WEBVTT

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Prof: Last time we
talked about a number of

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monuments that were connected to
one another geographically and

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also chronologically,
and were also made out of the

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same material:
concrete faced with opus

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incertum.

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I remind you of three of those
today: of the Sanctuary of

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Jupiter Anxur at Terracina;
of the Sanctuary of Hercules

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Victor at Tivoli,
in the center;

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and then on the right the
Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia

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at Palestrina.

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We're going to do something
entirely different today.

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We're going to look at a single
city,

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one city, in all its aspects:
its public and private

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architecture,
its civic, commercial,

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and religious buildings.

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We can't do this sort of thing
very often,

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because too few Roman cities
are either well preserved enough

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or well-excavated enough to
allow such an overview.

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But this is no ordinary city.

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This is a very special city.

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The city we will be
concentrating on today is

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Pompeii.

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Pompeii was located in an area
of Italy called Campania.

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It was located near Naples;
it was located near the

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Mediterranean Sea.

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It was a small resort town in
the late first century B.C.

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and into the first century A.D.

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And you can see it on this map
here, and it's right here.

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You can see that this area of
Campania is obviously south of

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Rome.

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It is along,
again, the Mediterranean Sea.

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And you can see Pompeii here
also,

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with its sister city of
Herculaneum,

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and some of the other
well-known cities from this

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area: Boscoreale,
Oplontis, for example,

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and Naples itself,
ancient Neapolis.

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You can see this cluster of
these cities that make up

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Campania.

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This was an area--the town
itself again was a small resort

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town.

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It was a town that obviously
had its own population of people

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who made their money largely
from commerce,

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because they were located so
close to the sea.

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But it was also a spot that was
highly favored by the glitterati

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of Rome,
who used to come down to this

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area of Rome,
not only to go to Pompeii

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itself, but to establish villas,
to build villas in the vicinity

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of Pompeii.

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And we have imperial villas at
places like Oplontis and at a

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place called Boscotrecase that
is located here as well,

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and along what is now the
Amalfi Coast and on the island

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of Capri.

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So this was a town again that
was noticed and was visited,

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even by the most elite in the
city of Rome,

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in the capital city of Rome
itself.

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But what's very important for
us, from the outset,

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is to recognize that although
Pompeii,

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as we know it today,
was essentially a Roman city,

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it had a history that was much
longer than that,

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that went back much further
than that.

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And I'd like to go over some of
the major highlights of the

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history of Pompeii,
because they will situate us

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and will help us to understand
the city's architecture.

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The history of Pompeii,
as I noted, is much longer than

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the history of Roman Pompeii.

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It goes back as far as Rome
itself.

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It goes back to the eighth
century B.C.--the same Iron Age

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period--when Romulus was
founding the city of Rome.

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Pompeii goes back that far as
well.

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It was first overseen by an
Italic tribe called the Oscans,

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but the Oscans were soon taken
over by an even more powerful

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tribe called the Samnites.

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And the Samnites are in fact
extremely important for the city

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of Pompeii and for the
architecture that we'll review

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today.

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The Samnite period in Pompeii
lasted from the fourth through

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the third and even into the
second centuries B.C.,

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up to 80 B.C.,
because it was in 89 that

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Pompeii fell to Rome.

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We've talked about Rome
colonizing this particular part

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of Italy --
not only the area right around

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it,
but the area south of it -- and

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Pompeii fell to Rome in an
important military campaign in

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89 B.C.

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And in 80 B.C.

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Sulla made Pompeii a Roman
colony.

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What happened thereafter was
the Samnites,

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who had built homes for
themselves and public buildings

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that we'll study here,
the Samnites were essentially

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thrown out of their homes.

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Their property was confiscated,
and that property was given

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instead to the Roman veterans.

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We've talked about the fact
that that was the way the Romans

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operated.

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They paid back their veterans
for loyal service by giving them

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land, and they usually gave them
land of those that they had

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conquered.

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So that happens here as well;
Samnite property confiscated,

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and the Roman veterans settle
in their homes and begin to redo

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them,
settle into using their public

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buildings but begin to remake
them in the Roman image.

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The next century and a half saw
the construction of Pompeii's

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most famous buildings,
but we should not forget,

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and we'll concentrate in part
on that today,

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that some of these buildings
had their genesis under the

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Samnites.

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During this period there was a
very high civilization in

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Pompeii.

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There was trade with Greek
cities and especially with the

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Greek city of Neapolis,
Neapolis being the ancient name

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for Naples.

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The next very important year in
the history of Pompeii was the

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year A.D.

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62, when the city was
literally-- the city of Pompeii

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was literally shaken to its
foundations by a very

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significant earthquake--
a very significant earthquake

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indeed.

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And to give you some sense of
that earthquake,

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I show you a frieze that
encircles a shrine that was

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located in the house,
or that was commissioned for

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the house,
as decoration and as a place to

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place the household gods that
the owner and his family

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worshipped.

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The shrine had a frieze around
it.

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The man himself,
by the way, was named Lucius

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Caecilius Iucundus.

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And we're very lucky--you don't
have to remember his name,

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but Lucius Caecilius
Iucundus--and Iucundus,

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fortunately we have a portrait
preserved of Iucundus.

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So we can get a good sense of
what he looked like,

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literally warts and all,
because you can see that he had

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a huge wart on the lower left
side of his face.

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And he was willing to have
himself memorialized,

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and here we are sitting and
looking at him today in this

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classroom in New Haven,
as he was really was,

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with this large wart on the
lower left side of his face.

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But a wonderful portrait of
Iucundus,

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the owner of this particular
house,

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who was obviously so struck,
and probably so effected in his

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own life by the earthquake,
that he decided to have a

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relief commissioned that would
depict the event of 62 A.D.

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And you see exactly -- you see
what is happening here.

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You can see,
in fact, the great Temple of

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Jupiter, the Capitolium of
Pompeii, which we'll talk about

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today, literally collapsing.

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And you can see that in front
of that temple were two tall

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bases with equestrian statues
honoring important people of the

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city.

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Those look also like they are
shaking in their boots,

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so to speak,
and about to fall over.

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If you look down here,
you see the city wall.

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And note, your ashlar masonry,
your opus quadratum,

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and the use of headers and
stretchers in this wall,

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the wall of the city of
Pompeii.

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But you can see the gate is not
doing too well;

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it also seems to be tottering
and about to fall down.

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So this is a graphic depiction
of what happened then,

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and you can--it gives you some
sense of the significance of

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this for the people of Pompeii.

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Now at the end of this,
like in so many natural

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disasters--obviously these
people loved living where they

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did;
it's a beautiful part of the

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world--
and they essentially stood up

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and dusted themselves off and
began to remake their city,

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to restore their city to what
it was.

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And we have,
from this point on,

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from 62 on,
almost immediately seventeen

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years of frenzied building
activity in which the Pompeians

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tried to bring their city back
from the dead,

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so to speak,
to bring it back to what it had

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once been.

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But you know the punch line
here, you know the end of the

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story.

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You know that all of this work,
all of this seventeen years of

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hard work was all for naught,
because on that fateful day of

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August 24^(th) in 79 A.D.

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the long dormant volcano of
Vesuvius--

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which you see looming up behind
the Temple of Jupiter in Pompeii

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today--
the long dormant volcano of

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Vesuvius erupted,
covering the city of Pompeii

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and all of its sister cities in
a mass,

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or in a blanket of ash and lava.

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Covering it forever?

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Well not quite forever;
almost forever.

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Because as you also know,
the city was rediscovered in

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the eighteenth century,
and when it was rediscovered

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what happened there first was a
period of treasure hunting.

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Well-to-do individuals,
primarily from Europe,

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made a beeline for Pompeii,
once it was rediscovered,

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and began to build their own
personal collections of art from

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what lay around.

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They took jewelry;
they took metal items,

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precious metal items.

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They even did the unspeakable
by cutting portrait paintings

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and other paintings out of the
walls and taking them back to

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decorate their own palaces and
villas in other parts of the

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world.

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That went on for a while,
but fortunately not too long.

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The archaeologists gained the
upper hand and we begin to see

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not long after that a period of
scientific excavation.

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And I show you two images here,
which show that scientific

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excavation, which show some of
the houses of Pompeii being

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revealed by archaeologists.

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And, of course,
it was all--the good work that

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they have done,
and work continues apace at

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Pompeii excavations still go on
in parts of the city,

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that have allowed most of the
city,

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as far as we can tell,
to be revealed to us today.

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Now this tragedy that befell
Pompeii, in August of 79,

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was indeed a tragedy for them,
for the people who lived there

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obviously.

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It was also a tragedy for the
reigning emperor,

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a man by the name of Titus,
T-i-t-u-s, who's honored in the

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famous Arch of Titus in Rome.

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We'll talk about him and his
architecture in Rome later in

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the semester.

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But it was a disaster for him,
and he had to contend with a

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plague and a fire in Rome also
at the same time.

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It was very difficult for him,
and poor man,

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even though he was quite young,
died of natural causes after

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only three years in office.

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And I think it was in part this
catastrophe that had happened,

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in the Bay of Naples area,
that led in part to his--

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the stress of it led in part to
his demise.

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So this was a great tragedy for
him, a great tragedy for the

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people of Pompeii,
a great tragedy for Rome.

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But it was a stroke of good
luck for archaeologists,

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and in a sense for us as well,
because of course what happened

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to Pompeii is something very
different than what happened to

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Rome.

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What happened to Pompeii is
that it was--its life was

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snuffed out all at once,
it came to an end all at once.

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Compare this to Rome,
which has been inhabited over

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millennia.

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In Rome buildings have been
redone, rethought,

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remade over time.

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That never happened in Pompeii
because Pompeii again died

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essentially in August of 79,
and everything that was there

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was preserved,
just as it was,

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and that's how it was
discovered when it was excavated

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in the mid-eighteenth century,
as it had been -- exactly how

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it had been,
on that day in August in 79.

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This is extremely important.

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It's one of our only really
fixed chronological dates,

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and it provides us with an
incredible laboratory of

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material.

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Because, again,
everything--nothing is changed

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from the time that it was left
there, except for what the

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treasure hunters removed.

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But for the most part nothing
has changed, and we can study it

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as it was.

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The other thing that you must
remember from the outset,

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that although what was revealed
by excavators in the eighteenth

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century,
nineteenth century and beyond

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even today,
was not just the--it was the

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Pompeii of August 79.

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But the buildings that stood
there were not just the

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buildings that had been
renovated between the earthquake

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of 62 and the eruption of
Vesuvius of 79,

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but some of the very earliest
buildings,

13:48.100 --> 13:51.710
including the Samnite
structures, still stood.

13:51.710 --> 13:55.190
And so when we look back we
will be able to trace,

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in a sense, the city of Pompeii
and its architecture,

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from the time of the Samnites
up until the time of the emperor

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Titus.

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I want to begin with a plan of
the city of Pompeii,

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and you see it here.

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And the plan that I show you is
a plan of the city as it was in

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A.D.

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79.

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We see all of the buildings at
that juncture.

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We see that the shape of the
city is essentially an irregular

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rectangle,
and we also can see very well

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that the city is surrounded by a
wall,

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a protective wall,
as were--so it was walled like

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all the other cities that we've
talked about thus far this term.

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You can see some of the major
buildings very clearly:

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the amphitheater that we'll
talk about today,

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the theater and the music hall
over here.

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You can see the streets of the
city,

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the cardo or north-south
street,

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and the decumanus,
or east-west street of the

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city,
as well as the fairly regular

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blocks where the houses and the
shops were located.

14:58.600 --> 15:02.590
What is important to note,
however, is that the Samnite

15:02.590 --> 15:06.580
city was obviously much smaller
than the city of 79.

15:06.580 --> 15:09.230
And to recapture a sense of the
Samnite city,

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we have to look at the bottom
left side of this plan,

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where we see the original
Samnite city,

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which seems to have been
roughly a fairly regular square.

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And in that Samnite city,
the Romans--

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and they followed Roman
surveying methodology here--

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they looked to what was exactly
the center of the city and they

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placed the cardo,
the north-south street,

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and the decumanus,
the east-west street,

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at that exact mid-point of the
city.

15:40.370 --> 15:42.510
And then they located,
as they liked to do,

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the forum of the city,
the great meeting and

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marketplace,
right at the intersection of

15:47.683 --> 15:50.653
the cardo and of the
decumanus.

15:50.649 --> 15:54.129
And that is exactly where we
see the forum that was begun in

15:54.134 --> 15:56.914
the Samnite period,
right at the intersection of

15:56.908 --> 15:58.738
those two original streets.

15:58.740 --> 16:01.800
Then over time,
obviously, as they expanded the

16:01.798 --> 16:05.788
city, the cardo grew and
the decumanus grew.

16:05.788 --> 16:11.768
And it didn't end up exactly at
the center of the larger city,

16:11.765 --> 16:16.465
but it was at the center of the
original city.

