WEBVTT 00:01.540 --> 00:04.950 Prof: Last time we talked about a number of 00:04.952 --> 00:09.272 monuments that were connected to one another geographically and 00:09.269 --> 00:13.219 also chronologically, and were also made out of the 00:13.217 --> 00:16.237 same material: concrete faced with opus 00:16.239 --> 00:17.419 incertum. 00:17.420 --> 00:22.260 I remind you of three of those today: of the Sanctuary of 00:22.262 --> 00:27.092 Jupiter Anxur at Terracina; of the Sanctuary of Hercules 00:27.092 --> 00:29.832 Victor at Tivoli, in the center; 00:29.830 --> 00:34.680 and then on the right the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia 00:34.675 --> 00:36.055 at Palestrina. 00:36.060 --> 00:39.480 We're going to do something entirely different today. 00:39.480 --> 00:41.130 We're going to look at a single city, 00:41.130 --> 00:44.810 one city, in all its aspects: its public and private 00:44.806 --> 00:47.896 architecture, its civic, commercial, 00:47.902 --> 00:50.112 and religious buildings. 00:50.110 --> 00:53.630 We can't do this sort of thing very often, 00:53.630 --> 00:59.050 because too few Roman cities are either well preserved enough 00:59.051 --> 01:03.841 or well-excavated enough to allow such an overview. 01:03.840 --> 01:06.620 But this is no ordinary city. 01:06.620 --> 01:08.360 This is a very special city. 01:08.360 --> 01:12.070 The city we will be concentrating on today is 01:12.066 --> 01:12.906 Pompeii. 01:12.909 --> 01:19.369 Pompeii was located in an area of Italy called Campania. 01:19.370 --> 01:23.440 It was located near Naples; it was located near the 01:23.444 --> 01:24.674 Mediterranean Sea. 01:24.670 --> 01:28.720 It was a small resort town in the late first century B.C. 01:28.720 --> 01:35.250 and into the first century A.D. 01:35.250 --> 01:41.670 And you can see it on this map here, and it's right here. 01:41.670 --> 01:46.370 You can see that this area of Campania is obviously south of 01:46.372 --> 01:46.932 Rome. 01:46.930 --> 01:48.770 It is along, again, the Mediterranean Sea. 01:48.769 --> 01:52.129 And you can see Pompeii here also, 01:52.129 --> 01:53.829 with its sister city of Herculaneum, 01:53.830 --> 01:56.520 and some of the other well-known cities from this 01:56.519 --> 02:00.389 area: Boscoreale, Oplontis, for example, 02:00.390 --> 02:03.500 and Naples itself, ancient Neapolis. 02:03.500 --> 02:07.270 You can see this cluster of these cities that make up 02:07.272 --> 02:08.072 Campania. 02:08.068 --> 02:12.978 This was an area--the town itself again was a small resort 02:12.977 --> 02:13.577 town. 02:13.580 --> 02:16.750 It was a town that obviously had its own population of people 02:16.754 --> 02:19.194 who made their money largely from commerce, 02:19.188 --> 02:21.888 because they were located so close to the sea. 02:21.889 --> 02:25.769 But it was also a spot that was highly favored by the glitterati 02:25.771 --> 02:27.991 of Rome, who used to come down to this 02:27.991 --> 02:30.961 area of Rome, not only to go to Pompeii 02:30.959 --> 02:35.379 itself, but to establish villas, to build villas in the vicinity 02:35.379 --> 02:35.949 of Pompeii. 02:35.949 --> 02:39.819 And we have imperial villas at places like Oplontis and at a 02:39.822 --> 02:43.632 place called Boscotrecase that is located here as well, 02:43.628 --> 02:48.128 and along what is now the Amalfi Coast and on the island 02:48.128 --> 02:49.028 of Capri. 02:49.030 --> 02:55.010 So this was a town again that was noticed and was visited, 02:55.014 --> 02:59.434 even by the most elite in the city of Rome, 02:59.425 --> 03:03.515 in the capital city of Rome itself. 