite animals.

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The best part is watching the
males agonize over rolling the

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ball over to the hole while the
female rides relaxed,

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just planting her eggs inside
it.

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The ultimate feminism,
if you ask me."

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Now the student wants to remain
anonymous, so that you all don't

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think that she's a little kinky
maybe;

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nothing wrong with that.

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This is--we're very liberal
minded here in this class.

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Now how many of you were not
here last time?

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A few of you,
so I should give a very short

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summary of what went on last
time.

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I was describing the basic
biology of how the social

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organization of the species is
organized around their sex and

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reproductive function.

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For virtually all species of
higher then single cell

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organisms, the female puts a lot
of--makes big eggs,

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a lot of investment;
she doesn't make that many eggs.

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They're rare and expensive.

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The male sperm is very tiny;
he can make a huge amount of

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them, and so they are plentiful
and very cheap.

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Males then, given the excess of
sperm, that males can inseminate

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many females.

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The males then must compete for
the females,

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and they have two mechanisms,
either sperm competition where

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the sexual system is polygamous,
promiscuous,

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and many males will mate with
the same female;

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the same female will mate with
many males,

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and then the sperms themselves
will compete by a whole variety

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of mechanisms to see which sperm
will fertilize the egg.

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The other male strategy is to
physically fight with other

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males to gain control of the
female or to compete in some

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other way like displaying your--
the peacock with this enormous

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tail displaying,
'I've got a more beautiful tail

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than you do,' or we talked about
birds dancing.

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The males dance for a long time
and display their mental ability

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to dance coordinatedly and their
beauty and stamina to the

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females.

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Then the females choose.

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The females also have two
strategies.

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Obviously this is a great
simplification.

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The females also have two
strategies, one is to get

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resources from the male,
as in the dung beetle.

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The dung balls are full of
nitrogen which is very rare,

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and so they feed this to the
female,

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and the female then can produce
more eggs in it,

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which is evolutionarily very
good for both the male and the

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female.

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Or the female wants to choose
the male with the best genes;

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in some ways the males have to
display what are the best genes,

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and best just means those that
are successful reproductively.

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Sometimes bigger is better;
sometimes smaller is better;

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sometimes fast is better;
sometimes slow is better;

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better does not mean anything
and fitness--the word fitness,

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which you've heard,
does not mean anything other

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than 'leaves more offspring.'

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It can be any kind of phenotype
you can imagine,

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any kind of body type,
any kind of ability or the

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opposite.

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In some ecological situations
being fat is good,

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and other times being skinny is
good.

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The females either watch the
male's display,

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watch the peacock's tail,
or observe the end of fighting

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between the males;
that one male becomes dominant

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then the female is happy to
copulate with that male.

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When males fight,
the males tend to get large

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because that helps them in the
fight.

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Evolution makes them larger,
and they get larger than the

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females, and once they're larger
than the females,

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they can start coercing the
females.

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And that's really the origin
of--the biological origin of--a

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lot of male/female violence.

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Males can either--to gain
access to female--

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they can either fight with
other males which can be very

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difficult and you're liable to
get damaged or killed,

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or just coerce a female who's
smaller and less strong,

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and so you get male coercion of
females.

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In primates,
it's the last sort of--

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in primates and the great
apes--we are all great apes--

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in particular,
this tendency toward male

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violence onto females is carried
to--

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is most prominent.

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The reason is,
we invest enormously in our

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young.

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We spend a very long time with
the young, taking care of them,

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and therefore,
the females who do most of the

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investment can't have very many
young;

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they can't have them very
rapidly.

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In the great apes,
aside from humans,

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which we'll talk about next
time as an exception,

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it takes five to ten years.

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The females don't have a
second--they have a child--

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a baby, then they wait five to
ten years before having a baby

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again,
so eggs are very difficult to

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come by.

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In a group of chimps,
maybe one egg a year is

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available for fertilization,
and the males compete like

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crazy by every possible
mechanism,

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including a lot of violence,
to get access to that single

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egg.

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One anecdote about the
relationship of sociology and

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sexuality has to do with
orangutans,

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who are the most distantly
related of the great apes from

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us.

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They are just--they are very
clever, like all the great apes,

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and they use all kinds of ways
of being attractive to a male

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and vice versa.

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One of the ways they use,
like we do, is intellectual

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brilliance.

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I think Yale students are
evolved especially to use

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intellectual brilliance to be
attractive.

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My college girlfriend,
I fell, I guess,

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in love with her,
because she could do the Latin

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and I couldn't.

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I was hopeless.

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She was--I was just stunned at
how well--how good--how well she

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did it.

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Anyway, in 1978 a graduate
student from Stanford went to

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the orangutan research station
in Borneo and his job was

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language.

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They--a lot of people want to
show how close or how different

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great apes are from humans,
so language is a special human

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ability.

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But the great apes have a
certain degree of it and he

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wanted to find out how much.

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He taught an adult female named
Rinnie sign language and the

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guy's name was Gary Shapiro,
Rinnie was his mate.

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It turns out she was a
brilliant student,

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she really should have been at
Yale, but she was stuck in

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Borneo and didn't have the money
to come here.

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Gary just could not believe how
fast Rinnie learned the

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language, and so he was just
glowing and he loved Rinnie,

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and his research project.

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He was going to get famous,
probably being to teach more

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language than anyone else has
ever taught to an ape.

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Rinnie took all this attention
quite personally.

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She thought there was something
going on between the two of

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them;
it wasn't all intellectual.

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She waited for Gary and nothing
happened,

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so one day she took the
dominant role,

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as I've heard Yale girls
sometimes do,

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and she took Gary by the hand
and did the obvious things to

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try to seduce him.

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There's Gary,
what is he going to do?

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Well he wasn't very up for
this, like many Yale guys that

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I've heard of,
and so Gary just pushed her

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away not thinking an awful lot
about it,

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but being a scientist,
he hadn't read his literature.

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He does not know that there is
no wrath like the wrath of woman

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scorned.

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Thereafter, she lost all
interest in signing,

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would not cooperate in the
lessons, ruined his PhD thesis

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project.

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So let that be a warning guys.

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We've talked about--we talked
last time about orangutans--

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of the great apes,
those five species,

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including us--we talked about
the rape that orangutans do;

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we talked about the infanticide
that gorillas do,

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and now we come to chimpanzees
who have yet another system.

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Again, always coping with this
idea of the rarity of female

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eggs.

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Unlike the orangutan and the
gorilla, the males are not

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solitary.

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The standard--the most common,
there is no standard;

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there are millions of species
and they do millions of

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different things.

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The most standard mammal thing
is for the males in some way to

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fight with each other and they
push other males away and one

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male gets one or several
females.

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There are exceptions to this
but that's the most common sort

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of way.

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Chimpanzees don't do this.

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They live in a group of males,
and in fact the males that are

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born into a group stay with the
group,

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so this a male group that
genetically has been staying

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together for as far back as one
can tell.

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Males basically never transfer
groups;

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they never leave a group,
so these are basically a long

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line, one family set of males.

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Within that community--let's
see, I think I have some slides

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of this.

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Ah, that's a picture of the
orangutan that fell in love with

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the grad student.

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We'll come to Jane Goodall in a
minute.

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Given that there are males
together, what they do then is

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compete for dominance and a lot
of that is physical fighting.

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Their dominance position gives
them access to food and to

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females.

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When a chimp wants to move up
in the dominance hierarchy,

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he may go through a long period
where they're sort of jockeying

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in various ways,
and I'll describe some of the

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jockeying going on.

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Largely big displays,
beating the chest,

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if there's anything around,
shaking branches,

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stomping on the ground,
hollering, but they don't

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fight.

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But eventually,
if in fact a reversal of

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dominance position is going to
take place, a real fight almost

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always does occur,
not always successfully.

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Jane Goodall describes one of
these,

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Sherry--and they give names to
each of the chimps--

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Sherry, a younger male,
was moving up in the hierarchy,

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an aggressive young male.

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You know some of those.

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He had beat out some of the
lower ranking young males,

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but the next one on his list
was named Satan.

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You can tell from the name this
was not a wise move.

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Satan was not the Alpha male,
but was higher than Sherry.

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They had a huge fight.

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When it was over,
Sherry was bleeding from bad

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wounds on his shoulder,
both hands, his back,

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his head, and one leg.

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Sherry escaped and ran away
screaming loudly.

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This was apparently such a bad
experience that Sherry never

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again attempted to dominate any
other male.

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He had been whipped,
and he learned whatever his

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instincts may or may not have
been about aggression,

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he learned that's not his game;
he never tried this again.

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They do a lot of threats and
displays as--

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prior to these fights--but if
there's going to be a real

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reversal,
there's usually a fight and the

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fight's can get very severe.

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In the wild,
the loser just runs away and

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they don't carry the fight to
the death,

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and by the end of the lecture
you should understand why they

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don't want to kill each other.

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In a zoo, when the chimps are
in captivity,

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the males can't escape and then
that proximity leads to a

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prolongation of the violence and
sometimes to death.

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Frans de Waal,
who you'll do some reading from

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him;
he describes one fight where

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the loser had an ear gone,
the other ear torn,

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his hands and feet badly mauled
with several bones exposed,

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and some fingers and toes
missing.

15:01.259 --> 15:05.149
A gash stretched from one
shoulder to the opposite hip,

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and toes were missing,
and this guy was really beat

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up.

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They took him to a human type
hospital and tried to fix him

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up.

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It didn't work; he died.

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Within a group the fights
basically never end in death.

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In captivity they do end in
death;

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that's within-group fighting.

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This finding your place in the
dominance hierarchy is a very

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serious business.

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You can either win and go up or
you can lose and stay and either

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die or get badly physically
damaged or be relegated to a low

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place.

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Humans call dominance hierarchy
'status,' and when I use

15:47.469 --> 15:49.459
dominance, think status.

15:49.460 --> 15:51.640
We don't always use the word
here but think--

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one of the other things if you
want to compare chimps and

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humans,
think of the various things

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that humans do for status.

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Chimps live in groups of about
40 individuals,

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with a dozen or so adult males,
approximately the same number

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of females,
and, as with orangutans that

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I've described to you,
the female they have a big

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range, 15 square kilometers,
40 square kilometers,

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something like that and they
wander about this.

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The females,
when they have a young,

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are usually fairly isolated,
not necessarily,

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not all the time,
but mostly they're by

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themselves with their young.

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It's a very stable group that
always stays together.

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As I told you last time,
the mother is never out of

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either touch,
or sight, or hearing of their

16:39.538 --> 16:43.418
young for five or more--five to
ten years.

16:43.418 --> 16:46.558
The males, on the other hand,
wander around also but they

16:46.562 --> 16:47.462
bond together.

16:47.460 --> 16:51.060
They travel together and they
are very often in parties,

16:51.059 --> 16:54.659
and they go around searching
for food and patrolling the

16:54.660 --> 16:56.560
borders of the territory.

16:56.558 --> 16:59.258
They also of course visit the
females,

16:59.259 --> 17:03.039
go around see which
females--what the sexual status

17:03.044 --> 17:07.364
of females is and I showed you a
slide last time of a male

17:07.359 --> 17:11.519
smelling a female's sexual
secretions to figure out what

17:11.523 --> 17:13.193
status she's in.

17:13.190 --> 17:16.520
This looks like something that
I've already talked about here.

17:16.519 --> 17:24.529
Is this repeating?

17:24.528 --> 17:38.018
All right, so I don't remember
whether I did this.

17:38.019 --> 17:41.599
The females are usually quite
promiscuous with their sex

17:41.603 --> 17:42.323
partners.