16:16.470 --> 16:18.860
Let's begin,
in fact, with the Forum,

16:18.863 --> 16:22.593
because the Forum was begun
itself during the time of the

16:22.585 --> 16:23.445
Samnites.

16:23.450 --> 16:26.920
You'll see from your Monument
List that I've given you a date

16:26.921 --> 16:29.641
of the second half of the second
century B.C.

16:29.639 --> 16:34.469
for the Forum at Pompeii,
and again that indicates to us,

16:34.470 --> 16:36.560
because of the chronology of
the city,

16:36.558 --> 16:40.048
of the history of the city,
that it was begun in Samnite

16:40.052 --> 16:40.562
times.

16:40.558 --> 16:44.578
You see here on the screen an
excellent plan of the Forum,

16:44.580 --> 16:48.670
as it was and as it grew over
time, as buildings were added

16:48.672 --> 16:49.662
over time.

16:49.658 --> 16:54.958
This plan is from one of your
textbooks, from Ward-Perkins,

16:54.956 --> 16:58.606
and I think it deserves careful
study.

16:58.610 --> 17:01.750
Let's describe it together
today.

17:01.750 --> 17:05.330
We see that the central part of
the Forum,

17:05.328 --> 17:08.838
which was again essentially the
main meeting and marketplace of

17:08.835 --> 17:13.125
the forum,
is a very elongated rectangle,

17:13.130 --> 17:16.100
with a temple,
a Capitolium,

17:16.096 --> 17:19.946
a Temple to Jupiter,
located on one of the short

17:19.952 --> 17:20.612
ends.

17:20.608 --> 17:24.008
And you should be
immediately--your mind's eye

17:24.008 --> 17:28.308
should go immediately to the
sanctuary designs that we saw

17:28.311 --> 17:29.371
last time.

17:29.368 --> 17:32.298
Think, for example,
of the Sanctuary of Hercules

17:32.295 --> 17:35.975
Victor at Tivoli,
where we saw that the temple

17:35.983 --> 17:40.003
was pushed up against one of the
back walls--

17:40.000 --> 17:42.290
in that case the long wall--and
dominated the space in front of

17:42.294 --> 17:42.484
it.

17:42.480 --> 17:45.030
We see the same kind of scheme
here,

17:45.029 --> 17:48.649
where we see this rectangular
space with the temple pushed

17:48.648 --> 17:50.118
up--
in this case on one of the

17:50.122 --> 17:52.562
short walls--
pushed up against the back wall

17:52.560 --> 17:55.310
and then dominating the space in
front of it.

17:55.308 --> 18:00.228
The Forum itself is surrounded
by columns, a colonnade,

18:00.228 --> 18:04.418
as you can see here,
and it is open to the sky,

18:04.417 --> 18:06.237
open to the sky.

18:06.240 --> 18:10.530
Then deployed around it all the
other important buildings that

18:10.528 --> 18:14.038
needed to be in a forum:
the curia or Senate

18:14.042 --> 18:18.242
House, over here;
the basilica or law court over

18:18.236 --> 18:19.756
here;
another temple,

18:19.762 --> 18:22.062
in this case the Temple of
Apollo;

18:22.058 --> 18:24.898
and then a series of buildings
that were added later,

18:24.897 --> 18:25.987
on the right side.

18:25.990 --> 18:28.700
A wonderful building of a
woman, that we're not going to

18:28.702 --> 18:32.042
be talking about this semester,
called Eumachia--and it gives

18:32.040 --> 18:34.620
you some sense that women could
wield power.

18:34.619 --> 18:36.019
It wasn't easy.

18:36.019 --> 18:37.869
They couldn't vote and they
couldn't hold public office,

18:37.868 --> 18:39.688
but they could sometimes wield
power,

18:39.690 --> 18:41.980
and this particular woman did,
in Pompeii --

18:41.980 --> 18:46.830
a very large building that was
for her and for her trade guild.

18:46.828 --> 18:49.528
A lararium or a place,
a shrine;

18:49.529 --> 18:51.959
a market or macellum up
there.

18:51.960 --> 18:53.860
Some of these added later.

18:53.858 --> 18:56.738
But the ones that are
particularly critical to our

18:56.742 --> 19:00.222
understanding of the Samnite
city are the Capitolium and the

19:00.215 --> 19:04.645
Basilica,
which both date to the second

19:04.651 --> 19:06.271
century B.C.

19:06.269 --> 19:10.519
Here's a view of--oh I'm sorry,
I did want to say something

19:10.519 --> 19:13.669
about the Google Earth image on
the left.

19:13.670 --> 19:17.460
This is a Google Earth image,
which I tried to take in such a

19:17.461 --> 19:20.941
way that one can see it,
almost exactly the same vantage

19:20.939 --> 19:22.329
point as the plan.

19:22.328 --> 19:25.468
And you can see everything here
that I've already pointed out:

19:25.467 --> 19:27.797
the open rectangular space,
the colonnade,

19:27.803 --> 19:30.413
the temple pushed up against
the back wall --

19:30.410 --> 19:32.650
the Temple of Jupiter,
the Basilica over here,

19:32.650 --> 19:35.590
the Temple of Apollo,
Eumachia's building here,

19:35.588 --> 19:39.748
the Senate House over here,
and so on.

19:39.750 --> 19:43.850
And this again underscores the
value of Google Earth,

19:43.846 --> 19:48.486
as one can look down on these
buildings and compare what one

19:48.493 --> 19:50.703
sees to the master plan.

19:50.700 --> 19:52.610
This is a view of the colonnade.

19:52.608 --> 19:56.608
It's a two-story colonnade at
the Forum of Pompeii,

19:56.608 --> 19:59.988
and you can see the same thing
that we saw happening in the

19:59.986 --> 20:03.256
Theater of Marcellus in Rome,
that the columns that they have

20:03.263 --> 20:05.573
used --
they have looked at the Greek

20:05.567 --> 20:07.357
orders,
the Doric, Ionic,

20:07.361 --> 20:11.631
and Corinthian -- and they have
selected here to use the Doric

20:11.634 --> 20:15.704
for the first story and the
Ionic for the second story.

20:15.700 --> 20:18.550
This colonnade does not date to
the Samnite period.

20:18.548 --> 20:20.938
We believe that it was put up
later,

20:20.940 --> 20:24.310
but it's made out of white
limestone,

20:24.308 --> 20:28.588
and it probably again does
belong to a renovation of the

20:28.590 --> 20:31.160
Forum of a somewhat later date.

20:31.160 --> 20:36.270
Look also near the columns and
you will see a series of bases:

20:36.273 --> 20:40.553
a large base over here,
a smaller base over here.

20:40.548 --> 20:42.958
You see a lot of these still in
the Forum today.

20:42.960 --> 20:45.140
And what these bases were for,
of course,

20:45.140 --> 20:47.790
were to support statues,
statues, and then there

20:47.787 --> 20:51.447
would've been inscription on the
base identifying who that was.

20:51.450 --> 20:56.110
Sometimes they were statues of
the reigning dynast in Rome--

20:56.108 --> 20:58.268
in the age of Augustus,
it might be Augustus,

20:58.269 --> 21:02.609
or his wife Livia--but they
also honored the most important

21:02.607 --> 21:06.047
people of the city of Pompeii:
magistrates,

21:06.049 --> 21:07.649
great benefactors.

21:07.650 --> 21:11.930
Eumachia we know had a portrait
inside her own building honoring

21:11.928 --> 21:14.778
her, standing next to the
empress Livia.

21:14.778 --> 21:18.618
So that's--you have to imagine
that while the Forum is quite

21:18.615 --> 21:21.165
empty today,
that in antiquity there would

21:21.171 --> 21:24.171
have been all of these bases
with equestrian statues and

21:24.171 --> 21:27.301
full-length statues,
vying with one another for

21:27.298 --> 21:30.188
attention --
the individuals honored there

21:30.188 --> 21:33.738
sort of jostling with one
another to underscore their

21:33.736 --> 21:37.456
fame,
at least within their own city.

21:37.460 --> 21:41.200
This is a view of the Temple of
Jupiter, or the Capitolium,

21:41.202 --> 21:44.702
in the Forum of Pompeii;
an extremely important

21:44.696 --> 21:49.396
building, and one that you can
see from the Monument List,

21:49.404 --> 21:54.034
also what began to be put up
quite early, in 150 B.C.

21:54.029 --> 21:58.429
But its triple cella,
honoring the Capitoline Triad,

21:58.430 --> 22:01.920
Jupiter, Juno and Minerva,
was, it won't surprise you to

22:01.922 --> 22:04.642
hear,
put up only after the Romans

22:04.643 --> 22:10.143
made Pompeii a colony,
and that happened in 80 B.C.

22:10.140 --> 22:13.410
So you'll see that I've given
you a date of 150 for the

22:13.407 --> 22:14.677
temple, but 80 B.C.

22:14.680 --> 22:19.850
for the renovation of the cella
to incorporate these three

22:19.848 --> 22:23.928
spaces for statues of the
Capitoline Triad.

22:23.930 --> 22:25.550
Let's look at the plan first.

22:25.548 --> 22:27.138
You see it down here at the
bottom --

22:27.140 --> 22:30.830


22:30.828 --> 22:32.118
you see it down here at the
bottom,

22:32.118 --> 22:35.868
and you can see that the plan
of the temple corresponds to

22:35.865 --> 22:39.935
plans that we've seen for other
temples that we've studied thus

22:39.941 --> 22:42.271
far this term--
the Temple of Portunus,

22:42.270 --> 22:45.050
for example--
where we see this combination

22:45.048 --> 22:48.188
of an Etruscan plan and a Greek
elevation.

22:52.710 --> 22:55.360
single staircase;
deep porch;

22:55.358 --> 22:57.958
freestanding columns in that
porch;

22:57.960 --> 23:01.670
the flat back wall as was
characteristic of Etruscan

23:01.673 --> 23:05.613
temple design;
the plain side walls over here.

23:05.608 --> 23:08.538
We can see all of that in this
plan.

23:08.538 --> 23:12.318
And we also know that the
building was made out of stone,

23:12.318 --> 23:15.598
tufa, in this case tufa,
not from Rome but tufa from

23:15.596 --> 23:19.246
this part of Italy,
from the Campanian region.

23:19.250 --> 23:23.720
Tufa there for both the columns
and also the capital.

23:23.720 --> 23:24.980
So a stone building.

23:24.980 --> 23:28.060
So this same combination of
Etruscan plan and Greek

23:28.058 --> 23:30.028
elevation that we saw in Rome.

23:30.028 --> 23:33.028
This view of the temple also
shows you that it had a tall

23:33.026 --> 23:36.286
podium, as was characteristic of
these other early temples.

23:36.288 --> 23:40.088
Here you can see the remains of
the stone columns and of the

23:40.089 --> 23:41.249
building itself.

23:41.250 --> 23:42.960
It's not as well preserved as
we wish it were,

23:42.960 --> 23:47.950
but enough is there to give us
a very good sense of what the

23:47.950 --> 23:52.010
Capitolium looked like in
ancient Roman times.

23:52.009 --> 23:55.389
I mentioned that the other
early structure added to the

23:55.388 --> 23:59.268
forum complex was the Basilica
of Pompeii, and I'd like to turn

23:59.268 --> 24:00.268
to that now.

24:00.269 --> 24:04.399
The Basilica of Pompeii dates
to around 120 B.C.

24:04.400 --> 24:07.720
You see its plan here again,
in the bottom left,

24:07.720 --> 24:10.620
and you'll remember it splayed
off from the Forum to the left

24:10.615 --> 24:13.075
bottom side,
as you face the Temple of

24:13.082 --> 24:13.712
Jupiter.

24:13.710 --> 24:16.850
You can see that the plan of
the Basilica is very interesting

24:16.846 --> 24:19.976
because it actually is quite
similar to the plan of the Forum

24:19.983 --> 24:20.563
itself.

24:20.558 --> 24:23.828
It is a rectangular space,
not as large and not as

24:23.828 --> 24:27.098
elongated, but nonetheless a
rectangular space.

24:27.098 --> 24:29.968
Its entranceway is over here,
from the Forum.

24:29.970 --> 24:33.090
You can see that there are
columns inside,

24:33.086 --> 24:36.046
a colonnade,
just as we saw in the Forum

24:36.053 --> 24:36.893
itself.

24:36.890 --> 24:42.210
And the building is organized,
as is the Forum itself,

24:42.210 --> 24:45.810
axially, so that there is a
focus: something at the end that

24:45.814 --> 24:49.224
serves as the focus,
and then the axiality comes

24:49.215 --> 24:50.025
from that.

24:50.029 --> 24:52.149
We see the focus over here at
the end.

24:52.150 --> 24:54.820
It's not another temple;
it is a tribunal,

24:54.816 --> 24:59.586
a tribunal on which the judge
would sit to try the law cases

24:59.592 --> 25:01.052
that came here.