03:03.520 --> 03:07.280 But what's very important for us, from the outset, 03:07.280 --> 03:09.950 is to recognize that although Pompeii, 03:09.949 --> 03:12.579 as we know it today, was essentially a Roman city, 03:12.580 --> 03:16.740 it had a history that was much longer than that, 03:16.740 --> 03:18.460 that went back much further than that. 03:18.460 --> 03:22.270 And I'd like to go over some of the major highlights of the 03:22.265 --> 03:25.405 history of Pompeii, because they will situate us 03:25.408 --> 03:28.808 and will help us to understand the city's architecture. 03:28.810 --> 03:33.200 The history of Pompeii, as I noted, is much longer than 03:33.199 --> 03:35.719 the history of Roman Pompeii. 03:35.720 --> 03:38.020 It goes back as far as Rome itself. 03:38.020 --> 03:41.660 It goes back to the eighth century B.C.--the same Iron Age 03:41.662 --> 03:45.052 period--when Romulus was founding the city of Rome. 03:45.050 --> 03:47.810 Pompeii goes back that far as well. 03:47.810 --> 03:52.710 It was first overseen by an Italic tribe called the Oscans, 03:52.705 --> 03:57.685 but the Oscans were soon taken over by an even more powerful 03:57.687 --> 04:00.217 tribe called the Samnites. 04:00.218 --> 04:04.088 And the Samnites are in fact extremely important for the city 04:04.085 --> 04:07.435 of Pompeii and for the architecture that we'll review 04:07.435 --> 04:08.075 today. 04:08.080 --> 04:12.170 The Samnite period in Pompeii lasted from the fourth through 04:12.173 --> 04:15.853 the third and even into the second centuries B.C., 04:15.848 --> 04:21.038 up to 80 B.C., because it was in 89 that 04:21.038 --> 04:24.098 Pompeii fell to Rome. 04:24.100 --> 04:27.630 We've talked about Rome colonizing this particular part 04:27.629 --> 04:30.459 of Italy -- not only the area right around 04:30.459 --> 04:33.309 it, but the area south of it -- and 04:33.307 --> 04:37.857 Pompeii fell to Rome in an important military campaign in 04:37.857 --> 04:38.667 89 B.C. 04:38.670 --> 04:41.420 And in 80 B.C. 04:41.420 --> 04:45.110 Sulla made Pompeii a Roman colony. 04:45.110 --> 04:48.720 What happened thereafter was the Samnites, 04:48.720 --> 04:51.280 who had built homes for themselves and public buildings 04:51.276 --> 04:54.816 that we'll study here, the Samnites were essentially 04:54.821 --> 04:57.021 thrown out of their homes. 04:57.019 --> 05:00.859 Their property was confiscated, and that property was given 05:00.860 --> 05:02.980 instead to the Roman veterans. 05:02.980 --> 05:05.450 We've talked about the fact that that was the way the Romans 05:05.449 --> 05:05.909 operated. 05:05.910 --> 05:09.540 They paid back their veterans for loyal service by giving them 05:09.538 --> 05:13.048 land, and they usually gave them land of those that they had 05:13.047 --> 05:13.877 conquered. 05:13.879 --> 05:17.269 So that happens here as well; Samnite property confiscated, 05:17.274 --> 05:20.964 and the Roman veterans settle in their homes and begin to redo 05:20.964 --> 05:23.654 them, settle into using their public 05:23.654 --> 05:27.594 buildings but begin to remake them in the Roman image. 05:27.589 --> 05:32.159 The next century and a half saw the construction of Pompeii's 05:32.156 --> 05:35.526 most famous buildings, but we should not forget, 05:35.528 --> 05:38.228 and we'll concentrate in part on that today, 05:38.230 --> 05:43.080 that some of these buildings had their genesis under the 05:43.079 --> 05:44.049 Samnites. 05:44.050 --> 05:47.650 During this period there was a very high civilization in 05:47.654 --> 05:48.314 Pompeii. 05:48.310 --> 05:52.570 There was trade with Greek cities and especially with the 05:52.574 --> 05:56.694 Greek city of Neapolis, Neapolis being the ancient name 05:56.687 --> 05:57.827 for Naples. 