17:42.318 --> 17:45.438
In the community followed by
Jane Goodall,

17:45.435 --> 17:49.155
in each estrus cycle,
each female had at least one

17:49.161 --> 17:53.191
bout of intercourse with every
male in the group.

17:53.190 --> 17:56.430
Did I--I did do this yesterday.

17:56.430 --> 18:04.530
Forget this;
I don't know how this happens.

18:04.528 --> 18:09.058
How do the males do
their--operate in their

18:09.064 --> 18:11.444
dominance hierarchy?

18:11.440 --> 18:14.260
It's not all violence.

18:14.259 --> 18:17.969
One aspect is violence but they
also make friends with other

18:17.967 --> 18:18.467
males.

18:18.470 --> 18:21.340
Single males cannot be
successful;

18:21.338 --> 18:23.588
it's a very,
very social situation.

18:23.589 --> 18:26.429
These animals are very clever;
they know each other

18:26.432 --> 18:27.972
individually;
they know each other's

18:27.965 --> 18:29.655
propensities,
which ones are dominant,

18:29.662 --> 18:31.622
which ones are not,
which ones are smart,

18:31.615 --> 18:34.015
which ones are not,
which ones they can fool,

18:34.019 --> 18:36.299
which ones they can't fool,
and so on.

18:36.298 --> 18:41.958
So they do a lot of social
manipulation to try to get

18:41.960 --> 18:45.770
allies in their dominance
fights.

18:45.769 --> 18:49.289
In these friend relations you
mostly see it as a grooming

18:49.287 --> 18:49.787
thing.

18:49.788 --> 18:53.508
Males and females spend a lot
of time with each other

18:53.509 --> 18:55.869
grooming, and what is grooming?

18:55.868 --> 18:59.248
Chimps, like all kinds of other
animals are infested with

18:59.251 --> 19:02.691
parasites, which can carry
diseases and be very dangerous,

19:02.694 --> 19:04.874
so they have to get rid of
them.

19:04.868 --> 19:08.578
So one chimp will sit there and
the other chimp will come by and

19:08.578 --> 19:12.288
spread the fur very carefully
and then if there's an insect--

19:12.288 --> 19:15.748
it's good for the person from
whom they take the insect

19:15.746 --> 19:19.006
because that insect is no
longer-going to parasitize

19:19.009 --> 19:20.589
them--
and it's good for them,

19:20.586 --> 19:21.966
they get a little bit of
protein.

19:21.970 --> 19:23.650
They spend hours and hours
doing this.

19:23.650 --> 19:25.530
Males to males,
males and females with each

19:25.534 --> 19:28.634
other, and females to females;
everybody does it with everyone

19:28.631 --> 19:31.901
else, and one of the things that
the observers do is count how

19:31.901 --> 19:34.851
much time each individual spends
grooming the other.

19:34.848 --> 19:38.308
The person--the chimp who's
being groomed has this wonderful

19:38.308 --> 19:41.708
expression on their face,
they're clearly enjoying this;

19:41.710 --> 19:42.760
it's like a nice massage.

19:42.759 --> 19:51.969


19:51.970 --> 19:55.700
The purpose of this
friendliness or one of the

19:55.700 --> 20:00.510
purposes is to help the males
when they engage in dominance

20:00.508 --> 20:01.418
fights.

20:01.420 --> 20:04.400
Jane Goodall describes one of
these: Goliath,

20:04.397 --> 20:07.577
one of the males that we'll
talk about later.

20:07.578 --> 20:11.648
Late one evening he arrives in
camp all by himself,

20:11.653 --> 20:14.263
and he seems a little on edge.

20:14.259 --> 20:17.029
Every so often he stands
upright and stares back at the

20:17.031 --> 20:18.831
direction from which he had
come.

20:18.828 --> 20:22.688
He seems nervous and startles
at every sound.

20:22.690 --> 20:26.740
Six minutes later,
three adult males appear on one

20:26.738 --> 20:30.128
of the trails,
and one is the high-ranking

20:30.125 --> 20:30.865
Hugh.

20:30.869 --> 20:35.419
They pause, they seem him;
they pause, their hair on end,

20:35.419 --> 20:40.129
then abruptly they charge down
toward Goliath but he--

20:40.130 --> 20:42.730
in the time that they were sort
of waiting,

20:42.730 --> 20:47.530
he then has disappeared quietly
into the forest.

20:47.529 --> 20:50.659
For the next five minutes these
three big guys thrash around the

20:50.655 --> 20:53.575
underbrush, they're looking for
him, but he has successfully

20:53.584 --> 20:54.184
escaped.

20:54.180 --> 20:56.810
He is afraid,
obviously one against three,

20:56.810 --> 20:57.710
he's afraid.

20:57.710 --> 21:04.920
The next morning Hugh returns
to camp with two companions.

21:04.920 --> 21:08.410
A few minutes later
Goliath--Goliath the one that

21:08.414 --> 21:11.134
had run away before--
charges down,

21:11.130 --> 21:14.750
dragging a huge branch,
that's one of their display

21:14.750 --> 21:17.760
kinds of things,
and then he runs straight at

21:17.760 --> 21:19.280
Hugh and attacks him.

21:19.278 --> 21:22.568
The guy that ran away last
time, one against three is still

21:22.566 --> 21:25.226
one against three,
but now he's the attacker;

21:25.230 --> 21:26.940
very strange.

21:26.940 --> 21:31.180
It's not until the battle is
already in progress where

21:31.182 --> 21:35.672
they're grappling and hitting
each other, that it becomes

21:35.666 --> 21:38.306
obvious why he has done that.

21:38.308 --> 21:45.108
There's a--the dominant male,
one of the very--

21:45.108 --> 21:48.698
not the Alpha but one of the
strong dominant males is a very

21:48.700 --> 21:52.490
big one called David Graybeard,
and while this fight has just

21:52.493 --> 21:54.443
begun,
David Graybeard appears from

21:54.438 --> 21:56.588
the undergrowth and he gives a
display,

21:56.588 --> 22:06.218
and whoa and gives some pant
hoots and he's clearly on Hugh's

22:06.224 --> 22:08.744
side,
and had obviously been with

22:08.736 --> 22:12.876
Hugh just before Hugh came in,
so now he had an ally and then

22:12.882 --> 22:16.922
the outcome of the fight was
very different.

22:16.920 --> 22:19.930
Suddenly Goliath leaps right
onto Hugh,

22:19.930 --> 22:23.760
grabbing his hair and shoulder,
pounding on his back with both

22:23.757 --> 22:25.957
feet,
and Hugh gives up and he

22:25.957 --> 22:30.057
manages to pull away and runs
off screaming and defeated.

22:30.058 --> 22:33.868
The guy that was--I think I got
the names right,

22:33.868 --> 22:38.248
the guy who was scared last
night, when he has an ally,

22:38.246 --> 22:40.026
is now the winner.

22:40.029 --> 22:44.439
The females are almost as good
as males in the dominance

22:44.435 --> 22:46.995
coalitions against each other.

22:47.000 --> 22:52.820
Their behavior to arrange these
coalitions is extremely complex

22:52.824 --> 22:55.834
and manipulative as I've said.

22:55.828 --> 23:00.058
They spend huge amounts of
their time trying to organize

23:00.060 --> 23:03.700
these coalitions,
and then as soon as there

23:03.704 --> 23:07.584
is--so several males will be in
a coalition,

23:07.578 --> 23:10.568
one of them will get to be
Alpha, almost immediately after

23:10.567 --> 23:13.097
they become Alpha,
the other two go out and form

23:13.103 --> 23:15.133
other coalitions to try to
displace him.

23:15.130 --> 23:18.280
We have some of our faculty
members like that.

23:18.278 --> 23:24.298
Last night I was reading a book
about renaissance intrigue,

23:24.298 --> 23:27.958
and it was amazing how some of
the big dukes,

23:27.960 --> 23:31.990
like the Medicis and the
Sforza, and then you have some

23:31.991 --> 23:35.241
of these smaller guys,
and then you have the Pope

23:35.236 --> 23:38.086
who's got his own army,
and there's this constantly

23:38.086 --> 23:41.366
floating crap game of who's
going to be allies with who and

23:41.365 --> 23:45.065
as soon as someone gets--
one of these principalities

23:45.065 --> 23:48.165
gets to be dominant,
the coalition rearranges and

23:48.171 --> 23:49.751
everyone else goes against him.

23:49.750 --> 23:53.190
You can read the history of
Europe in the nineteenth century

23:53.186 --> 23:56.676
where there's all this balance
of power stuff or you can read

23:56.682 --> 23:59.852
the newspaper today,
and it's all balance of power

23:59.846 --> 24:02.316
where they're shifting alliances
and we--

24:02.318 --> 24:04.398
Japan and Germany were our
great enemies,

24:04.400 --> 24:06.630
now they're their our great
allies,

24:06.630 --> 24:07.680
and et cetera.

24:07.680 --> 24:11.640
Russia was an ally in World War
I and II, and then they were an

24:11.642 --> 24:15.162
enemy, and then they were an
ally again, now maybe be an

24:15.156 --> 24:16.176
enemy again.

24:16.180 --> 24:21.890
It's--it really doesn't read
terribly differently.

24:21.890 --> 24:27.460


24:27.460 --> 24:32.640
The purpose of all this
fighting for status is of course

24:32.641 --> 24:35.281
to gain access to females.

24:35.279 --> 24:37.259
There's some degree of food,
and we'll talk about whether

24:37.260 --> 24:38.890
food is a real scarce item for
them or not,

24:38.890 --> 24:42.950
it's usually not a scarce item,
but access to females--

24:42.950 --> 24:46.670
I think I mentioned this last
time is dependent on the status

24:46.667 --> 24:47.347
of males.

24:47.348 --> 24:51.628
It's not simply size and
aggressiveness at all that

24:51.625 --> 24:56.495
determines dominance but how
good a social manipulator the

24:56.499 --> 24:59.919
individuals are,
especially females.

24:59.920 --> 25:05.320
If a male has not been nice to
the female, which means sharing

25:05.323 --> 25:06.833
food with them.

25:06.828 --> 25:10.218
They go and hunt Colubus
monkeys, and if they catch a

25:10.218 --> 25:13.018
monkey how much of the meat gets
shared,

25:13.019 --> 25:19.319
how much grooming they do,
and if the male is boorish,

25:19.318 --> 25:22.388
the other chimps will simply
shun him.

25:22.390 --> 25:25.410
They just--when he comes up and
tries to start some kind of

25:25.414 --> 25:27.974
friendly interaction,
they just turn their back on

25:27.971 --> 25:29.121
him and walk away.

25:29.119 --> 25:31.969
He's shunned and isolated.

25:31.970 --> 25:33.990
The point is,
no matter how strong,

25:33.990 --> 25:36.720
physically strong and violent a
single male is,

25:36.724 --> 25:40.474
he can never be Alpha without
the support of the community.

25:40.470 --> 25:43.110
It really is,
not quite democratic,

25:43.108 --> 25:46.288
but has aspects of a democratic
choice,

25:46.288 --> 25:49.868
and that the male must have the
consent of the community before

25:49.866 --> 25:51.306
he can become dominant.

25:51.308 --> 25:56.308
This social acceptance,
the value of your peers,

25:56.308 --> 26:01.008
and your social status is
really the deciding factor in

26:01.006 --> 26:05.876
who will be dominant and
therefore who will pass on their

26:05.875 --> 26:08.915
genes into the next generation.

26:08.920 --> 26:14.180
Now going back to the females,
when the sex behavior of

26:14.182 --> 26:18.082
chimpanzees was first being
observed,

26:18.078 --> 26:23.068
the observers were quite struck
with the obvious promiscuity of

26:23.071 --> 26:24.201
the females.