25:01.048 --> 25:04.718
The main difference between the
Basilica and the Forum itself is

25:04.718 --> 25:07.278
that the Basilica was roofed in
antiquity.

25:07.278 --> 25:11.468
The roof is no longer there,
as you saw in the Google Earth

25:11.470 --> 25:15.370
view, but it was roofed in
antiquity, whereas again the

25:15.372 --> 25:17.542
Forum was open to the sky.

25:17.538 --> 25:21.058
The view that you see of the
Basilica as it looks today is

25:21.064 --> 25:22.614
also very illuminating.

25:22.608 --> 25:24.728
We are looking toward the
tribunal.

25:24.730 --> 25:27.270
You can see the tribunal is
actually extremely well

25:27.269 --> 25:27.879
preserved.

25:27.880 --> 25:30.530
We get a very good sense of
what it looked like in

25:30.529 --> 25:31.179
antiquity.

25:31.180 --> 25:33.420
It itself has a tall podium.

25:33.420 --> 25:37.080
We can imagine the magistrate
holding court up here,

25:37.076 --> 25:41.516
on the top of that tall podium,
between the Corinthian columns,

25:41.520 --> 25:42.740
in this case.

25:42.740 --> 25:45.650
We're not absolutely sure,
but we believe the second

25:45.654 --> 25:48.124
story,
which has smaller columns--they

25:48.123 --> 25:50.583
diminish in size on the second
story--

25:50.578 --> 25:54.868
also were Corinthian columns,
because you can see at least

25:54.866 --> 25:55.916
one of them.

25:55.920 --> 25:57.760
One of them is restored,
at the top right,

25:57.759 --> 25:59.509
but that one is a Corinthian
capital.

25:59.509 --> 26:02.899
So we believe Corinthian order
on the lower story,

26:02.900 --> 26:06.550
Corinthian order on the second
story as well,

26:06.548 --> 26:10.008
beginning to show this Roman
penchant for the Corinthian

26:10.012 --> 26:12.682
order,
which we've already discussed.

26:12.680 --> 26:16.810
And you can also see here some
of the lower parts of the

26:16.808 --> 26:21.008
columns that would have been
encircling the center of the

26:21.013 --> 26:25.673
structure and dividing the
central space from two aisles,

26:25.670 --> 26:27.540
one on either side.

26:27.538 --> 26:30.708
It looks like they're made out
of brick, but they're actually

26:30.708 --> 26:32.978
made out of a tile that looks
like brick;

26:32.980 --> 26:36.490
brick wasn't being used quite
this early but a tile resembling

26:36.494 --> 26:39.674
brick was used in Pompeii,
and we can see that served as

26:39.665 --> 26:41.275
the core of the columns.

26:41.279 --> 26:44.169
They would've been stuccoed
over though and looked more like

26:44.166 --> 26:46.946
white marble,
indicating to us again this

26:46.952 --> 26:50.812
desire of the Romans to make
things look at least--

26:50.808 --> 26:53.678
or the Samnites at this point
and ultimately the Romans when

26:53.682 --> 26:56.792
they renovated this structure--
to make it look as Greek as

26:56.792 --> 26:57.352
possible.

26:57.349 --> 26:58.059
Yes?

26:58.058 --> 26:59.668
Student:  Why are the
columns chopped up?

26:59.670 --> 27:01.620
Prof: Why are the
columns chopped up?

27:01.618 --> 27:04.008
You mean almost all in the same
place?

27:04.009 --> 27:08.589
These things were often pieced,
and so sometimes that can

27:08.593 --> 27:09.333
happen.

27:09.328 --> 27:11.648
And it's actually one of
the--you raise a very

27:11.647 --> 27:14.477
interesting issue,
because one of the things that

27:14.484 --> 27:17.064
archaeologists are beginning to
speculate,

27:17.058 --> 27:19.648
only recently about--and you
see this in some of the most

27:19.648 --> 27:21.958
recent literature--
is here we say,

27:21.957 --> 27:26.077
and I said it today,
that this city was preserved

27:26.075 --> 27:27.995
exactly as it was in 79.

27:28.000 --> 27:30.320
And yet when you look at what
it looks like,

27:30.320 --> 27:32.590
it's actually in a pretty
ruinous state.

27:32.589 --> 27:34.939
So that could mean two things.

27:34.940 --> 27:37.590
One, that they didn't make all
that much progress in that

27:37.589 --> 27:40.409
seventeen years,
that they worked very hard but

27:40.411 --> 27:44.061
that the damage had been so
significant that they were not

27:44.060 --> 27:48.160
able to bring these things back
as much as they had hoped to.

27:48.160 --> 27:50.140
But it also may be just the
destruction.

27:50.140 --> 27:54.790
While the ash and lava covered
the city and protected it,

27:54.788 --> 27:57.248
it obviously wrought some
damage as well,

27:57.250 --> 28:01.540
so that some of these things
obviously came down and over

28:01.544 --> 28:06.304
time the material got washed
away or taken away or whatever.

28:06.298 --> 28:09.108
But it is curious that they
sort of broke in exactly the

28:09.113 --> 28:11.003
same place,
but it's because of the

28:10.999 --> 28:13.999
construction technique and the
way in which they were pieced

28:13.999 --> 28:14.609
together.

28:14.608 --> 28:16.678
Student:  They would've
been >.

28:16.680 --> 28:19.970
Prof: Yes exactly.

28:19.970 --> 28:23.880
Let me show you another view of
the right-side wall of the

28:23.884 --> 28:24.644
Basilica.

28:24.640 --> 28:27.720
You see these columns here,
again, very regular.

28:27.720 --> 28:29.880
There's a young woman standing
right here;

28:29.880 --> 28:31.260
so that gives you a sense of
scale.

28:31.259 --> 28:35.549
She's about only up to this
point of the column.

28:35.548 --> 28:38.758
So you can see how large in
scale these were in ancient

28:38.758 --> 28:39.588
Roman times.

28:39.588 --> 28:42.468
But if you look at the two that
are closest to the tribunal,

28:42.465 --> 28:44.655
you will see that they have
Ionic capitals.

28:44.660 --> 28:48.370
So that gives us enough to go
on, to speculate that the first

28:48.367 --> 28:51.887
story of columns--and there were
two stories on the walls,

28:51.891 --> 28:53.561
two stories of columns.

28:53.558 --> 28:56.558
The lower ones were Ionic--and
you can see that they are

28:56.555 --> 28:58.565
attached or engaged into the
walls;

28:58.569 --> 28:59.649
those were Ionic.

28:59.650 --> 29:03.470
And then we believe that there
was a second story that--

29:03.470 --> 29:07.110
we know there was a second
story, but that the second story

29:07.111 --> 29:10.251
of columns would have been
Corinthian capitals,

29:10.250 --> 29:11.630
up there.

29:11.630 --> 29:15.970
This is a restored view of what
the Basilica would have looked

29:15.970 --> 29:20.100
like in 120, after it was built;
120 B.C., after it was built.

29:20.098 --> 29:22.108
And you can see here the
tribunal;

29:22.108 --> 29:23.808
we're looking toward the
tribunal.

29:23.808 --> 29:26.518
It's two storied,
Corinthian order on both

29:26.519 --> 29:28.039
stories, tall podium.

29:28.038 --> 29:32.018
We see here in black the
columns of the central space

29:32.020 --> 29:35.850
that divide the center from the
two side aisles.

29:35.848 --> 29:38.958
And here you can see very well
the way in which they created

29:38.961 --> 29:41.381
two stories;
a bottom story and an upper

29:41.375 --> 29:41.805
story.

29:41.808 --> 29:45.798
You could walk on that upper
story, and using the Ionic

29:45.804 --> 29:50.094
capitals in the first story,
and smaller Corinthian columns

29:50.094 --> 29:51.874
in the second story.

29:51.868 --> 29:54.438
And it's important for me to
note, in terms of the

29:54.442 --> 29:56.382
development,
the later development of

29:56.375 --> 29:59.265
basilican architecture,
that this basilica in Pompeii,

29:59.269 --> 30:02.299
of this early date,
did not have what's called a

30:02.298 --> 30:06.908
clerestory --
c-l-e-r-e s-t-o-r-y,

30:06.913 --> 30:09.503
a clerestory.

30:09.500 --> 30:10.680
What is a clerestory?

30:10.680 --> 30:14.820
A clerestory is a series of
windows, open to the outside,

30:14.818 --> 30:17.478
that allow views out and light
in.

30:17.480 --> 30:20.140
This building does not have a
clerestory.

30:20.140 --> 30:22.130
So it probably,
in its heyday,

30:22.127 --> 30:25.897
in the Samnite period,
was probably on the dark side.

30:25.900 --> 30:28.950
But we will see that
clerestory, the clerestory,

30:28.952 --> 30:32.722
is incorporated into later
Roman basilican architecture.

30:32.720 --> 30:35.600
One of the greatest buildings,
without any question,

30:35.598 --> 30:38.378
at Pompeii, and one that
everyone flocks to see--

30:38.380 --> 30:39.800
and if you have never been to
Pompeii,

30:39.798 --> 30:43.078
let me just note that it is a
little bit further out than some

30:43.077 --> 30:47.807
of the other structures,
but it is a to-not-be-missed

30:47.807 --> 30:48.977
monument.

30:48.980 --> 30:51.810
And, in fact,
I know at least one of you has

30:51.814 --> 30:55.374
already spoken to me about an
upcoming trip to Rome and

30:55.373 --> 30:58.003
Pompeii,
and consequently I just say

30:58.000 --> 31:00.910
that you absolutely need--
you can spend days at

31:00.905 --> 31:03.065
Pompeii--but you must have a
full day,

31:03.069 --> 31:05.809
a full day, for Pompeii.

31:05.808 --> 31:08.238
Because in order to get to
the--not just to see the Forum

31:08.238 --> 31:10.448
and what's in the center and a
few of the houses;

31:10.450 --> 31:12.590
it doesn't take that long,
it's a nice walk,

31:12.593 --> 31:13.943
it's not a huge distance.

31:13.940 --> 31:17.860
But people forget to do it,
because it's on the outskirts.

31:17.858 --> 31:21.278
But you really must get--the
two endpoints are the

31:21.284 --> 31:24.574
Amphitheater and the Villa of
the Mysteries,

31:24.568 --> 31:27.678
both of them absolutely
incredible to see and too often

31:27.682 --> 31:30.872
missed by tourists,
but two of the greatest sites

31:30.869 --> 31:32.459
at the city of Pompeii.

31:32.460 --> 31:35.610
This is the Amphitheater as it
looks today from the air.

31:35.608 --> 31:39.788
The Amphitheater is one of
several buildings that were

31:39.791 --> 31:44.131
begun immediately upon the
Romans making Pompeii a Roman

31:44.132 --> 31:45.792
colony in 80 B.C.

31:45.788 --> 31:47.978
You can only imagine those
veterans,

31:47.980 --> 31:50.860
those army veterans of war,
who had just been settled in

31:50.855 --> 31:54.335
their new homes,
clamoring from day one for the

31:54.336 --> 31:57.236
Amphitheater,
a place where they could go for

31:57.238 --> 31:58.948
gladiatorial and animal combat.

31:58.950 --> 32:02.810
This is what they wanted to
see, and consequently no local

32:02.805 --> 32:06.725
magistrate or emperor worth
their salt would allow the city

32:06.728 --> 32:10.938
to continue without--
there was no emperor in 80

32:10.942 --> 32:15.702
B.C.--but would allow the city
to go on without an

32:15.696 --> 32:17.246
amphitheater.

32:17.250 --> 32:19.400
So that was one of the first
orders of business.

32:19.400 --> 32:24.050
This Amphitheater at Pompeii,
which dates we believe to 80 to

32:24.047 --> 32:26.307
70 B.C.,
is one--is an incredibly

32:26.310 --> 32:29.780
important building for the
history of Roman architecture,

32:29.778 --> 32:34.518
because it is our first
preserved stone amphitheater,

32:34.519 --> 32:36.789
and all the amphitheaters that
come later,

32:36.788 --> 32:38.988
including the great Colosseum
in Rome,

32:38.990 --> 32:41.840
are based on buildings like
this one.

32:41.838 --> 32:45.998
This was a great experiment in
amphitheater design,

32:46.003 --> 32:48.173
already in 80 to 70 B.C.

32:48.170 --> 32:51.870
How did they go about building
this amphitheater?

32:51.868 --> 32:56.368
What they seem to have done is
to excavate the central area,

32:56.372 --> 33:00.952
the earth of the central area,
to create a space for the oval

33:00.950 --> 33:03.240
arena, which you see here.

33:03.240 --> 33:06.320
And I've put the terms on the
Monument List for you:

33:06.317 --> 33:08.247
the arena, which you see here.

33:08.250 --> 33:10.440
So they've excavated that
central space,

33:10.436 --> 33:11.836
placed the arena there.