05:57.829 --> 06:03.479 The next very important year in the history of Pompeii was the 06:03.480 --> 06:04.310 year A.D. 06:04.314 --> 06:09.134 62, when the city was literally-- the city of Pompeii 06:09.130 --> 06:13.580 was literally shaken to its foundations by a very 06:13.577 --> 06:18.677 significant earthquake-- a very significant earthquake 06:18.682 --> 06:19.302 indeed. 06:19.300 --> 06:21.890 And to give you some sense of that earthquake, 06:21.889 --> 06:28.159 I show you a frieze that encircles a shrine that was 06:28.158 --> 06:32.478 located in the house, or that was commissioned for 06:32.475 --> 06:35.435 the house, as decoration and as a place to 06:35.435 --> 06:39.495 place the household gods that the owner and his family 06:39.497 --> 06:40.567 worshipped. 06:40.569 --> 06:42.569 The shrine had a frieze around it. 06:42.569 --> 06:45.429 The man himself, by the way, was named Lucius 06:45.425 --> 06:46.785 Caecilius Iucundus. 06:46.790 --> 06:48.820 And we're very lucky--you don't have to remember his name, 06:48.819 --> 06:51.479 but Lucius Caecilius Iucundus--and Iucundus, 06:51.480 --> 06:54.880 fortunately we have a portrait preserved of Iucundus. 06:54.879 --> 06:57.539 So we can get a good sense of what he looked like, 06:57.540 --> 07:00.510 literally warts and all, because you can see that he had 07:00.512 --> 07:03.162 a huge wart on the lower left side of his face. 07:03.160 --> 07:06.640 And he was willing to have himself memorialized, 07:06.639 --> 07:09.299 and here we are sitting and looking at him today in this 07:09.300 --> 07:11.780 classroom in New Haven, as he was really was, 07:11.778 --> 07:15.088 with this large wart on the lower left side of his face. 07:15.088 --> 07:17.568 But a wonderful portrait of Iucundus, 07:17.569 --> 07:19.929 the owner of this particular house, 07:19.930 --> 07:23.750 who was obviously so struck, and probably so effected in his 07:23.747 --> 07:28.307 own life by the earthquake, that he decided to have a 07:28.312 --> 07:34.502 relief commissioned that would depict the event of 62 A.D. 07:34.500 --> 07:36.830 And you see exactly -- you see what is happening here. 07:36.829 --> 07:39.619 You can see, in fact, the great Temple of 07:39.617 --> 07:43.587 Jupiter, the Capitolium of Pompeii, which we'll talk about 07:43.589 --> 07:45.819 today, literally collapsing. 07:45.819 --> 07:49.239 And you can see that in front of that temple were two tall 07:49.244 --> 07:52.914 bases with equestrian statues honoring important people of the 07:52.908 --> 07:53.448 city. 07:53.449 --> 07:56.729 Those look also like they are shaking in their boots, 07:56.730 --> 07:59.130 so to speak, and about to fall over. 07:59.129 --> 08:02.359 If you look down here, you see the city wall. 08:02.360 --> 08:06.250 And note, your ashlar masonry, your opus quadratum, 08:06.250 --> 08:09.660 and the use of headers and stretchers in this wall, 08:09.661 --> 08:12.121 the wall of the city of Pompeii. 08:12.120 --> 08:14.180 But you can see the gate is not doing too well; 08:14.180 --> 08:19.560 it also seems to be tottering and about to fall down. 08:19.560 --> 08:24.100 So this is a graphic depiction of what happened then, 08:24.100 --> 08:29.160 and you can--it gives you some sense of the significance of 08:29.163 --> 08:32.223 this for the people of Pompeii. 08:32.220 --> 08:34.560 Now at the end of this, like in so many natural 08:34.557 --> 08:37.397 disasters--obviously these people loved living where they 08:37.403 --> 08:38.773 did; it's a beautiful part of the 08:38.765 --> 08:40.645 world-- and they essentially stood up 08:40.654 --> 08:43.944 and dusted themselves off and began to remake their city, 08:43.940 --> 08:46.440 to restore their city to what it was. 08:46.440 --> 08:48.710 And we have, from this point on, 08:48.706 --> 08:51.806 from 62 on, almost immediately seventeen 08:51.808 --> 08:56.038 years of frenzied building activity in which the Pompeians 08:56.041 --> 08:59.681 tried to bring their city back from the dead, 08:59.678 --> 09:02.418 so to speak, to bring it back to what it had 09:02.416 --> 09:03.176 once been. 09:03.178 --> 09:05.778 But you know the punch line here, you know the end of the 09:05.778 --> 09:06.148 story. 