26:24.200 --> 26:26.990
The females just didn't seem to
care who mated them.

26:26.990 --> 26:31.300
We discussed that last time,
in each mating cycle a female

26:31.296 --> 26:35.146
will be mated by every single
male in the troop,

26:35.150 --> 26:38.260
in Jane Goodall's troop,
sometimes not quite so

26:38.258 --> 26:39.068
extremely.

26:39.068 --> 26:42.548
That was kind of surprising
given the theory that I've

26:42.550 --> 26:45.240
described to you,
that females should want

26:45.243 --> 26:47.153
something from the males.

26:47.150 --> 26:49.370
They should want to choose
either the male with the best

26:49.366 --> 26:52.046
genes,
or the male who's giving them

26:52.048 --> 26:56.308
the biggest gift,
or something and this just sort

26:56.306 --> 26:59.746
of compliance under any
circumstance,

26:59.750 --> 27:03.460
it was obvious that that's what
they were observing but it

27:03.458 --> 27:05.018
didn't make any sense.

27:05.019 --> 27:07.849
Finally, they observed
more--the chimps were obviously

27:07.845 --> 27:10.985
not terribly easy to observe and
over a lifetime so you know

27:10.990 --> 27:14.440
what's going on,
and the story is this,

27:14.439 --> 27:18.899
that when chimps are young,
either males or female,

27:18.902 --> 27:22.412
the juveniles are under the
domination of their mothers and

27:22.412 --> 27:25.562
the females meet with each other
every so often,

27:25.558 --> 27:30.988
so any female can dominate any
young independent of sex.

27:30.990 --> 27:33.880
You really, if you just looked
at the social behavior,

27:33.883 --> 27:36.783
you wouldn't be able to
distinguish a boy infant and a

27:36.776 --> 27:37.646
girl infant.

27:37.650 --> 27:39.740
I'll give you some reading,
about human societies,

27:39.740 --> 27:42.920
many what we call 'primitive
human societies' have the same

27:42.916 --> 27:44.756
thing,
that even the words for a young

27:44.762 --> 27:47.802
boy is the same as for a girl,
that they're not distinguished,

27:47.796 --> 27:50.326
only at some sort of puberty
right do the boy--

27:50.328 --> 27:56.038
do the biological boys become
socially constructed boys,

27:56.039 --> 27:57.389
in a sense.

27:57.390 --> 28:02.410
In chimpanzees--so when they're
little the females dominate

28:02.406 --> 28:04.626
them,
but of course the males start

28:04.631 --> 28:07.901
growing big and in adolescence
they start to get up to the same

28:07.904 --> 28:11.284
size of the female,
and then what happens is that

28:11.275 --> 28:15.725
these young males come and start
attacking the females for no

28:15.732 --> 28:17.742
obvious external reason.

28:17.740 --> 28:21.610
When this first happens the
female is still bigger and she

28:21.611 --> 28:24.601
swats him away and he runs off
screaming,

28:24.598 --> 28:27.598
but as he gets bigger,
he comes back and seems to sort

28:27.597 --> 28:30.367
of choose one female at a time
starting up on--

28:30.368 --> 28:32.948
there's some mild dominance
hierarchy among females,

28:32.950 --> 28:35.880
not very strong but a little
bit there.

28:35.880 --> 28:39.890
He goes and just gratuitously
attacks one female after another

28:39.885 --> 28:42.115
and keeps doing it:
pushes her,

28:42.118 --> 28:45.248
punches her,
bites her, pulls the hair,

28:45.250 --> 28:48.500
and she fights back,
but eventually he's big enough

28:48.500 --> 28:51.880
to cow her and he becomes
dominant to that female.

28:51.880 --> 28:54.450
Then he goes to the next,
and the next,

28:54.452 --> 28:58.382
and the next and eventually as
they go through adolescence,

28:58.376 --> 29:01.826
the young males become dominant
to each female.

29:01.828 --> 29:07.268
Then, that's not the end of it,
that every so often thereafter,

29:07.265 --> 29:12.605
they again gratuitously attack
the females for no particularly

29:12.614 --> 29:14.284
obvious reason.

29:14.278 --> 29:18.628
Let me describe to you
one--read to you one of the

29:18.625 --> 29:23.055
descriptions of these kind of
dominance attacks.

29:23.058 --> 29:26.678
This is one of the people
in--studying in Jane Goodall's

29:26.676 --> 29:29.436
group in Gombe in Tanzania and
this is--

29:29.440 --> 29:32.670
she is recollecting:
"Nearly 20 years ago I

29:32.667 --> 29:36.787
spent a morning dashing up and
down the hills of Gombe trying

29:36.789 --> 29:39.949
to keep up with an energetic
young female.

29:39.950 --> 29:43.310
On her rear end she sported
this small bright pink swelling,

29:43.305 --> 29:46.315
characteristic of the early
stages of estrus."

29:46.318 --> 29:49.218
She was just coming into her
fertile period and really wasn't

29:49.220 --> 29:50.960
particularly fertile at that
time.

29:50.960 --> 29:55.680
"For some hours our run
through the park was conducted

29:55.682 --> 29:58.422
in quiet--
quietly, but then suddenly a

29:58.423 --> 30:02.273
chorus of male chimpanzee pant
hoots shattered the tranquility

30:02.268 --> 30:03.338
of the forest.

30:03.338 --> 30:06.078
My female rushed forward to
join the males.

30:06.078 --> 30:09.378
She greeted each of them,
bowing and then turning to

30:09.384 --> 30:12.824
present her swelling rear end
for inspection."

30:12.818 --> 30:14.758
You know, 'hey guys get
interested in me.'

30:14.759 --> 30:16.349
She's young and a little
inexperienced,

30:16.348 --> 30:19.078
she thought they would be real
hot-to-trot,

30:19.078 --> 30:22.788
but didn't turn out,
and the males examined her kind

30:22.786 --> 30:27.216
of perfunctorily and they saw
she wasn't really ready yet,

30:27.220 --> 30:30.320
and so they resumed grooming
one another and showing no

30:30.315 --> 30:32.145
interest in this young female.

30:32.150 --> 30:36.460
The scientist here,
the anthropologist was rather

30:36.460 --> 30:41.220
surprised by this indifference
to a potential mate.

30:41.220 --> 30:44.430
Then she under--she sorted of
recalled and there's--well,

30:44.425 --> 30:47.855
her swelling is really pretty
small so far so she' not ready,

30:47.862 --> 30:49.182
so she realized it.

30:49.180 --> 30:53.640
It would be a week or two
before she was really going to

30:53.635 --> 30:54.685
be fertile.

30:54.690 --> 30:59.600
Then they'll be really
interested.

30:59.598 --> 31:02.818
She was sort of watching this,
the males basically grooming

31:02.818 --> 31:05.868
each other, ignoring this
female, and then boom all of a

31:05.872 --> 31:07.262
sudden they attacked.

31:07.259 --> 31:09.009
"The attack came without
warning.

31:09.009 --> 31:13.619
One of the males charged toward
us," the anthropologist was

31:13.618 --> 31:16.288
with the female,
"One of the males charged

31:16.287 --> 31:19.197
toward us hair on end,
looking twice as large as my

31:19.202 --> 31:20.962
small female and enraged.

31:20.960 --> 31:24.580
As he rushed by he picked her
up, hurled her to ground,

31:24.584 --> 31:25.864
and pummeled her.

31:25.859 --> 31:27.919
She cringed and screamed.

31:27.920 --> 31:31.470
He ran off, rejoining the other
male's seconds later as if

31:31.471 --> 31:33.281
nothing had happened."

31:33.279 --> 31:36.039
He attacks this one and then
nothing happened.

31:36.038 --> 31:38.768
It was not so easy for the
female to return to normal.

31:38.769 --> 31:42.439
She whimpered and darted about,
darted nervous glances at her

31:42.443 --> 31:46.243
attacker and he--she was worried
he was going to just charge at

31:46.241 --> 31:47.101
her again.

31:47.098 --> 31:51.608
The primatologist continues
that in the years that followed

31:51.607 --> 31:54.637
she saw many such assaults like
this.

31:54.640 --> 31:57.280
What's the purpose of this?

31:57.279 --> 32:01.049
These attacks do not end in
sex, so they're not rape.

32:01.048 --> 32:05.338
What happens is the male
establishes a dominance over the

32:05.339 --> 32:06.029
female.

32:06.028 --> 32:08.878
She's afraid of him--as I told
you they of course know each

32:08.884 --> 32:11.104
other individually and remember
over many,

32:11.098 --> 32:14.328
many years and so these attacks
during adolescence when they

32:14.330 --> 32:17.470
establish their dominance,
and then the continual

32:17.467 --> 32:21.827
reminders that they're dominant
and they can coerce them at any

32:21.826 --> 32:24.706
minute is what the purpose of
this is.

32:24.710 --> 32:27.980
So when she does come into
estrus and all the males are

32:27.982 --> 32:31.742
around and there's only a very
short window of opportunity when

32:31.741 --> 32:33.411
he may--
she may be alone,

32:33.406 --> 32:36.546
the other males are fighting or
not paying attention for a

32:36.553 --> 32:38.453
moment--
remember he only needs 15

32:38.452 --> 32:41.402
seconds, remember I described
that last time for a bout of

32:41.402 --> 32:43.662
intercourse--
he has 15 seconds before the

32:43.662 --> 32:46.172
other males are going to come
and interrupt him.

32:46.170 --> 32:50.170
The last thing he wants is for
her to resist.

32:50.170 --> 32:53.550
She has to be compliant in that
very short time,

32:53.548 --> 32:55.588
sort of a like a private in an
army,

32:55.588 --> 32:57.908
don't ask questions do whatever
you're told immediately,

32:57.910 --> 33:02.250
and this prior violence the
purpose of this prior violence

33:02.246 --> 33:06.506
is to cow the females into
submission at that moment when

33:06.507 --> 33:08.787
they need this submission.

33:08.789 --> 33:16.879


33:16.880 --> 33:21.830
That is the chimp system.

33:21.828 --> 33:25.228
It's--to our eyes it's not a
very pretty kind of system and

33:25.232 --> 33:28.702
you can think how much of that
we still do something similar

33:28.695 --> 33:30.745
and that's up to you to decide.

33:30.750 --> 33:38.790
We've described now three other
great apes,

33:38.788 --> 33:41.008
aside from us,
and there's the fourth great

33:41.006 --> 33:43.536
ape species which you probably
have heard of,

33:43.538 --> 33:45.858
called Bonobos,
and for a long time--

33:45.858 --> 33:47.528
they're very similar to the
chimps.

33:47.529 --> 33:49.989
I showed you last time the
evolutionary tree.

33:49.990 --> 33:53.150
They split off from chimps and
Bonobos have split off very

33:53.148 --> 33:55.808
recently, so they're still very
much the same.

33:55.808 --> 33:58.568
The Bonobos are a little bit
smaller;

33:58.568 --> 34:01.778
the difference in size between
males and females is not so

34:01.778 --> 34:02.228
great.

34:02.230 --> 34:04.770
Their behavior is enormously
different.

34:04.769 --> 34:11.039
There's almost no violence in a
Bonobo troop.

34:11.039 --> 34:17.089
The various Bonobo troops don't
get into violent attacks with

34:17.088 --> 34:18.398
each other.

34:18.400 --> 34:23.310
What they do is have sex a lot,
that anything that comes--

34:23.309 --> 34:27.229
anything that in a chimpanzee
would elicit violence--

34:27.230 --> 34:30.010
competition for food,
competition for females,

34:30.010 --> 34:35.190
whatever--they have sex,
and somehow that diffuses it.