33:11.839 --> 33:14.369
Then they have piled up earth.

33:14.368 --> 33:17.028
It's essentially an earthen
bowl, is what they've created

33:17.028 --> 33:18.348
here,
an earthen bowl,

33:18.349 --> 33:20.759
with the excavated space for
the arena,

33:20.759 --> 33:24.689
and then piled up the earth on
the outside to support the

33:24.688 --> 33:26.678
seats,
to support the seats,

33:26.683 --> 33:29.093
to serve as a support for the
seats.

33:29.088 --> 33:32.278
There was no natural hill here,
so they had to do this on their

33:32.280 --> 33:32.590
own.

33:32.588 --> 33:35.438
So they build up the earth,
they place the seats--

33:35.440 --> 33:37.350
they line that earthen bowl
with seats,

33:37.348 --> 33:41.538
stone seats--and they create
the cavea of the

33:41.536 --> 33:44.236
amphitheater,
because we use the same term

33:44.237 --> 33:47.407
for the seats of an amphitheater
as for the seats of a theater.

33:47.410 --> 33:49.240
The cavea,
or c-a-v-e-a,

33:49.241 --> 33:51.441
the cavea,
or the seats of the

33:51.441 --> 33:52.481
amphitheater.

33:52.480 --> 33:57.970
And you can also see here
indicated the wedge-shaped

33:57.973 --> 34:00.563
sections of the seats.

34:00.558 --> 34:03.898
Just as in the theater,
they are called the same thing,

34:03.903 --> 34:05.763
the cuneus,
c-u-n-e-u-s,

34:05.761 --> 34:08.551
or in the plural cunei,
c-u-n-e-i.

34:08.550 --> 34:10.810
So these wedge-shaped
individual sections,

34:10.809 --> 34:12.609
a cuneus--all of them
together,

34:12.610 --> 34:16.560
cunei--the cunei
or wedge-shaped sections of the

34:16.563 --> 34:17.993
seats apparent here.

34:17.989 --> 34:22.589
The exits and entrances--and
there are a couple of major ones

34:22.594 --> 34:27.434
on either side--those have a
colorful and unforgettable name.

34:27.429 --> 34:29.529
I guarantee you,
you will remember this name for

34:29.530 --> 34:30.650
the rest of your lives.

34:30.650 --> 34:34.890
Those exits and entrances are
called vomitoria,

34:34.889 --> 34:38.969
which means they literally spit
forth spectators;

34:38.969 --> 34:43.839
vomitoria,
these entrances and exits to

34:43.842 --> 34:45.902
the amphitheater.

34:45.900 --> 34:47.890
Let me also note that the outer
ring--

34:47.889 --> 34:52.139
and the outer ring is extremely
important because it buttresses

34:52.139 --> 34:55.279
the earthen bowl--
that outer ring is made of

34:55.280 --> 34:57.870
concrete,
concrete that we'll see is

34:57.869 --> 35:00.559
faced with opus incertum
work.

35:00.559 --> 35:07.279
And the entire structure is
encircled by an annular vault --

35:07.280 --> 35:10.490
one of these ring vaults that
encircles the entire structure,

35:10.489 --> 35:12.749
that is made out of concrete.

35:12.750 --> 35:17.850
So another early example of the
masterful use of concrete faced

35:17.851 --> 35:21.971
with opus incertum work,
in this case in the

35:21.965 --> 35:24.265
Amphitheater in Pompeii.

35:24.268 --> 35:29.058
I show you a Google Earth image
of this, which gives you a very

35:29.063 --> 35:33.473
good sense of the oval shape of
the original structure.

35:33.469 --> 35:37.039
I think it's important to
compare the exterior of the

35:37.043 --> 35:40.003
Amphitheater of Pompeii,
which is extremely well

35:40.003 --> 35:45.073
preserved, as you can see here,
with the experiment at the much

35:45.067 --> 35:51.347
earlier Sanctuary of Fortuna
Primigenia at Palestrina,

35:51.349 --> 35:55.359
where we also saw this use of
concrete faced with opus

35:55.358 --> 35:56.788
incertum work.

36:00.643 --> 36:04.013
we'll see first of all how
exceedingly well preserved it

36:04.010 --> 36:04.500
was.

36:04.500 --> 36:12.030
We also see this unique
staircase here,

36:12.030 --> 36:15.080
with stairs--and I'll show you
a side view in a moment where

36:15.081 --> 36:17.951
you can see those stairs--
stairs leading up,

36:17.954 --> 36:20.174
on both sides,
to the apex.

36:20.170 --> 36:25.030
And then a series of arches,
in diminishing size,

36:25.030 --> 36:27.890
larger in the center and
diminishing in size as they go

36:27.889 --> 36:30.119
down the ramp,
to correspond to the shape of

36:30.115 --> 36:32.835
the ramp,
and then additional arcades

36:32.835 --> 36:33.735
over here.

36:33.739 --> 36:37.359
These are what are called blind
arcades, because you'll see that

36:37.358 --> 36:39.138
they have a wall in the back.

36:39.139 --> 36:43.299
You can't walk in these arcades
and get into the Amphitheater.

36:43.300 --> 36:46.260
There are only two
barrel-vaulted corridors--

36:46.260 --> 36:48.050
and you saw them in the general
view--

36:48.050 --> 36:51.490
one on either long side of the
oval,

36:51.489 --> 36:56.449
that you can actually walk in
and out of the Amphitheater from

36:56.449 --> 36:57.019
them.

36:57.018 --> 37:00.758
But you can go up the staircase
and enter the Amphitheater as

37:00.760 --> 37:04.620
well from the cavea;
go up to the top and then just

37:04.621 --> 37:08.661
go at the upper most part of the
steps and walk down to your

37:08.657 --> 37:09.887
seats that way.

37:09.889 --> 37:12.539
So the blind arcades we can see
here.

37:12.539 --> 37:14.859
We can see that once again,
just as we saw in some of the

37:14.860 --> 37:16.600
other buildings we looked at
last time,

37:16.599 --> 37:19.339
the way in which they've used
opus incertum for most of

37:19.340 --> 37:21.100
the wall,
the facing for the concrete for

37:21.101 --> 37:23.751
most of the wall,
but they have used stone--both

37:23.750 --> 37:26.980
blocks of stone and these
voussoir blocks,

37:26.980 --> 37:30.650
wedge-shaped blocks--to
articulate the arcades,

37:30.650 --> 37:36.010
to make them more prominent,
and also to give the building

37:36.007 --> 37:38.167
additional stability.

37:38.170 --> 37:40.790
What's interesting here,
and one of the reasons I also

37:40.789 --> 37:43.259
bring back the Sanctuary of
Fortuna Primigenia,

37:43.260 --> 37:45.860
is the fact that the Romans
again are giving you some

37:45.860 --> 37:48.510
options in terms of how you get
into this building.

37:48.510 --> 37:51.800
You can get in through the
barrel-vaulted corridors,

37:51.804 --> 37:54.974
or you can climb up this
distinctive staircase.

37:54.969 --> 37:57.139
And, by the way,
we have no other--this truly is

37:57.144 --> 38:00.024
a unique staircase--we have no
other one like it in the history

38:00.016 --> 38:01.216
of Roman architecture.

38:01.219 --> 38:03.079
So you have those options.

38:03.079 --> 38:06.739
But again, they are still
pre-determining the way in which

38:06.740 --> 38:07.320
you go.

38:07.320 --> 38:10.700
They give you a few options,
but within that scheme it is

38:10.704 --> 38:14.934
clearly a pre-determined path,
up the staircase over here,

38:14.929 --> 38:19.719
and then through only those two
barrel-vaulted corridors.

38:19.719 --> 38:23.199
And we talked about that at the
Fortuna Primigenia Sanctuary --

38:23.199 --> 38:26.639
up the ramps and then up the
staircase in the center --

38:26.639 --> 38:29.949
a very similar way of thinking
about getting people from one

38:29.954 --> 38:34.194
place to another,
in an orderly way.

38:34.190 --> 38:38.080
The staircase is so distinctive
that--and here I show you a side

38:38.079 --> 38:41.479
view of it, where you can
actually see the steps leading

38:41.476 --> 38:41.906
up.

38:41.909 --> 38:45.089
And if you go visit there,
you should try both options;

38:45.090 --> 38:47.330
go down the corridor,
but also it's a lot of fun to

38:47.333 --> 38:49.313
go up the steps and into the
cavea.

38:49.309 --> 38:52.569
But it's so distinctive,
and never to be repeated,

38:52.574 --> 38:56.374
that when we look--there's a
painting that survives from a

38:56.373 --> 38:57.643
Pompeian house.

38:57.639 --> 38:59.889
We'll look at it in more detail
later in the semester,

38:59.889 --> 39:02.069
but I wanted to just show it to
you now,

39:02.070 --> 39:06.530
because it is so apparent that
it is a representation of the

39:06.528 --> 39:09.728
Amphitheater at Pompeii,
which is not surprising,

39:09.728 --> 39:11.368
since this is a house in
Pompeii.

39:11.369 --> 39:13.449
But you see that distinctive
staircase here,

39:13.454 --> 39:15.644
with the steps,
the way in which you can enter

39:15.637 --> 39:16.897
into the cavea.

39:16.900 --> 39:19.700
You get a sense of the
cavea and the kind of

39:19.699 --> 39:22.779
goings on that happened in this
Pompeii Amphitheater.

39:22.780 --> 39:28.060
But you can also see--this is a
very important detail that is,

39:28.059 --> 39:30.629
and this is the only place
where we actually have a

39:30.626 --> 39:33.146
representation of it--
you can see that at the upper

39:33.148 --> 39:35.638
most part of the cavea,
there is an awning,

39:35.639 --> 39:38.469
called a velarium--
and I've put that word on the

39:38.472 --> 39:41.542
Monument List for you--
an awning that was supported by

39:41.539 --> 39:44.049
poles,
that were located on brackets

39:44.047 --> 39:47.007
at the uppermost part of the
amphitheater.

39:47.010 --> 39:49.170
And that awning,
the purpose of that awning--

39:49.170 --> 39:51.980
the Pompeiians seemed to have a
thing for protecting,

39:51.980 --> 39:54.410
the Romans in general,
for protecting people in

39:54.411 --> 39:55.471
inclement weather.

39:55.469 --> 40:00.139
So they put these awnings up;
when it rained they put these

40:00.143 --> 40:05.263
awnings up to protect those who
were there to see a gladiatorial

40:05.259 --> 40:08.669
combat, to protect them from
that rain.

40:08.670 --> 40:12.080
One last view of the
Amphitheater of Pompeii.

40:12.079 --> 40:14.729
We are looking at its
bowl-shaped arena,

40:14.733 --> 40:18.143
as you can see here,
and the seats that do survive,

40:18.137 --> 40:20.517
to get a sense of the interior.

40:20.518 --> 40:24.818
Here you can see very well the
two-barrel vaulted entrances and

40:24.815 --> 40:26.455
exits,
one on either side,

40:26.456 --> 40:28.806
and that's the only way--
again those blind arcades,

40:28.807 --> 40:31.607
you can't get in that way,
and you can see that very well

40:31.614 --> 40:31.974
here.

40:31.969 --> 40:35.359
Those are the only entrance or
exits into the theater,

40:35.362 --> 40:36.902
besides the staircase.

40:36.900 --> 40:39.250
And in the introductory lecture
I made the point,

40:39.250 --> 40:41.100
and I'll just bring it back
home again,

40:41.099 --> 40:44.979
that the Yale Bowl here in New
Haven is based on the

40:44.976 --> 40:48.286
Amphitheater in Pompeii,
there's no question about that.

40:48.289 --> 40:51.239
In fact, if one goes back in
the literature on the Bowl,

40:51.239 --> 40:53.739
and its original construction,
it is even mentioned in

40:53.737 --> 40:56.517
original articles that the
architects were looking back--

40:56.518 --> 40:59.738
and I'm not making this up--the
architects were actually looking

40:59.739 --> 41:02.089
back at the Pompeii Amphitheater
as a model.

41:02.090 --> 41:03.510
And you can see the
relationship.

41:03.510 --> 41:07.090
When you look at the Bowl from
the air, you can see it's kind

41:07.088 --> 41:09.768
of a bowl shape,
almost exactly like the shape

41:09.771 --> 41:11.681
of the Pompeii Amphitheater.

41:11.679 --> 41:14.309
This aerial view,
by the way, was taken at the

41:14.311 --> 41:17.291
time of the hundredth game
between Yale and Harvard,

41:17.293 --> 41:19.813
and you can see the stands were
packed.

41:19.809 --> 41:23.299
The major difference between
these two amphitheaters is the

41:23.298 --> 41:27.028
fact that the one in Pompeii was
made to hold 20,000 people.

41:27.030 --> 41:32.170
The one in Yale can hold up to
as many as 78,000 people.