09:06.149 --> 09:10.009 You know that all of this work, all of this seventeen years of 09:10.005 --> 09:15.585 hard work was all for naught, because on that fateful day of 09:15.591 --> 09:18.681 August 24^(th) in 79 A.D. 09:18.678 --> 09:23.298 the long dormant volcano of Vesuvius-- 09:23.298 --> 09:28.208 which you see looming up behind the Temple of Jupiter in Pompeii 09:28.207 --> 09:31.257 today-- the long dormant volcano of 09:31.263 --> 09:35.553 Vesuvius erupted, covering the city of Pompeii 09:35.553 --> 09:39.413 and all of its sister cities in a mass, 09:39.409 --> 09:44.779 or in a blanket of ash and lava. 09:44.779 --> 09:46.409 Covering it forever? 09:46.409 --> 09:48.609 Well not quite forever; almost forever. 09:48.610 --> 09:52.020 Because as you also know, the city was rediscovered in 09:52.018 --> 09:55.968 the eighteenth century, and when it was rediscovered 09:55.974 --> 10:00.874 what happened there first was a period of treasure hunting. 10:00.870 --> 10:04.170 Well-to-do individuals, primarily from Europe, 10:04.168 --> 10:07.778 made a beeline for Pompeii, once it was rediscovered, 10:07.778 --> 10:12.628 and began to build their own personal collections of art from 10:12.625 --> 10:14.075 what lay around. 10:14.080 --> 10:17.070 They took jewelry; they took metal items, 10:17.065 --> 10:18.555 precious metal items. 10:18.558 --> 10:22.908 They even did the unspeakable by cutting portrait paintings 10:22.908 --> 10:27.328 and other paintings out of the walls and taking them back to 10:27.331 --> 10:31.681 decorate their own palaces and villas in other parts of the 10:31.679 --> 10:32.579 world. 10:32.580 --> 10:35.920 That went on for a while, but fortunately not too long. 10:35.918 --> 10:39.658 The archaeologists gained the upper hand and we begin to see 10:39.659 --> 10:43.209 not long after that a period of scientific excavation. 10:43.210 --> 10:47.290 And I show you two images here, which show that scientific 10:47.289 --> 10:51.369 excavation, which show some of the houses of Pompeii being 10:51.370 --> 10:53.590 revealed by archaeologists. 10:53.590 --> 10:56.230 And, of course, it was all--the good work that 10:56.231 --> 10:58.691 they have done, and work continues apace at 10:58.686 --> 11:01.526 Pompeii excavations still go on in parts of the city, 11:01.528 --> 11:03.418 that have allowed most of the city, 11:03.418 --> 11:08.958 as far as we can tell, to be revealed to us today. 11:08.960 --> 11:13.130 Now this tragedy that befell Pompeii, in August of 79, 11:13.129 --> 11:17.849 was indeed a tragedy for them, for the people who lived there 11:17.847 --> 11:18.947 obviously. 11:18.950 --> 11:22.240 It was also a tragedy for the reigning emperor, 11:22.243 --> 11:26.403 a man by the name of Titus, T-i-t-u-s, who's honored in the 11:26.397 --> 11:28.757 famous Arch of Titus in Rome. 11:28.759 --> 11:31.929 We'll talk about him and his architecture in Rome later in 11:31.926 --> 11:32.756 the semester. 11:32.759 --> 11:36.469 But it was a disaster for him, and he had to contend with a 11:36.465 --> 11:39.655 plague and a fire in Rome also at the same time. 11:39.658 --> 11:42.248 It was very difficult for him, and poor man, 11:42.251 --> 11:45.811 even though he was quite young, died of natural causes after 11:45.809 --> 11:47.679 only three years in office. 