34:35.190 --> 34:41.190
They do everything you can
dream of--somehow there's

34:41.190 --> 34:43.310
something wrong.

34:43.309 --> 35:01.549


35:01.550 --> 35:06.920
Anyway, what happens is,
males or females may initiate

35:06.920 --> 35:08.440
the sex bout.

35:08.440 --> 35:11.710
They often do it face to face
which is not a usual animal sort

35:11.706 --> 35:13.576
of thing,
and the picture that I had,

35:13.576 --> 35:16.956
and I don't know where they--
why they're not being pulled

35:16.963 --> 35:20.293
up--is first a male and a female
copulating,

35:20.289 --> 35:24.369
sort of face to face and what
you'd recognize immediately what

35:24.369 --> 35:27.589
was going on,
and they seem happy about that.

35:27.590 --> 35:30.610
Then I have another slide of
two females going at it,

35:30.610 --> 35:33.860
and what they do is they stand
face to face and rub their

35:33.864 --> 35:35.554
genital regions together.

35:35.550 --> 35:37.850
Of course what do the
primatologists call that?

35:37.849 --> 35:41.739
Genital-genital rubbing,
perfectly neutral.

35:41.739 --> 35:45.109
Now the locals where these
Bonobos live they are much--they

35:45.112 --> 35:47.902
understand better,
and so what do the locals call

35:47.902 --> 35:48.312
it?

35:48.309 --> 35:50.189
Hoka, hoka.

35:50.190 --> 35:52.700
So there's a long picture of
hoka, hoka.

35:52.699 --> 35:56.929
In previous years I had--I
won't tell you this story,

35:56.934 --> 35:59.954
very interesting
story--afterwards.

35:59.949 --> 36:04.289
The question is--there's
essentially no dominance of the

36:04.293 --> 36:08.563
males over the females,
or very little dominance of the

36:08.556 --> 36:10.686
males over the females.

36:10.690 --> 36:13.590
You don't see this violent
theme happening.

36:13.590 --> 36:16.140
You read about this,
there's several readings on

36:16.141 --> 36:19.291
Bonobos because I don't have
time in the lecture to talk so

36:19.289 --> 36:23.539
much about them,
but it seems that what's going

36:23.536 --> 36:26.676
on is --
Bonobos live one side of the

36:26.679 --> 36:30.229
Congo River and chimpanzees the
other side,

36:30.230 --> 36:33.850
and on the side where Bonobos
are, there are also gorillas and

36:33.853 --> 36:36.413
so they compete for the same
food source.

36:36.409 --> 36:40.179
I'm sorry, on the side where
the chimps are they're

36:40.184 --> 36:42.454
also--have I got this right?

36:42.449 --> 36:46.669
Gorillas--and so they compete
for the food source,

36:46.670 --> 36:51.960
there's not that much food so
the chimps have to forage pretty

36:51.963 --> 36:54.913
much alone,
the females get isolated,

36:54.905 --> 36:58.285
and therefore they're subject
to male dominance.

36:58.289 --> 37:01.339
In the Bonobos territory
there's more--a greater food

37:01.342 --> 37:05.162
density so the females can stay
together and forage as a party.

37:05.159 --> 37:07.119
As you will read,
there's female power;

37:07.119 --> 37:10.119
the females stay together,
and if a male comes and tries

37:10.117 --> 37:13.277
to dominant one of the females,
her sisters support her and

37:13.280 --> 37:14.480
beat the male off.

37:14.480 --> 37:18.280
So in evolution they've sort of
given up trying that trick,

37:18.282 --> 37:21.562
and now everybody copulates
with everybody else.

37:21.559 --> 37:23.569
What do we call that when
there's this great promiscuity?

37:23.570 --> 37:26.560
What's the form of competition
going on?

37:26.559 --> 37:29.959
Sperm competition,
and so one of the ways that the

37:29.960 --> 37:33.840
Bonobos evolve is that they're--
in evolution the testes get

37:33.835 --> 37:37.195
bigger and bigger,
and so you measure the ratio of

37:37.195 --> 37:41.445
testes size in a Bonobo which
has a lot of sperm competition

37:41.452 --> 37:44.412
to chimpanzees which have a lot
less,

37:44.409 --> 37:46.689
very little because they
fight--the males fight each

37:46.688 --> 37:49.078
other,
and what you find is that as a

37:49.079 --> 37:55.119
fraction of total body size,
the Bonobo testes are much

37:55.123 --> 38:00.583
larger than the chimpanzee
testes.

38:00.579 --> 38:05.529
We've seen four different
models of male/female

38:05.534 --> 38:09.954
relationships:
the rape in orangutans,

38:09.949 --> 38:13.159
infanticide in gorillas,
battering in chimps,

38:13.159 --> 38:16.629
and total promiscuity in
Bonobos.

38:16.630 --> 38:19.920
One of the questions that you
can ask is which one most

38:19.920 --> 38:21.870
resembles the human condition?

38:21.869 --> 38:25.569
Well it turns out that if you
do the statistics,

38:25.574 --> 38:28.574
in human's, rape is relatively
rare.

38:28.570 --> 38:33.160
Of course we all know that it
happens, but it's not a frequent

38:33.157 --> 38:33.757
event.

38:33.760 --> 38:36.330
Infanticide,
which you'll see happens very

38:36.333 --> 38:39.663
frequently, but not against the
will of the mother.

38:39.659 --> 38:44.319
The males, unrelated males,
killing the infants of other

38:44.324 --> 38:48.064
females is a very,
very rare event in humans,

38:48.056 --> 38:51.616
again it happens,
but it's quite rare.

38:51.619 --> 38:55.409
The common form of male/female
human violence,

38:55.409 --> 38:57.179
what do we call it?

38:57.179 --> 38:58.569
Battering, right.

38:58.570 --> 39:03.610
Battering is extremely common
almost all over the earth and

39:03.606 --> 39:07.076
for as far back in history as we
know.

39:07.079 --> 39:10.349
Various studies have been done
in different places.

39:10.349 --> 39:14.969
In Punjab in North India,
75% of scheduled cast women,

39:14.971 --> 39:18.981
that's lower caste women,
reported being beaten

39:18.981 --> 39:21.861
frequently by their husbands.

39:21.860 --> 39:25.920
There's an agreement there,
75% of the men report beating

39:25.916 --> 39:26.926
their wives.

39:26.929 --> 39:31.299
In Bangladesh 47% of the women
report having been beaten.

39:31.300 --> 39:36.400
A study of ten countries
ranging from Japan to Ethiopia

39:36.398 --> 39:41.308
showed that in most sites
between 30% and 56% of ever

39:41.306 --> 39:45.986
partnered women,
had experienced both physical

39:45.992 --> 39:47.952
and sexual violence.

39:47.949 --> 39:49.469
Of course these are almost
certainly,

39:49.469 --> 39:53.069
whenever you collect statistics
on something that is not exactly

39:53.067 --> 39:56.417
appreciated in the society,
you're getting a very low

39:56.422 --> 39:56.952
report.

39:56.949 --> 39:59.429
These are certainly under
reports because people don't

39:59.427 --> 40:02.157
want to report it,
but also when you ask about not

40:02.159 --> 40:04.659
just casual,
a little bit of violence,

40:04.664 --> 40:08.714
but, 'Have you been severely
beaten,' in a society where 75%

40:08.713 --> 40:11.393
of the women are beaten
frequently,

40:11.389 --> 40:14.379
the standard for what they're
going to call severe is going to

40:14.375 --> 40:15.105
be very high.

40:15.110 --> 40:20.310
If you used our understanding
of male/female battering the

40:20.306 --> 40:24.406
numbers would clearly be much,
much higher.

40:24.409 --> 40:27.989


40:27.989 --> 40:32.219
What's interesting is there's a
fair amount of collusion between

40:32.219 --> 40:34.969
the males and the females in
this beating,

40:34.974 --> 40:36.254
this battering.

40:36.250 --> 40:40.640
Both--in the culture--both the
men and the women feel that it

40:40.639 --> 40:45.249
is the husband's right to beat
the woman, and it's justified.

40:45.250 --> 40:46.080
It's the woman's due.

40:46.079 --> 40:49.469
She should be beaten,
and they talk about this quite

40:49.471 --> 40:52.801
openly;
40% to 80% again in different

40:52.800 --> 40:57.600
surveys, 40% to 80% of wives
agree that a beating is

40:57.601 --> 41:02.311
justified if a wife neglects
household chores or is

41:02.309 --> 41:03.909
disobedient.

41:03.909 --> 41:07.469
Again, disobedient probably has
a much more minor meaning--

41:07.469 --> 41:12.119
disobedience worth a beating
would not be even considered

41:12.115 --> 41:17.585
disobedience by us maybe,
probably very minor.

41:17.590 --> 41:21.520
Severe beating is almost
uniformly justified and condoned

41:21.516 --> 41:24.316
for many reasons,
including for example,

41:24.320 --> 41:27.630
a husband--a woman disobeying
her husband's orders.

41:27.630 --> 41:30.980
If a husband gives a woman a
direct order and she does not

41:30.976 --> 41:32.676
follow it, she gets beaten.

41:32.679 --> 41:38.739


41:38.739 --> 41:42.589
It's her duty to obey her
husband and they describe it--

41:42.590 --> 41:45.610
the women talking to each other
and talking to investigators

41:45.610 --> 41:48.890
describe it as selfish when she
follows what she wants to do,

41:48.889 --> 41:51.859
which of course there is always
conflict between what Person A

41:51.856 --> 41:54.056
wants to do and Person B,
then they said,

41:54.056 --> 41:56.176
'I was selfish,
I deserved a beating.

41:56.179 --> 41:59.589
Or they say that of another
woman, 'She was selfish and she

41:59.586 --> 42:00.876
deserves a beating.'

42:00.880 --> 42:01.420
In the U.S.

42:01.422 --> 42:04.242
of course we haven't escaped
this, this has now become--

42:04.239 --> 42:07.659
it was hush hush for a very
long time,

42:07.659 --> 42:10.349
but now it's fairly open
because of the feminist

42:10.351 --> 42:13.011
movement,
and the numbers are something

42:13.014 --> 42:14.104
like 50% of U.S.

42:14.103 --> 42:18.323
women will be physically abused
by the men with whom they live,

42:18.322 --> 42:20.912
so again this is partner
violence.

42:20.909 --> 42:25.219
Six million will be really
battered and that's way more

42:25.215 --> 42:28.635
than rape, and auto accidents,
and muggings,

42:28.643 --> 42:32.473
and every other kind of mishap
put together.

42:32.469 --> 42:39.499
Battering seems to be both the
chimpanzee mode of violence,

42:39.500 --> 42:41.370
it's not the orangutan,
it's not the ape,

42:41.369 --> 42:43.489
and it's certainly not--not the
orangutan,

42:43.489 --> 42:46.209
not the gorilla,
and certainly not the Bonobo,

42:46.210 --> 42:51.320
but humans seems to engage in
the same kind of violence as

42:51.315 --> 42:52.565
chimpanzees.

42:52.570 --> 42:58.220
The most wonderful quote that I
have describing this is from a

42:58.217 --> 43:03.957
Palestinian woman and she says,
"Men have small brains.

43:03.960 --> 43:06.220
If you feed them,
cook for them,

43:06.219 --> 43:09.719
and clean for them,
maybe then they will not beat

43:09.719 --> 43:10.739
you."

43:10.739 --> 43:15.439
That's a great tag.

43:15.440 --> 43:20.870
Okay, so now I've spun a nice
story for you,

43:20.871 --> 43:27.691
the way chimpanzee's social
organization around sex and

43:27.692 --> 43:29.842
reproduction.