41:32.170 --> 41:34.780
So we have a larger
amphitheater,

41:34.777 --> 41:37.307
so to speak,
here than they did,

41:37.306 --> 41:40.156
and do, in the city of Pompeii.

41:40.159 --> 41:43.699
I want to move from the
Amphitheater to the other great

41:43.702 --> 41:46.132
entertainment district of
Pompeii,

41:46.130 --> 41:50.160
and that was the Theater and
the Music Hall,

41:50.159 --> 41:51.759
the Theater and the Music Hall.

41:51.760 --> 41:54.090
And I want to show those to you
fairly quickly.

41:54.090 --> 41:58.150
We see them here in plan,
the Theater in red and the

41:58.146 --> 42:01.486
Music Hall here in a kind of,
I don't know,

42:01.485 --> 42:02.675
chartreuse.

42:02.679 --> 42:06.949
As you can see,
it dates to 80 to 70 B.C.

42:06.949 --> 42:10.279
-- so another example of a
building that was added when the

42:10.282 --> 42:13.332
Romans gained ascendance of this
part of the world.

42:13.329 --> 42:16.789
And a couple of terms again.

42:16.789 --> 42:20.179
We can see, if we look at the
Theater, we can see the fact

42:20.182 --> 42:22.682
that the Theater is
semi-circular in shape,

42:22.682 --> 42:25.662
or the cavea is
semi-circular in shape.

42:25.659 --> 42:28.689
We can see the wedge-shaped
cunei up there.

42:28.690 --> 42:32.010
We can also see that the
orchestra is semi-circular in

42:32.005 --> 42:34.205
shape,
not round, and that there's a

42:34.210 --> 42:36.860
scena,
s-c-e-n-a, or a scaenae

42:36.860 --> 42:39.300
frons,
as I called it last time,

42:39.304 --> 42:41.224
a stage building at the front.

42:41.219 --> 42:43.769
There is also a space over
here, which we call the

42:43.771 --> 42:46.951
porticus--and again I put
that on the Monument List for

42:46.949 --> 42:48.459
you--the porticus.

42:48.460 --> 42:49.370
What was the porticus?

42:49.369 --> 42:53.219
The porticus was an open
rectangular space with covered

42:53.221 --> 42:54.991
colonnades on either side.

42:54.989 --> 42:58.159
The purpose of the
porticus was to have a

42:58.157 --> 43:01.997
place where people could go
during intermission to stretch

43:02.001 --> 43:04.491
their legs,
during the intermission of the

43:04.494 --> 43:06.714
comedy or tragedy that they were
there to see.

43:06.710 --> 43:09.190
And there were little shops
along the way,

43:09.193 --> 43:11.013
little spaces along the way.

43:11.010 --> 43:14.280
Some of them served as shops
for playbills and other

43:14.280 --> 43:17.040
souvenirs from the evening's
experience,

43:17.039 --> 43:21.499
but also that served as spaces
where props and scenery and

43:21.496 --> 43:25.796
costumes and all sorts of things
that were needed in the

43:25.795 --> 43:29.075
theatrical performances could be
kept.

43:29.079 --> 43:30.839
So that's the porticus.

43:30.840 --> 43:33.420
Then over here we see the Music
Hall.

43:33.420 --> 43:35.660
It's a smaller version of the
Theater,

43:35.659 --> 43:37.679
but it's designed in exactly
the same way,

43:37.679 --> 43:41.169
with a semi-circular orchestra,
the semi-circular cavea,

43:41.170 --> 43:43.820
the division into cunei,
as you can see here,

43:43.820 --> 43:47.690
a small and much less elaborate
scena in the front.

43:47.690 --> 43:49.650
The major difference between
the two--

43:49.650 --> 43:52.310
and we see this not just in
Pompeii but throughout Roman

43:52.313 --> 43:54.543
architecture--
is not just the scale,

43:54.543 --> 43:58.513
that the theater's always much
bigger than the music hall,

43:58.510 --> 44:00.770
but that the theater was open
to the sky,

44:00.768 --> 44:04.608
and the music hall had a roof
and that roof.

44:04.610 --> 44:07.890
The reason for the roof in the
smaller music hall,

44:07.889 --> 44:09.489
and the reason for the smaller
size,

44:09.489 --> 44:14.509
was to make the acoustics as
good as they could possibly be,

44:14.510 --> 44:17.620
and that was easier to do in a
roofed building and in a

44:17.623 --> 44:19.243
building of smaller scale.

44:19.239 --> 44:21.719
A Google Earth view of the
Theater and Music Hall,

44:21.722 --> 44:24.412
as they look today--and you can
see they're quite well

44:24.409 --> 44:27.129
preserved;
you can see the exact shapes

44:27.125 --> 44:29.915
that you looked at in plan over
there.

44:29.920 --> 44:31.580
Here's our porticus,
for example.

44:31.579 --> 44:34.569
You can get a sense of how
pleasant that might be able to

44:34.568 --> 44:36.168
be during intermission time.

44:36.170 --> 44:38.570
What this view also gives you a
sense of, however,

44:38.565 --> 44:41.395
is the way in which these two
buildings are embedded in the

44:41.402 --> 44:43.792
rest of the city;
they do make up an

44:43.789 --> 44:47.739
entertainment district,
but at the same time they are

44:47.735 --> 44:52.055
very close to the city streets
that have along them houses and

44:52.061 --> 44:54.331
shops and so on and so forth.

44:54.329 --> 44:56.949
So very closely embedded into
the life,

44:56.949 --> 44:59.229
into the commercial life and
the residential life,

44:59.230 --> 45:01.660
of the city,
even though this was intended

45:01.661 --> 45:05.461
again as a great entertainment
area for those who lived there.

45:05.460 --> 45:08.380
And I made this point before,
but I'll make it quickly again,

45:08.380 --> 45:11.560
that while Roman theaters,
like the Theater at Pompeii,

45:11.559 --> 45:14.729
are based on Greek prototypes,
there are some differences.

45:14.730 --> 45:18.540
The two theaters--this is the
Greek Theater at Epidaurus in

45:18.536 --> 45:20.436
the mid-fourth century B.C.

45:20.440 --> 45:23.930
They both have the stone seats;
they both have--which is called

45:23.934 --> 45:26.934
the cavea--they both have
these wedge-shaped sections of

45:26.925 --> 45:28.475
seats;
they both have a stage

45:28.483 --> 45:31.043
building, although the Greek one
is much simpler.

45:31.039 --> 45:35.139
But the major differences
between the two is that the

45:35.143 --> 45:38.463
Greek theater has a circular
orchestra,

45:38.460 --> 45:41.570
whereas the Roman theater has
a--and this is the Theater of

45:41.570 --> 45:44.620
Pompeii--
has a semicircular orchestra.

45:44.619 --> 45:47.569
And the other major difference,
the most significant one,

45:47.572 --> 45:50.052
is the Greeks built their
theaters on hillsides,

45:50.052 --> 45:51.742
as you can see at Epidaurus.

45:51.739 --> 45:56.309
The Romans built their
theaters--and this is the case

45:56.307 --> 46:00.347
in Pompeii-- on a hill made out
of concrete.

46:00.349 --> 46:03.269
I want to turn to an extremely
important building,

46:03.268 --> 46:07.018
and one that I am going to come
back to on a number of occasions

46:07.019 --> 46:08.509
during this semester.

46:08.510 --> 46:12.680
So put an asterisk next to this
one as a particularly important

46:12.677 --> 46:16.377
building and one that it's
almost certain I'll find some

46:16.375 --> 46:19.665
way of incorporating into the
first midterm,

46:19.670 --> 46:21.720
because I think it's so
significant,

46:21.719 --> 46:25.569
and it will turn up again and
again and again in the course of

46:25.572 --> 46:27.672
the term,
especially when we talk about

46:27.666 --> 46:28.816
later bath architecture.

46:28.820 --> 46:31.250
It is the Stabian Baths of
Pompeii.

46:31.250 --> 46:34.820
It dates to the second half of
the second century B.C.,

46:34.818 --> 46:38.648
and it was remodeled in the
first half of the first century

46:38.650 --> 46:39.180
B.C.

46:39.179 --> 46:43.189
The Stabian Baths are one of
several bath buildings at

46:43.192 --> 46:43.952
Pompeii.

46:43.949 --> 46:47.879
I mentioned in the introductory
lecture that these houses in

46:47.876 --> 46:51.736
Pompeii did not have running
water and so access to bathing

46:51.737 --> 46:55.397
and to water for daily use was
obviously critical,

46:55.400 --> 46:58.190
and the baths served that
purpose, the place where one

46:58.186 --> 46:59.286
could go and bathe.

46:59.289 --> 47:02.169
But they were also--they also
became great social centers,

47:02.170 --> 47:04.760
great places where you really
wanted to go and hang out with

47:04.757 --> 47:06.857
your friends,
while you were sitting in the

47:06.860 --> 47:07.200
sauna.

47:07.199 --> 47:10.949
And so they take on a
very--they are a very important

47:10.947 --> 47:13.757
piece of life in cities like
Pompeii.

47:13.760 --> 47:16.440
The Stabian Baths,
as their date indicates,

47:16.436 --> 47:17.516
are very early.

47:17.518 --> 47:20.298
They're begun already under the
Samnites, and they have some

47:20.302 --> 47:21.862
extremely interesting features.

47:21.860 --> 47:25.570
And once again I'm going to
have to go over some of the bath

47:25.568 --> 47:26.448
terminology.

47:26.449 --> 47:29.509
You can see here that if you
walk along the street,

47:29.507 --> 47:32.927
you just see a series of
cubicles, which served as shops,

47:32.934 --> 47:34.774
so fairly unprepossessing.

47:34.768 --> 47:38.548
But there is an entranceway
through those shops into a very

47:38.554 --> 47:41.394
large open space,
surrounded by columns on three

47:41.391 --> 47:42.831
sides,
that is called the

47:42.827 --> 47:44.597
palaestra of the baths.

47:44.599 --> 47:46.479
The palaestra was the
exercise courts,

47:46.480 --> 47:50.940
where you jogged and ran around
and so on,

47:50.940 --> 47:53.280
and after you exerted yourself
and got all sweaty,

47:53.280 --> 47:57.030
you could jump into the pool,
that was located over here.

47:57.030 --> 47:59.770
This was not a place to do
laps, it was pretty much a

47:59.766 --> 48:02.396
soaking pool or a pool where you
could cool off.

48:02.400 --> 48:06.540
But the technical term for that
is either a piscina,

48:06.539 --> 48:08.529
which is what's on the Monument
List for you,

48:08.530 --> 48:11.190
or a natatio,
n-a-t-a-t-i-o,

48:11.190 --> 48:14.510
a little pool where you could
splash yourself after exerting

48:14.505 --> 48:17.255
yourself by exercising in the
palaestra.

48:17.260 --> 48:21.550
The bath block itself,
the bathing rooms themselves,

48:21.550 --> 48:24.670
are located on the other side
of the plan,

48:24.670 --> 48:27.590
on the right side,
as you see it here,

48:27.590 --> 48:30.590
the northern side actually,
of the plan.

48:30.590 --> 48:34.200
And we see two sets of spaces:
this set of four down here,

48:34.201 --> 48:36.991
this one, this one,
this one and this one;

48:36.989 --> 48:40.629
and then a set of a comparable
number of rooms up there.

48:40.630 --> 48:43.860
These early Roman baths,
there was a separation between

48:43.864 --> 48:47.464
the men's section of the baths
and the women's section of the

48:47.460 --> 48:48.060
baths.

48:48.059 --> 48:50.739
And I'm sorry,
ladies, but we'll have to

48:50.739 --> 48:54.789
accept the fact that at least in
ancient Pompeii the women's

48:54.793 --> 48:57.133
section was quite nondescript.

48:57.130 --> 48:58.900
It was much smaller than the
men's--

48:58.900 --> 49:00.550
at least they had one,
thank goodness--

49:00.550 --> 49:03.760
but it was smaller than the
men's, and the rooms had no

49:03.760 --> 49:06.080
architectural distinction
whatsoever.

49:06.079 --> 49:10.539
All of the designer's effort
went into creating a wonderful

49:10.541 --> 49:12.621
set of rooms for the men.

49:12.619 --> 49:15.489
We see the men's rooms again
over here, these four,

49:15.492 --> 49:17.162
and the women's at the top.

49:17.159 --> 49:20.889
Consequently the only ones that
have any merit architecturally,

49:20.889 --> 49:23.899
in my showing you today,
are the ones for the men's

49:23.896 --> 49:25.156
baths, down here.

49:25.159 --> 49:28.059
The four rooms,
the four key rooms to both the

49:28.063 --> 49:30.423
men's and women's sections,
were the

49:30.422 --> 49:33.592
apodyterium--and again
these words are on the Monument

49:33.592 --> 49:35.702
List for you--
the apodyterium,

49:35.697 --> 49:37.217
which was the dressing room.