11:47.678 --> 11:51.418 And I think it was in part this catastrophe that had happened, 11:51.418 --> 11:56.448 in the Bay of Naples area, that led in part to his-- 11:56.450 --> 12:00.080 the stress of it led in part to his demise. 12:00.080 --> 12:03.280 So this was a great tragedy for him, a great tragedy for the 12:03.282 --> 12:05.782 people of Pompeii, a great tragedy for Rome. 12:05.778 --> 12:09.578 But it was a stroke of good luck for archaeologists, 12:09.580 --> 12:13.680 and in a sense for us as well, because of course what happened 12:13.683 --> 12:17.653 to Pompeii is something very different than what happened to 12:17.653 --> 12:18.263 Rome. 12:18.259 --> 12:21.589 What happened to Pompeii is that it was--its life was 12:21.585 --> 12:25.225 snuffed out all at once, it came to an end all at once. 12:25.230 --> 12:28.450 Compare this to Rome, which has been inhabited over 12:28.447 --> 12:29.217 millennia. 12:29.220 --> 12:33.910 In Rome buildings have been redone, rethought, 12:33.908 --> 12:35.888 remade over time. 12:35.889 --> 12:40.299 That never happened in Pompeii because Pompeii again died 12:40.298 --> 12:44.778 essentially in August of 79, and everything that was there 12:44.775 --> 12:46.785 was preserved, just as it was, 12:46.788 --> 12:49.928 and that's how it was discovered when it was excavated 12:49.932 --> 12:54.402 in the mid-eighteenth century, as it had been -- exactly how 12:54.404 --> 12:58.074 it had been, on that day in August in 79. 12:58.070 --> 12:59.800 This is extremely important. 12:59.798 --> 13:03.598 It's one of our only really fixed chronological dates, 13:03.596 --> 13:07.176 and it provides us with an incredible laboratory of 13:07.177 --> 13:08.107 material. 13:08.110 --> 13:10.950 Because, again, everything--nothing is changed 13:10.945 --> 13:14.465 from the time that it was left there, except for what the 13:14.471 --> 13:16.301 treasure hunters removed. 13:16.298 --> 13:19.308 But for the most part nothing has changed, and we can study it 13:19.307 --> 13:19.897 as it was. 13:19.899 --> 13:22.659 The other thing that you must remember from the outset, 13:22.658 --> 13:26.458 that although what was revealed by excavators in the eighteenth 13:26.464 --> 13:28.654 century, nineteenth century and beyond 13:28.652 --> 13:33.182 even today, was not just the--it was the 13:33.182 --> 13:36.212 Pompeii of August 79. 13:36.210 --> 13:39.360 But the buildings that stood there were not just the 13:39.363 --> 13:42.763 buildings that had been renovated between the earthquake 13:42.764 --> 13:45.614 of 62 and the eruption of Vesuvius of 79, 13:45.610 --> 13:48.100 but some of the very earliest buildings, 13:48.100 --> 13:51.710 including the Samnite structures, still stood. 13:51.710 --> 13:55.190 And so when we look back we will be able to trace, 13:55.190 --> 13:58.490 in a sense, the city of Pompeii and its architecture, 13:58.490 --> 14:03.160 from the time of the Samnites up until the time of the emperor 14:03.157 --> 14:03.767 Titus. 14:03.769 --> 14:07.319 I want to begin with a plan of the city of Pompeii, 14:07.317 --> 14:08.877 and you see it here. 14:08.879 --> 14:13.879 And the plan that I show you is a plan of the city as it was in 14:13.883 --> 14:14.213 A.D. 14:14.205 --> 14:14.685 79. 14:14.690 --> 14:17.480 We see all of the buildings at that juncture. 