43:29.840 --> 43:33.210
I don't know if any of you have
noticed there's something really

43:33.208 --> 43:34.438
wrong with the story.

43:34.440 --> 43:38.510
Wrong, incomplete,
incorrect, anybody think of

43:38.514 --> 43:39.514
anything?

43:39.510 --> 43:41.120
What have I described to you?

43:41.119 --> 43:43.949
I've described to you on the
first hand that these males

43:43.949 --> 43:46.109
fight with each other their
whole lives.

43:46.110 --> 43:49.750
A male, he has not much else to
do, than feed and think about

43:49.750 --> 43:51.450
his part in the dominance.

43:51.449 --> 43:54.119
In the whole year there's going
to be one or two females ready

43:54.115 --> 43:56.165
to be inseminated,
and what do they do the whole

43:56.170 --> 43:57.090
rest of the year?

43:57.090 --> 44:00.580
They're fighting for dominance,
and finally you get to have an

44:00.579 --> 44:03.719
Alpha male,
and most of the time he's in

44:03.715 --> 44:08.635
strong control and really can
control all the other males.

44:08.639 --> 44:14.569
That's the naked ape kind of
story which you've heard.

44:14.570 --> 44:17.810
Wait a minute,
what else have I also told you?

44:17.809 --> 44:21.649
Every time the female comes
into estrus she does it with

44:21.650 --> 44:22.490
everybody.

44:22.489 --> 44:24.759
Those two stories don't jibe
with each other.

44:24.760 --> 44:28.780
There's some contradictory
thing going on there,

44:28.777 --> 44:33.737
and that's the next part of the
whole story that we have to

44:33.737 --> 44:35.017
figure out.

44:35.018 --> 44:38.238
Why, since the Alpha male could
easily win when there's a really

44:38.237 --> 44:40.797
strong Alpha male--
could easily keep all the other

44:40.804 --> 44:43.914
males away from the females,
it's only a couple of weeks

44:43.914 --> 44:47.594
that she's at all fertile,
and he's spent the whole year

44:47.585 --> 44:48.385
being boss.

44:48.389 --> 44:53.299
Why doesn't he keep the other
males away and get all the

44:53.300 --> 44:55.980
sexual activity for himself?

44:55.980 --> 45:02.070
It's an interesting--it's a
surprising thing and it tells

45:02.068 --> 45:07.178
you that something is missing
from the story.

45:07.179 --> 45:08.599
This is where Jane Goodall
comes in;

45:08.599 --> 45:11.369
she's responsible for almost
everything about chimpanzees and

45:11.373 --> 45:12.903
the whole field of primatology.

45:12.900 --> 45:14.710
She's a real hero of mine.

45:14.710 --> 45:18.050
I'm angry that Yale has never
given her an honorary degree

45:18.054 --> 45:20.994
even though she lives right here
in Connecticut.

45:20.989 --> 45:24.179
It's really--that's shameful.

45:24.179 --> 45:28.749
What's her story?--Just a
little bit of personal interest:

45:28.746 --> 45:33.066
she was 23 years old in 1960
and she--in her biography,

45:33.074 --> 45:36.124
she always loved watching
animals.

45:36.119 --> 45:38.999
She would go into the hen house
and just sit there and her

45:38.996 --> 45:41.666
mother couldn't find her,
and then look where the hens

45:41.672 --> 45:43.442
are, well that's where Jane is.

45:43.440 --> 45:48.280
She's not from a family that
was sort of education bound.

45:48.280 --> 45:49.910
She had not been to a
university;

45:49.909 --> 45:53.449
she had no particular career,
but she was invited to visit a

45:53.449 --> 45:55.809
friend in Africa and--
in a lot of England,

45:55.806 --> 45:57.496
at that time,
Africa is sort of a very

45:57.501 --> 46:00.511
romantic kind of place,
because every young person

46:00.507 --> 46:02.407
wants to go and see Africa.

46:02.409 --> 46:05.859
She took a job as a waitress
because she wasn't trained to do

46:05.860 --> 46:08.460
anything else,
and saved up enough money so

46:08.456 --> 46:11.166
she could get this steamboat
passage to Kenya.

46:11.170 --> 46:15.700
She took a boat to Kenya in
1960.

46:15.699 --> 46:19.559
She met up fairly soon with
Louis Leakey in the expatriate

46:19.561 --> 46:22.341
community, the English community
there.

46:22.340 --> 46:24.030
Louis Leakey you may have heard
of.

46:24.030 --> 46:26.880
His family has done all the
paleontology,

46:26.880 --> 46:29.410
all the digging up of Lucy--I
think Lucy's one of theirs,

46:29.409 --> 46:32.639
and all of the other skeletons,
and sort of rewritten the

46:32.643 --> 46:34.323
history of human evolution.

46:34.320 --> 46:37.320
The idea being basically there
were lots of branches that--

46:37.320 --> 46:41.100
our species just didn't grow
out of chimpanzees but there

46:41.099 --> 46:44.879
were lots and lots of species
floating around and all the

46:44.880 --> 46:48.120
others went extinct and what
survived is us.

46:48.119 --> 46:50.739
Here comes this young woman and
she doesn't really have a job

46:50.739 --> 46:53.279
and she needs some support,
and she loves Africa and she

46:53.284 --> 46:55.494
loves animals,
and Leakey gets an idea that

46:55.490 --> 46:59.030
well, no one has been able to go
out and see what chimpanzees do.

46:59.030 --> 47:02.390
They knew by that time they
were our closest relative.

47:02.389 --> 47:05.669
They didn't really understand
about Bonobos at that time,

47:05.670 --> 47:08.910
and Bonobos didn't live where
he was anyway,

47:08.909 --> 47:13.329
and so he says to her,
"Are you interested at all

47:13.331 --> 47:17.921
in going out and trying to
observe chimpanzees?"

47:17.920 --> 47:22.180
She says, "Yes,
yes, yes!"

47:22.179 --> 47:25.079
He says, "you know,
they don't like humans.

47:25.079 --> 47:26.959
They run away,
and if they don't run away

47:26.960 --> 47:28.700
they'll probably try to attack
you.

47:28.699 --> 47:30.719
These are big,
violent beasties,

47:30.717 --> 47:33.447
and you may be in physical
danger."

47:33.449 --> 47:35.709
She says "Yeah,
yeah, yeah I want to do

47:35.710 --> 47:36.290
it."

47:36.289 --> 47:38.389
He says, "You're an
attractive young woman

47:38.389 --> 47:40.399
and…what did I say 23 or
something?

47:40.400 --> 47:42.240
"There aren't going to be
any men around.

47:42.239 --> 47:44.719
You're going to be living in
the jungle basically by

47:44.715 --> 47:45.245
yourself.

47:45.250 --> 47:46.590
Are you sure you want to do
it?"

47:46.590 --> 47:48.890
"Yeah, yeah,
yeah I want to do it."

47:48.889 --> 47:50.379
He says "You know,
it's going to take you ten

47:50.382 --> 47:52.092
years before you're going to be
able to see anything,

47:52.090 --> 47:54.930
you have to get them accustomed
to you so that you can even

47:54.927 --> 47:56.847
observe them,
then you'll have to be able to

47:56.851 --> 47:59.211
watch them over long periods of
time to understand their social

47:59.213 --> 48:00.963
behavior,
do you really want to do

48:00.958 --> 48:01.478
it?"

48:01.480 --> 48:03.620
Yes, she decides to do it.

48:03.619 --> 48:06.869
She later on recounts this
discussion where he said it

48:06.867 --> 48:11.077
would take ten years,
and she said if I had done it

48:11.083 --> 48:16.673
for only ten years I would not
have seen the violence that I

48:16.668 --> 48:18.748
did eventually see.

48:18.750 --> 48:23.180
In fact, in took 25 years
before she saw the events that

48:23.175 --> 48:25.665
I'm going to describe to you.

48:25.670 --> 48:29.330
The violent events that I'm
going to describe are in

48:29.331 --> 48:32.851
chimpanzee communities about
once a generation.

48:32.849 --> 48:35.919
More or less like humans,
if you take the time say in the

48:35.922 --> 48:38.262
West between--
the Napoleonic War,

48:38.257 --> 48:41.247
the 1870 War,
a little bit long from the

48:41.251 --> 48:44.611
French Franco-Prussian War,
to World War I,

48:44.608 --> 48:48.588
World War II -- seem to do it
more or less every generation or

48:48.592 --> 48:50.692
so,
ballpark 25 years,

48:50.686 --> 48:55.776
and that's very variable and
chimpanzee violence has that

48:55.777 --> 48:58.867
same sort of a character to it.

48:58.869 --> 49:02.989
In 1962 she started observing a
group of--

49:02.989 --> 49:06.109
it was a large group,
much larger than is usual,

49:06.110 --> 49:09.610
there were 19 adult and
adolescent males,

49:09.610 --> 49:14.050
and then along with females and
the young.

49:14.050 --> 49:16.820
The main thing that they were
watching was the social

49:16.822 --> 49:17.412
behavior.

49:17.409 --> 49:19.639
They weren't really interested
in the physiology or that kind

49:19.635 --> 49:21.525
of stuff at the time;
it was really the social

49:21.527 --> 49:21.957
behavior.

49:21.960 --> 49:24.840
They watched who was doing what
with whom,

49:24.840 --> 49:27.760
and one of the things they
noticed were two individuals

49:27.759 --> 49:29.759
that they considered best
friends,

49:29.760 --> 49:32.840
Goliath and Jomio,
and they spent a very long time

49:32.835 --> 49:36.095
grooming each other and all
friendly interactions.

49:36.099 --> 49:39.819
They saw these two individual
interacting over six years and

49:39.824 --> 49:41.724
it was nothing but friendly.

49:41.719 --> 49:46.849
Gradually this large group--she
had started banana feeding the

49:46.847 --> 49:47.517
group.

49:47.518 --> 49:50.448
in order to be able to see them
she would put out bananas and

49:50.454 --> 49:53.444
they would come and get it and
they would get used to her that

49:53.438 --> 49:53.828
way.

49:53.829 --> 49:56.119
For a long time other
scientists thought she may have

49:56.123 --> 49:59.523
distorted the behavior,
but it turns out everything she

49:59.518 --> 50:03.798
saw has been seen again when
there was no banana feeding,

50:03.800 --> 50:06.930
so that was not a real issue.

50:06.929 --> 50:10.469
She watched this group for many
years, six years or so,

50:10.469 --> 50:12.829
and then things started to
change.

50:12.829 --> 50:15.639
Gradually the two groups
started separating,

50:15.639 --> 50:19.609
there was sort of a northern
mountain hill with a ravine and

50:19.614 --> 50:23.114
a southern mountain and hill,
and one group started

50:23.114 --> 50:27.154
spending--one subset of this one
big group started spending more

50:27.152 --> 50:30.872
time on the northern hill and
another group on the southern

50:30.869 --> 50:31.509
hill.

50:31.510 --> 50:34.080
And the northern group was
somewhat larger but not a huge

50:34.081 --> 50:34.681
difference.

50:34.679 --> 50:37.919
There were eight fully mature
males in the northern group and

50:37.922 --> 50:41.122
only six in the southern group,
along with three females,

50:41.115 --> 50:43.065
for instance in the southern
group.

50:43.070 --> 50:46.640
First she just--they just
watched how much time they

50:46.639 --> 50:47.199
spent.

50:47.199 --> 50:51.179
They recorded everything and
they started seeing the group

50:51.175 --> 50:52.635
split a little bit.