49:37.219 --> 49:40.889
It's a fairly--again,
it's large, but a fairly

49:40.885 --> 49:43.895
nondescript, rectangular room
here.

49:43.900 --> 49:45.290
You can see it right down here.

49:45.289 --> 49:48.709
And the way it was designed was
that you went in,

49:48.710 --> 49:50.670
and there were no lockers,
no private lockers,

49:50.670 --> 49:53.060
but there were benches where
you could,

49:53.059 --> 49:55.229
when you got undressed,
you could just take your

49:55.233 --> 49:57.733
clothes and put them in a little
pile on that bench.

49:57.730 --> 50:00.440
You had to just take on faith
that no one was going to steal

50:00.443 --> 50:02.563
any of your belongings,
and if you were very

50:02.557 --> 50:04.807
well-to-do, some of the very
well-to-do Romans,

50:04.809 --> 50:07.079
men and women,
brought slaves with them,

50:07.079 --> 50:09.169
their slave,
their private slave,

50:09.172 --> 50:13.032
to watch their stuff while they
were in the sauna with their

50:13.034 --> 50:13.824
friends.

50:13.820 --> 50:16.630
From the apodyterium you
go into the so-called

50:16.630 --> 50:19.590
tepidarium of the baths,
also usually a plain

50:19.586 --> 50:21.916
rectangular room,
even in the men's section,

50:21.922 --> 50:25.192
which served as the warm room,
where you started to warm

50:25.193 --> 50:26.083
yourself up.

50:26.079 --> 50:28.339
You went from the
tepidarium into the

50:28.344 --> 50:31.964
caldarium of the bath,
which was the hot room,

50:31.963 --> 50:35.293
where you really--
it was the sauna essentially of

50:35.291 --> 50:35.851
the bath.

50:35.849 --> 50:40.379
And consequently there was a
basin over here with cold water,

50:40.382 --> 50:43.782
so if you got too hot,
you could go and splash

50:43.780 --> 50:46.350
yourself with that cold water.

50:46.349 --> 50:48.379
So apodyterium,
tepidarium,

50:48.376 --> 50:49.336
caldarium.

50:49.340 --> 50:52.400
By then you're really heated up
and you can make your way back

50:52.398 --> 50:54.598
into this room over here,
which is called the

50:54.603 --> 50:56.663
frigidarium,
or the cold room.

50:56.659 --> 51:00.059
The frigidarium was the
place that you could really cool

51:00.059 --> 51:00.389
off.

51:00.389 --> 51:02.869
And I think you can see by
looking at these,

51:02.869 --> 51:05.019
the two most important rooms
architecturally--

51:05.018 --> 51:07.698
you can see this even in
plan--are the caldarium,

51:07.699 --> 51:11.599
which has an apse or curved
element at the end,

51:11.599 --> 51:14.589
and this room in particular,
the frigidarium,

51:14.590 --> 51:18.590
because it is a round structure
with radiating alcoves--

51:18.590 --> 51:20.310
and we're going to see that
it's domed.

51:20.309 --> 51:23.179
This is a particularly--again
star,

51:23.179 --> 51:25.799
star, star, star -- one of the
most important rooms that I've

51:25.800 --> 51:27.740
shown you,
probably the most important

51:27.735 --> 51:30.005
room I've shown you thus far
this semester,

51:30.010 --> 51:32.570
in that it is going to have a
very long future

51:32.567 --> 51:33.587
architecturally.

51:33.590 --> 51:36.370
What you see here basically
ends up as the Pantheon,

51:36.369 --> 51:39.589
some day: this round space,
round structure,

51:39.590 --> 51:41.580
with radiating alcoves and,
as we'll see,

51:41.579 --> 51:44.139
a dome, and not only a dome,
but a hole in the ceiling,

51:44.139 --> 51:46.749
an oculus,
that allows light into the

51:46.751 --> 51:47.481
structure.

51:47.480 --> 51:51.640
How were these baths heated,
how were the hot rooms heated?

51:51.639 --> 51:53.379
Through a system called a
hypocaust;

51:53.380 --> 51:57.060
again I've put the word on the
Monument List for you,

51:57.059 --> 51:59.889
a hypocaust,
h-y-p-o-c-a-u-s-t.

51:59.889 --> 52:01.259
What was a hypocaust
system?

52:01.260 --> 52:06.280
A hypocaust system was a
system by which they put

52:06.275 --> 52:11.105
terracotta tubes in the floor
and behind the walls.

52:11.110 --> 52:15.100
They blew hot air into those,
and they also raised up the

52:15.097 --> 52:18.227
pavement of the floor,
on a series of stacked

52:18.231 --> 52:21.581
tiles--and you can see that
extremely well;

52:21.579 --> 52:23.989
here's a very well-preserved
hypocaust from the

52:23.994 --> 52:26.714
Stabian Baths--
placed these tiles on stacks,

52:26.713 --> 52:30.003
stacks of tiles,
leaving space in between them,

52:29.996 --> 52:33.886
and put braziers between those,
metal braziers,

52:33.891 --> 52:38.621
metal bowls,
that held hot coals and so on.

52:38.619 --> 52:41.959
And from those hot coals--they
obviously had slaves who had to

52:41.956 --> 52:47.086
keep those coals hot--
but coals that were placed in

52:47.088 --> 52:51.478
these pans,
that helped also to heat the

52:51.480 --> 52:54.640
pavement that was located above.

52:54.639 --> 52:58.759
This very important room,
the frigidarium of the

52:58.764 --> 53:01.894
Stabian Baths,
you see it here as it looks

53:01.894 --> 53:04.344
today: a small,
round space.

53:04.340 --> 53:07.640
It would have had a pool in the
center,

53:07.639 --> 53:10.569
a round pool,
radiating alcoves,

53:10.572 --> 53:13.232
a dome,
a dome that is open to the sky,

53:13.228 --> 53:15.928
with an oculus that
allows light into it.

53:15.929 --> 53:19.339
You can see the remains of
paint, stucco and then paint,

53:19.342 --> 53:21.892
blue and red,
paint, probably some kind of

53:21.885 --> 53:23.805
marine scene included here.

53:23.809 --> 53:27.709
But this, I can't underscore
enough the importance of this

53:27.713 --> 53:31.823
particular room and the future
that this design has for Roman

53:31.824 --> 53:32.994
architecture.

53:32.989 --> 53:36.709
I'd like to show you another
bath at Pompeii,

53:36.710 --> 53:39.080
the so-called Forum Baths.

53:39.079 --> 53:41.159
The Forum Baths are interesting
because they're later.

53:41.159 --> 53:43.449
They date to,
as you can see from your

53:43.449 --> 53:45.119
Monument List,
to 80 B.C.

53:45.119 --> 53:48.489
So this is what the Romans did
when they came in and took over

53:48.485 --> 53:51.735
Pompeii and were making it into
one of those mini-Romes,

53:51.739 --> 53:56.959
those cities in the model of
Rome.

53:56.960 --> 54:00.750
And you can see it's very,
very similar to what was going

54:00.746 --> 54:04.326
on in the Stabian Baths,
in the earlier Samnite baths,

54:04.331 --> 54:08.171
with the same palaestra;
we see a palaestra up at

54:08.166 --> 54:10.046
2;
the exercise court.

54:10.050 --> 54:12.660
We don't seem to have a
natatio in this

54:12.657 --> 54:13.697
particular plan.

54:13.699 --> 54:16.969
We see the men's section over
here, at 3,4,

54:16.969 --> 54:20.239
5 and 6, and the women's
section over here,

54:20.239 --> 54:21.329
7,8, 9,10.

54:21.329 --> 54:25.339
Again, the women's section off
to the side, of no architectural

54:25.342 --> 54:26.962
distinction whatsoever.

54:26.960 --> 54:29.570
The men's over here,
and you could enter the men's

54:29.567 --> 54:31.957
either through the
palaestra or from an

54:31.961 --> 54:33.401
opening over here at 1.

54:33.400 --> 54:36.390
We see the same set of rooms
that we saw at the Stabian

54:36.387 --> 54:36.827
Baths.

54:36.829 --> 54:41.149
We see the apodyterium
or undressing and dressing room

54:41.146 --> 54:42.366
over here at 3.

54:42.369 --> 54:46.159
The tepidarium at 5,
the caldarium at 6,

54:46.159 --> 54:48.939
and the caldarium at 6
is of the same shape as the

54:48.936 --> 54:50.966
caldarium in the Stabian
Baths,

54:50.969 --> 54:56.809
a rectangular room with an apse
at the end and a basin for cold

54:56.807 --> 54:58.407
water splashes.

54:58.409 --> 55:00.729
And then you go back again to
the frigidarium,

55:00.730 --> 55:03.110
and you can see the
frigidarium in the baths,

55:03.110 --> 55:06.760
Forum Baths at Pompeii -- the
same shape as that in the

55:06.757 --> 55:10.937
Stabian Baths at Pompeii,
a small round room with

55:10.943 --> 55:12.843
radiating alcoves.

55:12.840 --> 55:16.990
I can show you views both of
the tepidarium of the

55:16.989 --> 55:21.509
Forum Baths, extremely well
preserved, as you can see here.

55:21.510 --> 55:25.030
You can also see they've used a
great barrel vault for this

55:25.034 --> 55:25.464
room.

55:25.460 --> 55:28.340
It isn't as large as it looks
here, but it's a sizable room.

55:28.340 --> 55:32.510
And this is a very good place
to show you by the way,

55:32.510 --> 55:34.630
to give you a sense of how
these things were decorated,

55:34.630 --> 55:38.210
how so many rooms -- Roman
buildings today,

55:38.210 --> 55:40.340
are stripped of their original
decoration.

55:40.340 --> 55:43.360
But that decoration was often
quite beautiful and

55:43.355 --> 55:45.425
ostentatious,
and we can see here,

55:45.427 --> 55:47.687
we can get here a sense of
that.

55:47.690 --> 55:49.440
You can see the wall has been
stuccoed over,

55:49.440 --> 55:54.190
and then also in stucco these
great flowering acanthus plants

55:54.186 --> 55:58.176
and creatures flying above --
animals, human feature,

55:58.184 --> 56:00.404
gods and goddesses flying
above.

56:00.400 --> 56:03.870
They used paint as well,
red and blue and white and

56:03.867 --> 56:06.707
other colors,
to accentuate the design.

56:06.710 --> 56:08.730
This gives you some sense of
the flavor of these.

56:08.730 --> 56:12.550
And then this wonderful detail
below of these Atlas figures who

56:12.554 --> 56:16.074
are shown holding up the vault
of this particular room.

56:16.070 --> 56:19.040
It gives you some sense of why
Romans flocked to these places

56:19.041 --> 56:20.391
--
not only because it was the

56:20.391 --> 56:22.141
only place they could bathe
themselves,

56:22.139 --> 56:25.609
but also because it was just a
wonderful space to be in and to

56:25.606 --> 56:27.706
enjoy again the company of
friends.

56:27.710 --> 56:32.930
This is a view of what room,
in the Forum Baths?

56:32.929 --> 56:33.409
Student:  The
caldarium.

56:33.409 --> 56:35.159
Prof: The
caldarium--

56:35.157 --> 56:37.467
excellent--the caldarium
over here,

56:37.469 --> 56:41.669
with its rectangular shape and
then its apse and its basin for

56:41.672 --> 56:43.192
cold water splashes.

56:43.190 --> 56:45.670
And then look at the ceiling,
how wonderful.

56:45.670 --> 56:49.630
In that apse you see a
semi-dome, a round hole or an

56:49.632 --> 56:54.142
oculus in that semi-dome,
to allow light into it.

56:54.139 --> 56:57.179
So here we see them exploring
oculi in semi-domes,

56:57.175 --> 56:58.365
as well as in domes.

56:58.369 --> 57:02.119
And then the square and
rectangular spaces:

57:02.123 --> 57:05.793
holes in the ceiling,
openings in the ceiling that

57:05.786 --> 57:09.036
have been placed there also to
allow light into the system so

57:09.036 --> 57:12.396
that you could use the room,
but also to create the kind of

57:12.400 --> 57:14.520
wonderful light effects that it
does,

57:14.518 --> 57:18.758
when you have rays of sunshine
coming in on you while you are

57:18.759 --> 57:19.889
in your sauna.

57:19.889 --> 57:25.259
This is a couple of views of
the frigidarium of the

57:25.260 --> 57:26.580
Forum Baths.

57:26.579 --> 57:31.459
You can see a dome up above,
the oculus in that dome.

57:31.460 --> 57:34.840
You can see some of the stucco
decorations still preserved.

57:34.840 --> 57:37.230
You can see the alcoves here,
the radiating alcoves,

57:37.230 --> 57:39.100
and some of the stuccoed
decoration here:

57:39.103 --> 57:41.123
sea creatures against a red
background.