14:17.480 --> 14:22.010 We see that the shape of the city is essentially an irregular 14:22.008 --> 14:25.708 rectangle, and we also can see very well 14:25.705 --> 14:29.445 that the city is surrounded by a wall, 14:29.450 --> 14:31.990 a protective wall, as were--so it was walled like 14:31.988 --> 14:35.478 all the other cities that we've talked about thus far this term. 14:35.480 --> 14:38.800 You can see some of the major buildings very clearly: 14:38.802 --> 14:41.612 the amphitheater that we'll talk about today, 14:41.614 --> 14:44.494 the theater and the music hall over here. 14:44.490 --> 14:46.410 You can see the streets of the city, 14:46.408 --> 14:49.508 the cardo or north-south street, 14:49.509 --> 14:52.479 and the decumanus, or east-west street of the 14:52.482 --> 14:54.972 city, as well as the fairly regular 14:54.971 --> 14:58.601 blocks where the houses and the shops were located. 14:58.600 --> 15:02.590 What is important to note, however, is that the Samnite 15:02.590 --> 15:06.580 city was obviously much smaller than the city of 79. 15:06.580 --> 15:09.230 And to recapture a sense of the Samnite city, 15:09.230 --> 15:12.890 we have to look at the bottom left side of this plan, 15:12.889 --> 15:15.319 where we see the original Samnite city, 15:15.320 --> 15:18.840 which seems to have been roughly a fairly regular square. 15:18.840 --> 15:22.000 And in that Samnite city, the Romans-- 15:22.000 --> 15:26.190 and they followed Roman surveying methodology here-- 15:26.190 --> 15:31.320 they looked to what was exactly the center of the city and they 15:31.323 --> 15:34.993 placed the cardo, the north-south street, 15:34.985 --> 15:37.995 and the decumanus, the east-west street, 15:38.003 --> 15:40.373 at that exact mid-point of the city. 15:40.370 --> 15:42.510 And then they located, as they liked to do, 15:42.509 --> 15:45.009 the forum of the city, the great meeting and 15:45.008 --> 15:47.678 marketplace, right at the intersection of 15:47.683 --> 15:50.653 the cardo and of the decumanus. 15:50.649 --> 15:54.129 And that is exactly where we see the forum that was begun in 15:54.134 --> 15:56.914 the Samnite period, right at the intersection of 15:56.908 --> 15:58.738 those two original streets. 15:58.740 --> 16:01.800 Then over time, obviously, as they expanded the 16:01.798 --> 16:05.788 city, the cardo grew and the decumanus grew. 16:05.788 --> 16:11.768 And it didn't end up exactly at the center of the larger city, 16:11.765 --> 16:16.465 but it was at the center of the original city. 16:16.470 --> 16:18.860 Let's begin, in fact, with the Forum, 16:18.863 --> 16:22.593 because the Forum was begun itself during the time of the 16:22.585 --> 16:23.445 Samnites. 16:23.450 --> 16:26.920 You'll see from your Monument List that I've given you a date 16:26.921 --> 16:29.641 of the second half of the second century B.C. 16:29.639 --> 16:34.469 for the Forum at Pompeii, and again that indicates to us, 16:34.470 --> 16:36.560 because of the chronology of the city, 16:36.558 --> 16:40.048 of the history of the city, that it was begun in Samnite 16:40.052 --> 16:40.562 times. 16:40.558 --> 16:44.578 You see here on the screen an excellent plan of the Forum, 16:44.580 --> 16:48.670 as it was and as it grew over time, as buildings were added 16:48.672 --> 16:49.662 over time. 16:49.658 --> 16:54.958 This plan is from one of your textbooks, from Ward-Perkins, 16:54.956 --> 16:58.606 and I think it deserves careful study. 16:58.610 --> 17:01.750 Let's describe it together today. 17:01.750 --> 17:05.330 We see that the central part of the Forum, 17:05.328 --> 17:08.838 which was again essentially the main meeting and marketplace of 17:08.835 --> 17:13.125 the forum, is a very elongated rectangle, 17:13.130 --> 17:16.100 with a temple, a Capitolium, 17:16.096 --> 17:19.946 a Temple to Jupiter, located on one of the short 17:19.952 --> 17:20.612 ends. 17:20.608 --> 17:24.008 And you should be immediately--your mind's eye 17:24.008 --> 17:28.308 should go immediately to the sanctuary designs that we saw 17:28.311 --> 17:29.371 last time. 17:29.368 --> 17:32.298 Think, for example, of