50:52.639 --> 50:55.709
Then when--but it wasn't
absolute, they were still seen

50:55.710 --> 50:59.190
in each other's territory,
but after a while they never

50:59.188 --> 51:01.798
saw males alone in the wrong
territory;

51:01.800 --> 51:06.790
they started traveling only in
groups when they were in the

51:06.791 --> 51:08.341
other territory.

51:08.340 --> 51:11.580
It was clear that they were
beginning--this one group was

51:11.583 --> 51:14.773
beginning to fission into two
rather separate groups.

51:14.768 --> 51:19.438
One day six northern males,
most of the males were observed

51:19.438 --> 51:23.458
traveling together in their own
northern territory,

51:23.463 --> 51:26.203
but they were near the border.

51:26.199 --> 51:29.859
They were kind of patrolling
what was becoming the border,

51:29.860 --> 51:32.430
and they heard calling from the
south.

51:32.429 --> 51:37.389
They became silent and then
moved very quickly directly to

51:37.391 --> 51:40.441
where they had heard the
calling.

51:40.440 --> 51:42.880
What they saw was Godi,
a southern male;

51:42.880 --> 51:45.800
he was feeding up in a tree and
not doing anything in

51:45.800 --> 51:46.530
particular.

51:46.530 --> 51:50.700
He noticed them coming and he
jumped down and ran away,

51:50.695 --> 51:53.625
but Humphrey,
one of the northern guys,

51:53.626 --> 51:56.476
chased after him and tackled
him.

51:56.480 --> 51:59.910
Then--Humphrey was big--once he
had tackled him,

51:59.909 --> 52:03.079
he got on top of him,
and held down his--

52:03.079 --> 52:05.759
sat on his face actually and
held his hands,

52:05.760 --> 52:08.120
another one came in and held
down the feet,

52:08.119 --> 52:13.119
so they basically immobilized
Godi and then they started

52:13.115 --> 52:14.565
attacking him.

52:14.570 --> 52:16.410
The others--remember there's
six males,

52:16.409 --> 52:20.939
two to hold him down,
they attacked--

52:20.940 --> 52:23.430
ripped off his skin,
gashes on the face,

52:23.429 --> 52:25.049
on the nose,
on the mouth,

52:25.054 --> 52:28.384
puncture in the leg,
puncture wounds in the ribs,

52:28.378 --> 52:31.838
and eventually he was beaten so
badly that he was just

52:31.840 --> 52:34.720
motionless,
plopped out there.

52:34.719 --> 52:35.739
Then the attackers just left.

52:35.739 --> 52:39.119
They didn't kill him or
anything, they just left,

52:39.119 --> 52:43.199
but he was so badly wounded
that he died shortly thereafter

52:43.204 --> 52:43.984
anyway.

52:43.980 --> 52:48.010
Seven weeks later three
northern males attacked Dee,

52:48.005 --> 52:49.895
another southern male.

52:49.900 --> 52:54.030
Dee runs up a tree and starts
trying to escape by jumping from

52:54.032 --> 52:55.802
branch--
from tree to tree,

52:55.804 --> 52:59.514
but these are big animals and
sometimes they grab a not strong

52:59.514 --> 53:00.554
enough branch.

53:00.550 --> 53:03.320
He grabs a branch,
it cracks, and he's left

53:03.322 --> 53:04.052
dangling.

53:04.050 --> 53:07.880
So they pulled him down,
and the three males that had--

53:07.880 --> 53:12.020
doing the attack kept beating
him, and he first huddled up and

53:12.018 --> 53:16.428
then he lay flat on the ground
no longer even trying to escape.

53:16.429 --> 53:18.799
There were females in party,
at this point when he was not

53:18.802 --> 53:21.012
so much a danger anymore he was
pretty motionless,

53:21.010 --> 53:23.780
they joined in,
and the females then started

53:23.775 --> 53:24.735
dragging him.

53:24.739 --> 53:27.799
He was faintly squeaking as
they dragged him along the

53:27.795 --> 53:31.315
ground and in the dragging the
skin was torn from him and then

53:31.315 --> 53:34.655
they started biting him and
flaying off his skin with their

53:34.659 --> 53:37.209
teeth,
and then after he was

53:37.211 --> 53:40.131
sufficiently done they just
left.

53:40.130 --> 53:41.900
He actually lived for a few
months;

53:41.900 --> 53:46.350
his spine and his pelvis were
protruding from outside the

53:46.353 --> 53:46.913
skin.

53:46.909 --> 53:51.429
His scrotum had shrunk to one
fifth of its normal size.

53:51.429 --> 53:53.489
He died.

53:53.489 --> 53:55.129
A whole year passes.

53:55.130 --> 53:57.040
Five males attack Goliath.

53:57.039 --> 53:59.909
Goliath is the one we talked
about already,

53:59.909 --> 54:02.879
who by this time is an
extremely old male with teeth

54:02.876 --> 54:05.646
worn down to the gums,
so clearly not a threat to

54:05.650 --> 54:08.980
anybody,
he was too old to be a threat,

54:08.981 --> 54:11.271
and Jomio,
who had been his previous

54:11.268 --> 54:14.258
grooming partner,
and had been watched for six

54:14.262 --> 54:19.012
years - they were buddies - and
he's part of the attacking party

54:19.014 --> 54:23.094
and he attacks Goliath just like
any of the others.

54:23.090 --> 54:27.800
Goliath was beaten for 20
minutes and he tries to protect

54:27.800 --> 54:30.320
his head,
but eventually he's too beaten

54:30.322 --> 54:32.092
and just gives up and lies
still,

54:32.090 --> 54:35.960
and in this particular case the
adolescent males were along,

54:35.960 --> 54:37.390
and they watched this.

54:37.389 --> 54:40.119
They stay a safe distance away
but they're watching this and

54:40.117 --> 54:42.467
they get all very excited,
they hoot and holler,

54:42.472 --> 54:44.882
and jumping all around--
you've probably seen

54:44.880 --> 54:46.920
kids--human kids behave that
way.

54:46.920 --> 54:52.490
Then again, once Goliath was
pretty much immobilized they ran

54:52.487 --> 54:57.497
in and contributed their degree
of violence to this.

54:57.500 --> 55:00.870
Again, same story,
they didn't bother to kill him,

55:00.871 --> 55:03.281
they just went away,
but he died.

55:03.280 --> 55:07.280
This continues and one after
the other,

55:07.280 --> 55:10.450
and three years after the first
kill,

55:10.449 --> 55:16.139
the northern males caught Sniff
who was the last remaining

55:16.141 --> 55:17.741
southern male.

55:17.739 --> 55:20.279
Satan was one of the attackers,
you've heard Satan before,

55:20.282 --> 55:23.002
and he grabbed him by the neck
and sucked blood from his nose,

55:23.001 --> 55:25.661
he had been cut in the nose;
he sucked the blood.

55:25.659 --> 55:28.899
Two males grabbed one leg each
and dragged him down into a

55:28.900 --> 55:31.960
ravine and again the same thing,
they beat him up,

55:31.958 --> 55:34.788
they left him to die,
and he did indeed die.

55:34.789 --> 55:38.349
So Sniff was the last male in
the southern group.

55:38.349 --> 55:41.279
The females were also not
spared.

55:41.280 --> 55:46.080
Madame B who was a crippled
female, and her daughter Little

55:46.079 --> 55:50.409
B both were in estrus,
so both were sexually ready,

55:50.407 --> 55:53.277
sexually available,
but it didn't matter;

55:53.280 --> 55:55.890
they were attacked.

55:55.889 --> 55:59.159
They had a series of attacks on
the females over the course of a

55:59.164 --> 56:01.194
year,
and in the last attack,

56:01.190 --> 56:04.130
after she had stopped moving
completely,

56:04.130 --> 56:08.050
Jomio--it was observed Jomio,
the male we've seen,

56:08.050 --> 56:09.590
picked her up,
slams her down,

56:09.588 --> 56:12.268
stomps on her,
rolls her over and over along

56:12.271 --> 56:14.701
the slope,
and then he let her go.

56:14.699 --> 56:18.029
When she tried to get up
another male comes in and slams

56:18.025 --> 56:22.135
her to the ground again and beat
her again until she's senseless,

56:22.139 --> 56:25.429
and she dies five days after
this attack.

56:25.429 --> 56:30.089
Eventually the southern group
was totally wiped out.

56:30.090 --> 56:32.660
They saw some killing of the
juveniles,

56:32.659 --> 56:34.889
of the infants,
but they couldn't observe that

56:34.893 --> 56:38.023
all and the presumption is that
the infants that they didn't see

56:38.018 --> 56:40.798
actually being killed,
they lost their mothers,

56:40.802 --> 56:43.932
they couldn't survive so they
just died in the jungle

56:43.927 --> 56:44.707
somewhere.

56:44.710 --> 56:48.440
But no individual from the
southern group was ever seen

56:48.436 --> 56:48.986
again.

56:48.989 --> 56:52.729
What happens then?

56:52.730 --> 56:58.210
Now this northern group,
called the Kasakela Group,

56:58.213 --> 56:59.753
is dominant.

56:59.750 --> 57:02.370
They expand into the southern
territory;

57:02.369 --> 57:06.019
now they have sort of basically
twice the size territory and

57:06.019 --> 57:08.739
they sort of luxuriate in that
in some sense,

57:08.742 --> 57:10.662
and it lasts all of a year.

57:10.659 --> 57:13.649
Then they come in contact with
the next group to the south

57:13.652 --> 57:15.702
which is even stronger than they
are.

57:15.699 --> 57:20.689
They had nine--that community
had nine fully adult--fully

57:20.692 --> 57:22.032
mature males.

57:22.030 --> 57:26.090
In the next year that's--that
next southern group starts

57:26.092 --> 57:30.672
attacking what was the northern
group and almost destroys them,

57:30.670 --> 57:32.740
almost annihilates them.

57:32.739 --> 57:35.819
They're pushed out of their
newly won territory and even

57:35.822 --> 57:38.912
north of their 'pre-war
boundary' so they were worse off

57:38.905 --> 57:41.255
than they were before their two
wars,

57:41.260 --> 57:43.920
and in the meantime,
they were being pushed north

57:43.918 --> 57:47.128
but there was another strong
community in the north pushing

57:47.130 --> 57:49.350
south,
and it looked very bad for this

57:49.347 --> 57:49.707
group.

57:49.710 --> 57:52.250
Jane Goodall and her staff by
then,

57:52.250 --> 57:55.330
which had grown fairly large,
was worried they had spent 20

57:55.329 --> 57:57.879
years or 25 years studying these
individuals,

57:57.880 --> 58:00.340
had all their history,
it was the only group that they

58:00.342 --> 58:02.762
could really understand who the
individuals were,

58:02.760 --> 58:07.650
and it really looked like they
were just going to be wiped out.

58:07.650 --> 58:10.250
As it turned out,
they got lucky that just at the

58:10.246 --> 58:13.706
time when it looked like her
group was going to be wiped out,

58:13.710 --> 58:17.630
some of the adolescent males
turned fully mature and the

58:17.630 --> 58:20.340
balance of power was
re-established.

58:20.340 --> 58:24.050
When two groups are more or
less equally strong they don't

58:24.045 --> 58:25.275
engage in fights.

58:25.280 --> 58:29.300
These fights only happen when a
group from one community goes

58:29.302 --> 58:33.192
and finds a single individual
from the other community,

58:33.190 --> 58:36.550
and then they go and kill them,
or beat them up very badly.

58:36.550 --> 58:39.480
The group that's attacking
basically does not take any

58:39.481 --> 58:40.951
risks,
and in the course of these

58:40.954 --> 58:43.254
three years,
the northern group lost nobody

58:43.248 --> 58:45.958
and the southern group was
totally wiped out.