57:41.119 --> 57:43.759
And this is a restored view of
what the frigidarium

57:43.759 --> 57:46.259
would have looked like,
with the pool in the center;

57:46.260 --> 57:47.950
a nice place to relax.

57:47.949 --> 57:52.289
The radiating apses over here,
and then the dome with the

57:52.289 --> 57:56.009
oculus and with the light
streaming in.

57:56.010 --> 57:59.500
Again, I can't underscore
enough the importance of both of

57:59.501 --> 58:03.361
these frigidaria for the
future of Roman architecture.

58:03.360 --> 58:06.430
The other importance of the
Forum Baths is the Forum Baths

58:06.431 --> 58:09.241
is today where you can eat,
and if you're there for the

58:09.235 --> 58:10.495
full day,
as I recommend you be,

58:10.500 --> 58:12.060
you're going to want to eat at
some point,

58:12.059 --> 58:14.799
and there is a cafeteria,
which doesn't look like much

58:14.800 --> 58:16.610
but actually the food is not
bad.

58:16.610 --> 58:19.290
The Italians have a very hard
time making bad pasta.

58:19.289 --> 58:22.269
So you can always get some good
pasta at the snack bar and you

58:22.271 --> 58:25.161
will want to make your way--
there's a few views of it--make

58:25.161 --> 58:27.921
your way to the Forum Baths,
if you're there for any length

58:27.916 --> 58:28.326
of time.

58:28.329 --> 58:30.619
Very quickly I just want to
remind you--

58:30.619 --> 58:32.499
we talked about this in the
introductory lecture--

58:32.500 --> 58:35.580
that one of the main reasons
that Pompeii is so interesting

58:35.576 --> 58:39.126
to us today is because it tells
us so much about the daily life,

58:39.130 --> 58:41.930
not only of the Pompeians,
but of the Romans in general,

58:41.929 --> 58:45.339
because we have all these
wonderful shops still preserved

58:45.338 --> 58:46.128
at Pompeii.

58:46.130 --> 58:48.240
This was a bakery.

58:48.239 --> 58:51.039
We see the millstones that were
actually used for the grinding

58:51.038 --> 58:52.458
of the grain still preserved.

58:52.460 --> 58:55.700
We see the oven over here,
looking wonderfully like a

58:55.704 --> 58:57.954
modern pizza oven,
as you can see.

58:57.949 --> 59:00.109
And we also,
believe it or not,

59:00.112 --> 59:04.152
have from Pompeii a petrified
bread--it's preserved--that

59:04.150 --> 59:08.260
gives you a sense of what
Pompeian bread looked like.

59:08.260 --> 59:13.030
And it looks strikingly like
our pizzas, with the segments of

59:13.025 --> 59:13.975
the bread.

59:13.980 --> 59:16.550
So if you want to have a sense
of where pizza came from--I told

59:16.547 --> 59:18.197
you the Romans,
again there's nothing the

59:18.204 --> 59:20.504
Romans didn't invent;
bread, pizza, whatever.

59:20.500 --> 59:23.720
But you see that petrified
bread, giving you a very good

59:23.724 --> 59:26.954
sense of what was produced in
this particular bakery.

59:26.949 --> 59:29.209
I also mentioned in the
introductory lecture the

59:29.208 --> 59:32.298
fast-food stands of Pompeii;
the thermopolium in the

59:32.302 --> 59:34.562
singular, or the
thermopolia in the

59:34.561 --> 59:37.921
plural, these fast-food stands
where you could get a bite real

59:37.922 --> 59:38.642
quickly.

59:38.639 --> 59:42.259
The way they were designed was
to have a great counter in them,

59:42.264 --> 59:43.204
with recesses.

59:43.199 --> 59:46.919
Fresh hot and cold food was put
out obviously every day,

59:46.920 --> 59:49.550
and if you were hungry you just
went up to the counter,

59:49.550 --> 59:51.490
you took a peek at what was
there, you pointed out what you

59:51.485 --> 59:53.755
wanted,
and you could eat on the run.

59:53.760 --> 59:57.490
The Romans were never to have
their state religion and their

59:57.487 --> 1:00:01.217
family religion far from them,
and you can also see a nod to

1:00:01.215 --> 1:00:02.665
the gods over here.

1:00:02.670 --> 1:00:05.910
There's a shrine with some of
the representations of the

1:00:05.911 --> 1:00:08.091
household gods,
even in this fast-food

1:00:08.092 --> 1:00:08.862
emporium.

1:00:08.860 --> 1:00:11.510
We have wine shops from Pompeii
as well.

1:00:11.510 --> 1:00:14.630
I show you actually a scene of
one of the storage rooms at

1:00:14.634 --> 1:00:17.654
Pompeii that you can see
actually as you walk along--

1:00:17.650 --> 1:00:20.880
it's a wonderful ruffling,
turning to the next page--

1:00:20.880 --> 1:00:26.460
these wine, these amphoras,
these great clay amphoras that

1:00:26.456 --> 1:00:27.626
held wine.

1:00:27.630 --> 1:00:31.030
They're located in one of these
storage areas that one can see

1:00:31.032 --> 1:00:33.602
as one walks along the Forum,
on the left side,

1:00:33.597 --> 1:00:34.767
in Pompeii today.

1:00:34.768 --> 1:00:39.158
But you can imagine these on
shelves in a wine shop of

1:00:39.157 --> 1:00:42.717
ancient Pompeii,
offering wines gathered from

1:00:42.724 --> 1:00:47.434
all over the world,
for discerning oenophiles--is

1:00:47.434 --> 1:00:50.654
that the word?-- oenophiles.

1:00:50.650 --> 1:00:54.510
Connecting all of these shops
to one another were of course

1:00:54.509 --> 1:00:56.239
the streets of the city.

1:00:56.239 --> 1:00:58.659
The streets of the city are
extremely well preserved.

1:00:58.659 --> 1:01:01.609
I show you here a couple of
views of the crossing of the

1:01:01.610 --> 1:01:04.400
cardo and the
decumanus in Pompeii,

1:01:04.400 --> 1:01:07.340
and you can see exactly what
the streets looked like.

1:01:07.340 --> 1:01:12.150
You can see the multi-sided
paving stones of the streets.

1:01:12.150 --> 1:01:15.860
You can see the sidewalks
looking uncannily modern.

1:01:15.860 --> 1:01:19.310
You can see--you can't see
exactly here -- but there are

1:01:19.309 --> 1:01:22.449
drains along the way,
to allow rain water to filter

1:01:22.445 --> 1:01:23.695
off the streets.

1:01:23.699 --> 1:01:28.279
And all of this again an
extremely modern look.

1:01:28.280 --> 1:01:30.910
And the streets of Pompeii give
us the best sense,

1:01:30.909 --> 1:01:34.619
of any streets of any preserved
ancient city,

1:01:34.619 --> 1:01:39.269
of what the streets looked like
in any given Roman town.

1:01:39.268 --> 1:01:42.588
These streets had along
them--again because of needs for

1:01:42.588 --> 1:01:44.638
water--had along them fountains.

1:01:44.639 --> 1:01:48.279
Here's a very modest fountain
where we see a representation of

1:01:48.277 --> 1:01:50.637
the goddess Ceres,
c-e-r-e-s, Ceres,

1:01:50.639 --> 1:01:54.489
with her cornucopia and the
fountain spout coming out of her

1:01:54.492 --> 1:01:55.082
mouth.

1:01:55.079 --> 1:01:58.439
And you can see this is the
sort of thing,

1:01:58.440 --> 1:02:00.470
when the Romans just needed a
little bit of water for

1:02:00.474 --> 1:02:02.394
household use,
they would go out to the local

1:02:02.385 --> 1:02:02.795
fountain.

1:02:02.800 --> 1:02:04.620
So as you walk along the
streets of Pompeii,

1:02:04.621 --> 1:02:06.361
you see a lot of these small
fountains.

1:02:06.360 --> 1:02:08.760
You also see graffiti;
what would a city be without

1:02:08.762 --> 1:02:10.002
some graffiti on its buildings?

1:02:10.000 --> 1:02:12.920
Any of you who've been in Rome
recently know there is too much

1:02:12.922 --> 1:02:13.452
graffiti.

1:02:13.449 --> 1:02:15.869
There's like a graffiti craze.

1:02:15.869 --> 1:02:17.759
The Romans have always had a
lot of graffiti,

1:02:17.762 --> 1:02:21.892
but it's gotten so bad;
it's almost unimaginable now.

1:02:21.889 --> 1:02:25.069
But the graffiti tradition was
alive and well in Pompeii,

1:02:25.067 --> 1:02:27.447
and you see it here,
covered with glass.

1:02:27.449 --> 1:02:28.709
But you see it here.

1:02:28.710 --> 1:02:32.110
You see it here and there in
the city as you wander by,

1:02:32.110 --> 1:02:35.230
and it gives you a sense that
people did write right on their

1:02:35.233 --> 1:02:37.333
buildings,
these--what they wrote on these

1:02:37.327 --> 1:02:38.927
buildings tended to be
political,

1:02:38.929 --> 1:02:39.819
for the most part.

1:02:39.820 --> 1:02:44.530
And you'd see graffiti that
would say things like "Vote

1:02:44.532 --> 1:02:47.092
for Barbatus,
the bearded one;

1:02:47.090 --> 1:02:50.560
he'll be the best guy for the
office, and he's pretty handsome

1:02:50.556 --> 1:02:51.236
too."

1:02:51.239 --> 1:02:54.869
That's the kind of graffiti
that you'll see as you walk

1:02:54.867 --> 1:02:58.297
along--if your Latin is
good--that you'll see as you

1:02:58.295 --> 1:03:00.845
walk along the streets of
Pompeii.

1:03:00.849 --> 1:03:04.409
You'll also see these big
blocks of stone.

1:03:04.409 --> 1:03:06.859
And there are people who look
at these and they think,

1:03:06.860 --> 1:03:08.850
"Oh how interesting,
that's debris from

1:03:08.851 --> 1:03:09.731
Vesuvius."

1:03:09.730 --> 1:03:12.690
It's not debris from Vesuvius,
clearly.

1:03:12.690 --> 1:03:14.400
These are there deliberately.

1:03:14.400 --> 1:03:16.110
These are stepping stones.

1:03:16.110 --> 1:03:18.830
The Romans were so ingenious,
and so again concerned about

1:03:18.831 --> 1:03:21.031
how to protect people in
inclement weather,

1:03:21.030 --> 1:03:23.970
that they created,
they put these stepping stones

1:03:23.969 --> 1:03:26.599
all around the city,
usually at the cross-sections

1:03:26.597 --> 1:03:27.267
of two streets.

1:03:27.268 --> 1:03:30.418
So if there was torrential
rain, and if the water had piled

1:03:30.423 --> 1:03:33.093
up and if the drains couldn't
quite handle it,

1:03:33.090 --> 1:03:37.050
you could get across the street
without stepping in the water.

1:03:37.050 --> 1:03:39.670
And would that we had this,
in the slushiness that was New

1:03:39.672 --> 1:03:40.872
Haven, in the last week.

1:03:40.869 --> 1:03:43.139
I can't tell you how many times
I think, "Why doesn't Yale

1:03:43.137 --> 1:03:43.977
have stepping stones?

1:03:43.980 --> 1:03:45.800
We really could use them."

1:03:45.800 --> 1:03:48.820
But here they are,
and you see very clearly the

1:03:48.815 --> 1:03:52.415
ruts that come from the carts
that were made between the

1:03:52.422 --> 1:03:55.302
stepping stones,
by those carts constantly

1:03:55.304 --> 1:03:56.574
riding through them.

1:03:56.570 --> 1:03:59.910
And it shows you that they had
to orchestrate the wheels of the

1:03:59.913 --> 1:04:03.313
carts in such a way that they
would span the stepping stones.

1:04:03.309 --> 1:04:05.029
But it's a very ingenious thing.

1:04:05.030 --> 1:04:07.350
They're fun to look at,
fun to walk on,

1:04:07.347 --> 1:04:09.357
really fun to take pictures of.

1:04:09.360 --> 1:04:09.820
I have tons of them.

1:04:09.820 --> 1:04:12.320
I didn't--I decided not to
bring a personal picture this

1:04:12.318 --> 1:04:15.088
time of me or anyone else in my
family on stepping stones,

1:04:15.090 --> 1:04:17.030
or other Yalies,
I've got lots of those too.

1:04:17.030 --> 1:04:19.730
I didn't bring those today,
but I did bring something I'm

1:04:19.731 --> 1:04:23.221
really proud of,
because in all the years I've

1:04:23.222 --> 1:04:27.072
taught this city,
I've always wanted to actually

1:04:27.074 --> 1:04:30.324
show what it looked like when it
had rained.

1:04:30.320 --> 1:04:34.400
And since I've been to Pompeii
so, so many times over the

1:04:34.398 --> 1:04:38.258
years, but it doesn't tend to
rain when I go there;

1:04:38.260 --> 1:04:40.370
June, July, August,
it just doesn't rain.

1:04:40.369 --> 1:04:41.759
So I've never been able to do
that.

1:04:41.760 --> 1:04:44.430
I was there this past June and
lo and behold--I was very upset

1:04:44.434 --> 1:04:46.894
because who wants to wander
around the city of Pompeii in

1:04:46.889 --> 1:04:47.459
the rain?

1:04:47.460 --> 1:04:50.050
But I had one day to go there
and I was there and I said,

1:04:50.052 --> 1:04:52.372
"Wow, it's raining,
here's my chance."

1:04:52.369 --> 1:04:55.629
So I finally was able to get
some views of what happens--

1:04:55.630 --> 1:04:58.090
and this was right--we had a
torrential rain for about a half

1:04:58.088 --> 1:04:59.908
an hour,
and then the sun came out.

1:04:59.909 --> 1:05:02.129
And this is what you see as you
wander the streets.

1:05:02.130 --> 1:05:03.990
You see that the water has
accumulated,

1:05:03.989 --> 1:05:06.779
but again, lo and behold,
you can easily make your way

1:05:06.780 --> 1:05:10.060
across that street,
across those stepping stones

1:05:10.063 --> 1:05:11.053
nonetheless.

1:05:11.050 --> 1:05:15.160
Just a very few words on what
happens to the streets of the

1:05:15.155 --> 1:05:17.815
city of Pompeii,
or any Roman city for that

1:05:17.815 --> 1:05:20.995
matter, when you leave the gates
and you go out on the intercity

1:05:21.003 --> 1:05:21.463
roads.

1:05:21.460 --> 1:05:24.210
Many of those intercity roads
become cemeteries.

1:05:24.210 --> 1:05:26.970
The Romans used these roads as
their cemeteries.

1:05:26.969 --> 1:05:30.389
The Romans had a religious
belief that there was a

1:05:30.394 --> 1:05:34.594
separation between the city of
the living and the city of the

1:05:34.590 --> 1:05:35.220
dead.

1:05:35.219 --> 1:05:39.129
So all of the tombs are outside
the walls of the city.

1:05:39.130 --> 1:05:42.960
So you see at Pompeii two
extremely well-preserved tomb

1:05:42.958 --> 1:05:45.978
streets,
the Street of the Tombs and the

1:05:45.980 --> 1:05:48.600
Via Nucera--
which is the one you see here,

1:05:48.603 --> 1:05:51.183
n-u-c-e-r-a--
with tombs of all sorts of

1:05:51.179 --> 1:05:52.419
shapes and sizes.

1:05:52.420 --> 1:05:55.490
I'm not going to go into these
in any detail in this course.

1:05:55.489 --> 1:05:58.869
There is a paper topic for any
of you who get interested in

1:05:58.873 --> 1:06:01.443
tomb architecture on the tombs
of Pompeii.

1:06:01.440 --> 1:06:03.920
We will look at some tombs in
Rome, in great detail,

1:06:03.922 --> 1:06:06.652
but I'm just going to give you
a glimpse of them here.

1:06:06.650 --> 1:06:08.580
They come in all sizes and
shapes.

1:06:08.579 --> 1:06:09.799
They're very, very interesting.

1:06:09.800 --> 1:06:12.060
They honor the people who are
buried there,

1:06:12.059 --> 1:06:14.399
including--there's a bench
tomb, for example,

1:06:14.400 --> 1:06:18.240
where you can sit and think on
the life and times of the

1:06:18.242 --> 1:06:20.622
individual who was buried there.

1:06:20.619 --> 1:06:24.329
So an absolutely fascinating,
fascinating street,

1:06:24.327 --> 1:06:28.807
with a lot of different tomb
types that show the variety of

1:06:28.806 --> 1:06:31.816
tomb architecture under the
Romans.

1:06:31.820 --> 1:06:39.650
I'd like to end today by making
at least a passing reference to

1:06:39.646 --> 1:06:46.586
a matter which is of huge
concern to archaeologists,

1:06:46.590 --> 1:06:48.800
and huge concern to all of us,
as human beings,

1:06:48.800 --> 1:06:52.320
and that is what happened to
the people of Pompeii,

1:06:52.320 --> 1:06:55.400
in those very last moments of
life?

1:06:55.400 --> 1:06:59.510
And archaeologists have been
able to reconstruct exactly what

1:06:59.512 --> 1:07:01.682
happened to--
or not exactly,

1:07:01.679 --> 1:07:06.089
but as close as possible in the
time from which Pompeii was

1:07:06.088 --> 1:07:10.238
excavated to now --
to reconstruct again what

1:07:10.240 --> 1:07:16.200
happened to these human beings
at the time of the eruption of

1:07:16.197 --> 1:07:17.387
Vesuvius.

1:07:17.389 --> 1:07:20.009
They've been able to again to
reconstruct a very moving

1:07:20.009 --> 1:07:21.949
picture of their last moments of
life.

1:07:21.949 --> 1:07:26.089
What we know is that the ash
and lava from Vesuvius--

1:07:26.090 --> 1:07:30.950
and you see a restored view
here of what that would've

1:07:30.952 --> 1:07:34.002
looked like,
and you can see Vesuvius and

1:07:34.000 --> 1:07:37.200
you can see the Forum over here,
with the Temple of Jupiter and

1:07:37.195 --> 1:07:39.605
the Temple of Apollo,
and the throngs of people

1:07:39.612 --> 1:07:42.252
inside the Forum,
at this particular juncture,

1:07:42.248 --> 1:07:44.518
as they look up and see what is
happening.

1:07:44.518 --> 1:07:47.708
And on the right-hand
side--this is actually a view of

1:07:47.706 --> 1:07:48.246
Mount St.

1:07:48.248 --> 1:07:50.718
Helens, which as you know
erupted in 1980,

1:07:50.715 --> 1:07:54.075
and the eruptions not so
different, as you gaze upon them

1:07:54.083 --> 1:07:56.793
and look at them,
in comparison today.

1:07:56.789 --> 1:08:00.499
But we know that the eruption
of Vesuvius did not happen all

1:08:00.501 --> 1:08:02.531
at once;
it didn't just happen and cover

1:08:02.527 --> 1:08:02.977
the city.

1:08:02.980 --> 1:08:03.910
It was gradual.

1:08:03.909 --> 1:08:05.689
There was actually quite a bit
of time.

1:08:05.690 --> 1:08:06.800
There was time to escape.

1:08:06.800 --> 1:08:10.170
The Pompeians saw what was
happening, and those who were

1:08:10.173 --> 1:08:11.343
smart did escape.

1:08:11.340 --> 1:08:14.160
But like any other natural
disaster,

1:08:14.159 --> 1:08:17.039
there were, of course,
a group of hardy souls,

1:08:17.038 --> 1:08:19.498
or perhaps we would call them
foolhardy souls,

1:08:19.500 --> 1:08:22.130
who thought that they could
ride it out.

1:08:22.130 --> 1:08:25.130
And they thought they could
ride it out by hiding in their

1:08:25.127 --> 1:08:28.317
own houses or by--
some of the smarter ones of the

1:08:28.315 --> 1:08:32.725
foolhardy type decided that they
could ride it out in some of the

1:08:32.725 --> 1:08:36.285
very strong walled buildings,
public buildings of the city,

1:08:36.293 --> 1:08:37.883
for example,
the bath buildings,

1:08:37.882 --> 1:08:39.862
the Stabian Baths or the Forum
Baths,

1:08:39.859 --> 1:08:41.319
that we looked at today.

1:08:41.319 --> 1:08:44.589
They were gravely mistaken,
gravely mistaken.

1:08:44.590 --> 1:08:46.180
We don't know how many stayed.

1:08:46.180 --> 1:08:48.100
We think it was actually a
fairly small number;

1:08:48.100 --> 1:08:49.540
some have said about a thousand.

1:08:49.539 --> 1:08:50.269
We don't know.

1:08:50.270 --> 1:08:53.920
But whatever,
those who did stay made a grave

1:08:53.921 --> 1:08:57.281
error,
because they were not actually

1:08:57.278 --> 1:09:00.828
killed by the ash and lava,
the molten ash and lava,

1:09:00.833 --> 1:09:02.733
despite the fact that it was
extremely hot.

1:09:02.729 --> 1:09:06.369
But what killed them were the
noxious gasses that came into

1:09:06.368 --> 1:09:09.758
the city after the eruption,
that followed that ash and

1:09:09.755 --> 1:09:10.315
lava.

1:09:10.319 --> 1:09:12.979
They were asphyxiated by those
gasses.

1:09:12.979 --> 1:09:17.169
After they had died,
but before their bodies

1:09:17.167 --> 1:09:23.007
decomposed, the ash and lava
formed a protective shell around

1:09:23.009 --> 1:09:26.319
their bodies,
protecting them.

1:09:26.319 --> 1:09:30.519
And what the archaeologists
were clever enough to do is --

1:09:30.520 --> 1:09:32.760
when the modern archaeologists,
when they're working with their

1:09:32.760 --> 1:09:35.930
pick axes,
and when that pick axe hit a

1:09:35.926 --> 1:09:41.086
hollow in the ash and lava,
they poured plaster into that

1:09:41.087 --> 1:09:41.737
hollow.

1:09:41.738 --> 1:09:44.598
Sometimes that produced
nothing, but sometimes it

1:09:44.595 --> 1:09:47.325
produced bodies,
the actual shape of the bodies

1:09:47.332 --> 1:09:50.132
of those whose bodies had
decomposed there.

1:09:50.130 --> 1:09:53.450
And we can look at those bodies
still today.

1:09:53.448 --> 1:09:57.468
And I show you a scene of a
number of the victims of Pompeii

1:09:57.465 --> 1:10:01.205
huddled together for mutual and
indeed ultimately futile

1:10:01.208 --> 1:10:02.228
protection.

1:10:02.229 --> 1:10:05.479
I can show you the body of an
individual who is lying on the

1:10:05.479 --> 1:10:07.829
ground,
his face and his hands trying

1:10:07.831 --> 1:10:11.371
to protect himself obviously
from those noxious gases that

1:10:11.372 --> 1:10:13.052
have come into the city.

1:10:13.050 --> 1:10:17.200
I can show you the body,
the plaster cast obviously,

1:10:17.198 --> 1:10:20.698
of the body of another Pompeian
who was sitting with his knees

1:10:20.703 --> 1:10:23.063
up and his hands in front of his
face,

1:10:23.060 --> 1:10:26.420
trying to protect himself once
again from those fumes that are

1:10:26.421 --> 1:10:28.351
about to overtake him any
second;

1:10:28.350 --> 1:10:31.640
the body of an individual who's
essentially given up at this

1:10:31.643 --> 1:10:32.093
point.

1:10:32.090 --> 1:10:33.150
He is expired.

1:10:33.149 --> 1:10:34.709
He's lying on his back.

1:10:34.710 --> 1:10:39.660
There's no hope any longer for
him, a poor fellow who died on

1:10:39.662 --> 1:10:40.572
that day.

1:10:40.569 --> 1:10:42.859
And then this fellow,
this heroic fellow,

1:10:42.859 --> 1:10:45.949
who is lifting himself,
in his last moment of life,

1:10:45.948 --> 1:10:48.818
lifting himself,
either to gasp a last breath,

1:10:48.819 --> 1:10:55.259
or perhaps to whisper something
to a dear family member who is

1:10:55.261 --> 1:10:56.741
by his side.

1:10:56.738 --> 1:11:00.528
And we even have the body of a
dog.

1:11:00.529 --> 1:11:03.199
This story is particularly sad
because this dog,

1:11:03.198 --> 1:11:06.548
this plaster cast of this dog,
was found with a chain around

1:11:06.551 --> 1:11:07.291
his neck.

1:11:07.288 --> 1:11:10.878
So probably what happened here
is the owner of this particular

1:11:10.881 --> 1:11:14.401
dog had the dog chained up,
didn't have time either to take

1:11:14.395 --> 1:11:17.765
the dog or to release the dog
from his chain so that he could

1:11:17.774 --> 1:11:21.124
try himself to escape,
and that poor dog perished on

1:11:21.118 --> 1:11:25.198
that day and we have the plaster
cast of his body still today.

1:11:25.198 --> 1:11:28.908
All of these bodies can still
be seen on the site of Pompeii

1:11:28.905 --> 1:11:31.855
and make a visit there all the
more poignant.

1:11:31.859 --> 1:11:36.399
I know of no more moving human
document from the ancient world

1:11:36.395 --> 1:11:39.365
than these bodies of these
Pompeians,

1:11:39.368 --> 1:11:44.328
kept in perpetuity and for us
to commiserate with and to

1:11:44.326 --> 1:11:46.486
understand even today.

1:11:46.489 --> 1:11:46.859
Thank you.

1:11:46.859 --> 1:11:52.999