58:45.960 --> 58:49.610
They only engage in this
violence when they're sure to

58:49.606 --> 58:50.016
win.

58:50.018 --> 58:54.948
You can read about human
primitive warfare as it has very

58:54.954 --> 58:57.604
much this similar character.

58:57.599 --> 59:01.689
As soon as this group got
strong enough by the luck of

59:01.693 --> 59:04.863
adolescent males becoming fully
adult,

59:04.860 --> 59:08.710
what they then--the two groups
would meet at the boundary,

59:08.710 --> 59:12.260
they'd scream and yell at each
other and bang their chest and

59:12.255 --> 59:15.925
all this kind of stuff and--
but then they'd back off and

59:15.927 --> 59:21.517
retreat into their territory,
so Goodall's group was saved.

59:21.518 --> 59:24.438
Now the question comes up,
as I mentioned,

59:24.443 --> 59:28.443
does this have anything to do
with the banana feeding?

59:28.440 --> 59:32.960
Did somehow Jane Goodall's
treatment of these animal

59:32.963 --> 59:35.713
groups--
they saw a big group in the

59:35.711 --> 59:37.861
beginning,
maybe that wasn't a natural

59:37.860 --> 59:40.260
group, maybe it was two
different groups that came

59:40.259 --> 59:42.619
into--
that sort of joined for the

59:42.619 --> 59:46.679
purpose of getting bananas and
then they reverted to their

59:46.675 --> 59:50.085
prior hostility-- separateness
and hostility.

59:50.090 --> 59:52.730
There's no way to really know
that, and there are a whole lot

59:52.728 --> 59:54.878
of other hypothesis why this
couldn't be the case,

59:54.884 --> 59:55.944
that everybody knew.

59:55.940 --> 59:58.050
Jane Goodall had herself,
before she saw this war,

59:58.050 --> 1:00:01.210
published a lovely book saying
how peaceful chimps were,

1:00:01.210 --> 1:00:05.110
and there was all this popular
literature about how humans were

1:00:05.112 --> 1:00:06.122
rogue species.

1:00:06.119 --> 1:00:07.859
We're the only ones that kill
each other;

1:00:07.860 --> 1:00:09.450
we're the only ones that go to
war,

1:00:09.449 --> 1:00:12.389
and we're really bad and it's
modern civilization or

1:00:12.391 --> 1:00:14.391
capitalism,
or imperialism,

1:00:14.393 --> 1:00:19.173
or all these cultural things
that have made humans such a bad

1:00:19.170 --> 1:00:23.040
species because chimps,
who are our nearest relatives,

1:00:23.036 --> 1:00:24.406
were just so wonderful.

1:00:24.409 --> 1:00:29.129
People were thinking of all
kinds of reasons why what they

1:00:29.126 --> 1:00:30.696
saw was not true.

1:00:30.699 --> 1:00:32.699
Meanwhile the Japanese,
who were very,

1:00:32.702 --> 1:00:35.632
very strong in this field,
and again females are really

1:00:35.628 --> 1:00:38.948
almost dominant in this field;
they have the patience to go

1:00:38.952 --> 1:00:41.022
there and watch for such a long
time,

1:00:41.018 --> 1:00:45.448
but there's this--even in--both
in America and Japan,

1:00:45.449 --> 1:00:48.909
and England,
the female researchers are some

1:00:48.909 --> 1:00:50.439
of the very best.

1:00:50.440 --> 1:00:54.340
They again, they observed a
group--the Japanese were in a

1:00:54.338 --> 1:00:56.218
different part of Africa.

1:00:56.219 --> 1:01:00.489
For ten years nothing but
peace, then during the second

1:01:00.489 --> 1:01:02.719
decade,
so years ten to 20,

1:01:02.724 --> 1:01:06.304
all six adult males of the
smaller community--

1:01:06.300 --> 1:01:09.200
they also had several
communities--containing 22

1:01:09.197 --> 1:01:11.107
members, vanished one by one.

1:01:11.110 --> 1:01:13.590
Apparently due to the
aggression by males of the other

1:01:13.594 --> 1:01:16.314
two much larger neighboring
communities which were dominant

1:01:16.313 --> 1:01:20.513
because of their size,
size in the case meaning number

1:01:20.514 --> 1:01:22.034
of adult males.

1:01:22.030 --> 1:01:25.830
Now in this case they didn't
kill the females,

1:01:25.829 --> 1:01:30.219
but one after another the
females of the annihilated

1:01:30.224 --> 1:01:35.484
community transferred with their
offspring to the victorious M

1:01:35.481 --> 1:01:41.171
group and the M group also got
control of K group's territory.

1:01:41.170 --> 1:01:44.540
Now the exception to this
transfer of the females with the

1:01:44.539 --> 1:01:47.969
young is that the adolescent
males were not allowed to--

1:01:47.969 --> 1:01:51.489
did not transfer and probably
were not allowed to transfer,

1:01:51.489 --> 1:01:54.419
and they just basically stayed
in the old territory and wasted

1:01:54.420 --> 1:01:56.680
away and died without their
social community.

1:01:56.679 --> 1:02:00.969
All the adult males were dead,
and the females had transferred

1:02:00.974 --> 1:02:04.994
to other troops and they
apparently weren't allowed in.

1:02:04.989 --> 1:02:07.779
Now is this--just sort of
random violence,

1:02:07.780 --> 1:02:09.940
I mean it takes three years and
there are a fair number of

1:02:09.942 --> 1:02:12.012
attacks,
but it wasn't like every week

1:02:12.010 --> 1:02:14.730
they had another battle,
so it was sporadic.

1:02:14.730 --> 1:02:19.350
Is this just sort of casual
violence or was there some kind

1:02:19.347 --> 1:02:21.097
of planning in this?

1:02:21.099 --> 1:02:29.479
Let me cut to the chase here,
so usually chimps--there are

1:02:29.480 --> 1:02:37.420
many examples of this but we
only have time for one.

1:02:37.420 --> 1:02:39.660
Usually the chimpanzees,
when they sleep at night,

1:02:39.659 --> 1:02:42.049
the males will get together and
not like one tree and they

1:02:42.045 --> 1:02:43.655
next--
they make nests up in the

1:02:43.663 --> 1:02:46.643
trees, but within a reasonable
distance so they can call to

1:02:46.639 --> 1:02:48.779
each other,
and they call to each other

1:02:48.775 --> 1:02:51.805
before they go to sleep,
to know, 'where have you built

1:02:51.811 --> 1:02:53.361
a nest; where are we all.'

1:02:53.360 --> 1:02:56.570
They're usually fairly noisy
about that.

1:02:56.570 --> 1:03:00.270
One night, Mariko Hasegawa,
a Japanese woman scientist,

1:03:00.268 --> 1:03:04.108
was observing them and she
noticed and quite startlingly,

1:03:04.105 --> 1:03:06.155
there was no pant hooting.

1:03:06.159 --> 1:03:11.209
They weren't making any noise,
and she had never experienced

1:03:11.210 --> 1:03:12.410
that before.

1:03:12.409 --> 1:03:15.649
She was surprised,
and the next morning the troop

1:03:15.648 --> 1:03:19.088
got up and started attacking a
neighboring troop.

1:03:19.090 --> 1:03:22.400
They singled out a mother and
her infant and attacked and

1:03:22.402 --> 1:03:23.232
killed them.

1:03:23.230 --> 1:03:25.180
Why were they silent the
previous night,

1:03:25.184 --> 1:03:26.894
which she had never seen
before?

1:03:26.889 --> 1:03:29.949
It looks like not only each
individual was planning but it

1:03:29.954 --> 1:03:31.034
was a group thing.

1:03:31.030 --> 1:03:35.850
No one in the group was making
any noise, so this had somehow

1:03:35.851 --> 1:03:39.871
been decided as a group effort
the night before.

1:03:39.869 --> 1:03:42.839
When they're going to attack,
several males together will

1:03:42.840 --> 1:03:45.870
leave the core of their range
and travel clearly purposely

1:03:45.865 --> 1:03:49.045
toward the periphery rather than
just wandering around,

1:03:49.050 --> 1:03:51.860
and I'll tell you a little bit
about the wandering.

1:03:51.860 --> 1:03:56.830
It really has all the aspects
of being planned ahead and

1:03:56.831 --> 1:04:02.081
purposive and this is really
something that they planned to

1:04:02.077 --> 1:04:02.707
do.

1:04:02.710 --> 1:04:04.950
The purpose of this violence is
not at all clear.

1:04:04.949 --> 1:04:08.019
There's contending schools
about this.

1:04:08.018 --> 1:04:11.708
The most obvious one is they
get more territory and therefore

1:04:11.710 --> 1:04:13.740
they get more trees,
more food.

1:04:13.739 --> 1:04:17.969
They live largely on fruit and
largely figs,

1:04:17.969 --> 1:04:20.319
there's a lot of figs trees in
all jungles,

1:04:20.320 --> 1:04:23.780
and so they just wander around
and find a fruit tree and then

1:04:23.775 --> 1:04:27.055
depending on how much fruit
there is they either go up and

1:04:27.059 --> 1:04:30.689
eat themselves or they can call
over someone else and say,

1:04:30.690 --> 1:04:32.710
'Hey I found a good fruit tree.'

1:04:32.710 --> 1:04:36.040
Most of the time the chimps
have no problem finding food.

1:04:36.039 --> 1:04:41.789
Jane Goodall had one of her
workers follow an adult male for

1:04:41.788 --> 1:04:43.658
50 days--
never out of sight,

1:04:43.664 --> 1:04:45.234
and one of the things they
noticed,

1:04:45.230 --> 1:04:47.510
did he ever go looking for food?

1:04:47.510 --> 1:04:49.890
In this 50 days,
never did he try to hunt food.

1:04:49.889 --> 1:04:53.029
He would just sort of wander
through the jungle,

1:04:53.030 --> 1:04:56.060
and every so often his foot
would step on a rotting fruit

1:04:56.061 --> 1:04:58.501
and squish,
and he would notice it and look

1:04:58.503 --> 1:05:00.573
up and there's a tree full of
fruit,

1:05:00.570 --> 1:05:04.370
and climb up and eat and maybe
call over some others.

1:05:04.369 --> 1:05:10.419
She was definitely of the
impression that food is not a

1:05:10.416 --> 1:05:13.436
limiting factor for that.

1:05:13.440 --> 1:05:15.580
Later, Ann Pusey,
another scientist,

1:05:15.583 --> 1:05:18.533
came to the opposite
conclusion, that she noticed

1:05:18.525 --> 1:05:22.135
there's some sort of dominance
hierarchy among females.

1:05:22.139 --> 1:05:25.139
Those females would have more
fruity trees and where they

1:05:25.143 --> 1:05:27.473
ranged,
do better reproductively,

1:05:27.465 --> 1:05:30.285
and Richard Wrangham,
who you'll read some of his

1:05:30.288 --> 1:05:32.468
stuff, he's a food man so
there's a whole group--

1:05:32.469 --> 1:05:37.259
I'm not wildly convinced by the
evidence but I'm not in the

1:05:37.259 --> 1:05:37.919
field.

1:05:37.920 --> 1:05:42.640
There's a big thought that food
limitation is important.

1:05:42.639 --> 1:05:45.429
For instance,
the difference between Bonobos

1:05:45.425 --> 1:05:49.505
and chimps has been ascribed to
food density and the size of the

1:05:49.505 --> 1:05:51.185
parties, and so forth.

1:05:51.190 --> 1:05:55.390
One the problems with the food
idea is that they have fairly

1:05:55.385 --> 1:05:57.655
large territories,
and the young,

1:05:57.663 --> 1:06:01.223
healthy adults can basically
always find food.

1:06:01.219 --> 1:06:03.019
They never seem to starve to
death.

1:06:03.018 --> 1:06:06.928
It's the older individuals who
are quite sick and not so motile

1:06:06.929 --> 1:06:09.579
that seem to have trouble
finding food,

1:06:09.579 --> 1:06:12.649
and they can get in trouble in
the dry season when there's a

1:06:12.646 --> 1:06:13.526
lot less fruit.

1:06:13.530 --> 1:06:16.200
They're probably too weak
to--even when they have

1:06:16.204 --> 1:06:19.194
Territory A,
they're too weak to even--they

1:06:19.193 --> 1:06:21.853
just can barely search Territory
A,

1:06:21.849 --> 1:06:23.539
and if you give them twice as
big a territory,

1:06:23.539 --> 1:06:28.259
it may not do them any good
because they just don't have the

1:06:28.260 --> 1:06:30.260
energy to go search it.

1:06:30.260 --> 1:06:36.170
I think the field is moving
toward the idea that food is the

1:06:36.166 --> 1:06:37.966
important thing.

1:06:37.969 --> 1:06:41.789
The evidence that I've seen
doesn't convince me yet,

1:06:41.786 --> 1:06:45.526
but again, I'm not an expert in
this whatsoever.

1:06:45.530 --> 1:06:47.990
The other purpose of course is
to acquire females.

1:06:47.989 --> 1:06:50.899
I've been going on and on about
how rare an egg is,

1:06:50.900 --> 1:06:53.860
and so you'd think that's the
obvious reason,

1:06:53.860 --> 1:06:56.570
but then you watch them go and
they kill the females,

1:06:56.570 --> 1:06:59.360
even the females in estrus,
so that doesn't make a lot of

1:06:59.360 --> 1:06:59.760
sense.

1:06:59.760 --> 1:07:02.870
Although in the Japanese group,
sometimes the females do

1:07:02.867 --> 1:07:03.487
transfer.

1:07:03.489 --> 1:07:05.819
The story there is quite
interesting,

1:07:05.820 --> 1:07:10.190
because as you know,
small groups of individuals,

1:07:10.190 --> 1:07:12.710
if they interbreed,
if the group was sealed,

1:07:12.710 --> 1:07:15.530
if the males are sealed and
they stay together in this one

1:07:15.525 --> 1:07:18.275
community like forever,
generation after generation--if

1:07:18.275 --> 1:07:20.975
the females also stayed there,
it would be an inbreeding group.

1:07:20.980 --> 1:07:24.160
Inbreeding gives big genetic
problems,

1:07:24.159 --> 1:07:28.449
so all species have to have
some mechanism of gene flow,

1:07:28.449 --> 1:07:31.359
and they have to get genes in
from the outside and/or send

1:07:31.360 --> 1:07:32.280
their genes out.

1:07:32.280 --> 1:07:35.720
It turns out that in
chimpanzees the females have

1:07:35.717 --> 1:07:40.227
access to other troops and they
go out and have intercourse when

1:07:40.231 --> 1:07:41.451
they're away.

1:07:41.449 --> 1:07:44.809
Exactly how this is done
because the males watch them

1:07:44.809 --> 1:07:48.679
when they come into estrus--they
must disappear before coming

1:07:48.684 --> 1:07:51.144
into estrus and have it out
there.

1:07:51.139 --> 1:07:53.879
It's not really known,
but now they can do the

1:07:53.878 --> 1:07:57.528
genetics and again something
like half of the babies are born

1:07:57.530 --> 1:08:00.820
with fathers that are not from
the troop where they are

1:08:00.815 --> 1:08:03.495
resident,
and very often the adolescent

1:08:03.501 --> 1:08:06.221
females will just transfer
troops altogether.

1:08:06.219 --> 1:08:08.909
It's very interesting,
when a female tries to

1:08:08.907 --> 1:08:12.447
transfer, go into another group,
if she's never had a young

1:08:12.452 --> 1:08:14.472
she's almost always accepted.

1:08:14.469 --> 1:08:16.709
If she's had a young,
if she's not--

1:08:16.710 --> 1:08:20.820
if she's already really in this
group because she's had a

1:08:20.819 --> 1:08:22.749
young--
very often attacked or even

1:08:22.747 --> 1:08:24.257
killed,
or kicked out,

1:08:24.260 --> 1:08:28.930
so there's something for some
reason that's not understood at

1:08:28.934 --> 1:08:29.484
all.

1:08:29.479 --> 1:08:34.619
A virgin female basically is
much more acceptable for

1:08:34.622 --> 1:08:39.572
transfer then an older female
and that's not really

1:08:39.565 --> 1:08:41.045
understood.

1:08:41.050 --> 1:08:46.590
That means since the females
are going to move around anyway,

1:08:46.590 --> 1:08:49.350
and biologically and socially
it has to be that way,

1:08:49.350 --> 1:08:52.910
it doesn't make a lot of sense
that they're doing this for--

1:08:52.909 --> 1:08:56.859
to get extra females.

1:08:56.859 --> 1:09:02.419
There's a lot of unknowns here.

1:09:02.420 --> 1:09:06.930
Let me summarize this by--the
summary of the chimpanzee social

1:09:06.925 --> 1:09:07.585
system.

1:09:07.590 --> 1:09:11.880
The--come back to the question,
why do the males--why does the

1:09:11.876 --> 1:09:15.176
Alpha male not dominate totally
to sexuality?

1:09:15.180 --> 1:09:17.310
The reason is that these groups
fight each other.

1:09:17.310 --> 1:09:20.150
A lot of--we don't really know
the reason why they fight but

1:09:20.145 --> 1:09:23.025
they fight each other and the
winner is always the group--

1:09:23.029 --> 1:09:27.169
so far--always the group that
has the most adult males and the

1:09:27.167 --> 1:09:30.627
group that is the attacking
group basically takes no

1:09:30.627 --> 1:09:34.367
casualties whatsoever,
so having a lot of adult males

1:09:34.369 --> 1:09:35.579
is very important.

1:09:35.578 --> 1:09:39.038
If an Alpha male got so
aggressive that he kicked out

1:09:39.037 --> 1:09:42.027
all the other males,
he wouldn't last long.

1:09:42.029 --> 1:09:44.939
The other communities would
come in and annihilate him.

1:09:44.939 --> 1:09:48.439
Because of this fighting
between the communities,

1:09:48.439 --> 1:09:52.189
the males have to stay
together, and once the males

1:09:52.185 --> 1:09:56.675
have to stay together that means
they're going to compete for

1:09:56.680 --> 1:09:57.580
females.

1:09:57.578 --> 1:10:02.358
If the competition was such
that only the Alpha reproduced,

1:10:02.359 --> 1:10:06.049
then evolution would push all
the other males into some other

1:10:06.051 --> 1:10:09.241
strategy,
as we've seen the big and the

1:10:09.235 --> 1:10:12.185
small orangutans,
and you're going to read about

1:10:12.189 --> 1:10:13.899
a whole variety of sexual
strategies.

1:10:13.899 --> 1:10:17.409
You think there's heterosexual
and homosexual.

1:10:17.408 --> 1:10:19.108
No, there's lots of different
versions which you will read

1:10:19.110 --> 1:10:19.350
about.

1:10:19.350 --> 1:10:22.480
Evolution would push the other
males to fight all the time --

1:10:22.479 --> 1:10:25.729
if they were not reproducing
they would then be pushed by

1:10:25.729 --> 1:10:29.209
evolution to either fight all
the time with the Alpha male or

1:10:29.211 --> 1:10:32.811
go away and try to start their
own troop, or do something.

1:10:32.810 --> 1:10:35.120
That it's not a stable
situation when only one

1:10:35.115 --> 1:10:37.725
individual can reproduce and
everyone else can't.

1:10:37.729 --> 1:10:41.359
The males have to compete with
each other, all the males have

1:10:41.358 --> 1:10:44.018
to have some chance of fathering
children.

1:10:44.020 --> 1:10:46.980
This also has many subsidiary
advantages,

1:10:46.979 --> 1:10:50.109
so every male thinks he could
be the father of any of the

1:10:50.109 --> 1:10:53.029
young in the troop,
so they're all very protective.

1:10:53.029 --> 1:10:57.359
Once it was seen that a mother
was coming back into estrus and

1:10:57.359 --> 1:11:01.519
becoming sexually interested,
the Alpha male who was with her

1:11:01.524 --> 1:11:03.974
was about to start copulating
with her.

1:11:03.970 --> 1:11:07.280
Her young, who did not want
to--evolutionarily generally

1:11:07.283 --> 1:11:09.863
doesn't want a brother,
because he wants all the

1:11:09.858 --> 1:11:11.538
resources and attention of the
mother,

1:11:11.538 --> 1:11:14.688
he gets in between them,
and starts fighting,

1:11:14.689 --> 1:11:17.309
and in fact he bites the
scrotum of the Alpha male,

1:11:17.310 --> 1:11:19.810
this little tyke.

1:11:19.810 --> 1:11:21.920
It really clearly is sub--not
even adolescent yet.

1:11:21.920 --> 1:11:24.780
What does the Alpha male do?

1:11:24.779 --> 1:11:28.319
He stops, looks at him,
bends down, very gently picks

1:11:28.317 --> 1:11:31.237
him up, takes him over here,
plops him down,

1:11:31.242 --> 1:11:33.422
and goes back to the mother.

1:11:33.420 --> 1:11:36.020
Because even though when that
infant was born,

1:11:36.020 --> 1:11:38.860
that Alpha male was not the
Alpha, so it's probably someone

1:11:38.859 --> 1:11:41.099
else's--
it might have been his,

1:11:41.096 --> 1:11:45.046
so this uncertainty of
paternity is what the male--

1:11:45.050 --> 1:11:50.370
all the males protect all of
the young.

1:11:50.368 --> 1:11:52.708
Because there's males,
the males fight for this

1:11:52.707 --> 1:11:56.137
dominance,
the males get bigger than the

1:11:56.136 --> 1:11:59.646
females,
and then they can coerce the

1:11:59.645 --> 1:12:02.645
females,
and so I think--and that's why

1:12:02.654 --> 1:12:05.854
you see all this --
not only male on male violence

1:12:05.845 --> 1:12:09.375
but male on female violence,
so I think the story does in

1:12:09.375 --> 1:12:13.075
the end fit back together,
but the driving force seems to

1:12:13.082 --> 1:12:16.572
be the fight between the
different groups of males,

1:12:16.569 --> 1:12:18.029
which require males.

1:12:18.029 --> 1:12:22.879
They've got to evolve a social
situation in which a lot of

1:12:22.881 --> 1:12:27.311
males competing with each other
can hang together.

1:12:27.310 --> 1:12:30.010
It's an interesting thing,
that it's because the battles

1:12:30.006 --> 1:12:31.866
between the males are not
decisive--

1:12:31.868 --> 1:12:35.068
the Alpha doesn't kill the
other--it's because the battles

1:12:35.067 --> 1:12:38.037
between the males are not
decisive that the males then

1:12:38.041 --> 1:12:40.791
turn on the females to do
violence with them.

1:12:40.788 --> 1:12:44.808
Next time we will start on
humans and we will describe

1:12:44.806 --> 1:12:49.126
humans, and you will make up
your own minds on how much of

1:12:49.128 --> 1:12:52.008
this is relevant to humans or
not.

1:12:52.010 --> 1:12:53.250
See you on Tuesday.

1:12:53.250 --> 1:12:59.000