the Sanctuary of Hercules 17:32.295 --> 17:35.975 Victor at Tivoli, where we saw that the temple 17:35.983 --> 17:40.003 was pushed up against one of the back walls-- 17:40.000 --> 17:42.290 in that case the long wall--and dominated the space in front of 17:42.294 --> 17:42.484 it. 17:42.480 --> 17:45.030 We see the same kind of scheme here, 17:45.029 --> 17:48.649 where we see this rectangular space with the temple pushed 17:48.648 --> 17:50.118 up-- in this case on one of the 17:50.122 --> 17:52.562 short walls-- pushed up against the back wall 17:52.560 --> 17:55.310 and then dominating the space in front of it. 17:55.308 --> 18:00.228 The Forum itself is surrounded by columns, a colonnade, 18:00.228 --> 18:04.418 as you can see here, and it is open to the sky, 18:04.417 --> 18:06.237 open to the sky. 18:06.240 --> 18:10.530 Then deployed around it all the other important buildings that 18:10.528 --> 18:14.038 needed to be in a forum: the curia or Senate 18:14.042 --> 18:18.242 House, over here; the basilica or law court over 18:18.236 --> 18:19.756 here; another temple, 18:19.762 --> 18:22.062 in this case the Temple of Apollo; 18:22.058 --> 18:24.898 and then a series of buildings that were added later, 18:24.897 --> 18:25.987 on the right side. 18:25.990 --> 18:28.700 A wonderful building of a woman, that we're not going to 18:28.702 --> 18:32.042 be talking about this semester, called Eumachia--and it gives 18:32.040 --> 18:34.620 you some sense that women could wield power. 18:34.619 --> 18:36.019 It wasn't easy. 18:36.019 --> 18:37.869 They couldn't vote and they couldn't hold public office, 18:37.868 --> 18:39.688 but they could sometimes wield power, 18:39.690 --> 18:41.980 and this particular woman did, in Pompeii -- 18:41.980 --> 18:46.830 a very large building that was for her and for her trade guild. 18:46.828 --> 18:49.528 A lararium or a place, a shrine; 18:49.529 --> 18:51.959 a market or macellum up there. 18:51.960 --> 18:53.860 Some of these added later. 18:53.858 --> 18:56.738 But the ones that are particularly critical to our 18:56.742 --> 19:00.222 understanding of the Samnite city are the Capitolium and the 19:00.215 --> 19:04.645 Basilica, which both date to the second 19:04.651 --> 19:06.271 century B.C. 19:06.269 --> 19:10.519 Here's a view of--oh I'm sorry, I did want to say something 19:10.519 --> 19:13.669 about the Google Earth image on the left. 19:13.670 --> 19:17.460 This is a Google Earth image, which I tried to take in such a 19:17.461 --> 19:20.941 way that one can see it, almost exactly the same vantage 19:20.939 --> 19:22.329 point as the plan. 19:22.328 --> 19:25.468 And you can see everything here that I've already pointed out: 19:25.467 --> 19:27.797 the open rectangular space, the colonnade, 19:27.803 --> 19:30.413 the temple pushed up against the back wall -- 19:30.410 --> 19:32.650 the Temple of Jupiter, the Basilica over here, 19:32.650 --> 19:35.590 the Temple of Apollo, Eumachia's building here, 19:35.588 --> 19:39.748 the Senate House over here, and so on. 19:39.750 --> 19:43.850 And this again underscores the value of Google Earth, 19:43.846 --> 19:48.486 as one can look down on these buildings and compare what one 19:48.493 --> 19:50.703 sees to the master plan. 19:50.700 --> 19:52.610 This is a view of the colonnade. 19:52.608 --> 19:56.608 It's a two-story colonnade at the Forum of Pompeii, 19:56.608 --> 19:59.988 and you can see the same thing that we saw happening in the 19:59.986 --> 20:03.256 Theater of Marcellus in Rome, that the columns that they have 20:03.263 --> 20:05.573 used -- they have looked at the Greek 20:05.567 --> 20:07.357 orders, the Doric, Ionic, 20:07.361 --> 20:11.631 and Corinthian -- and they have selected here to use the Doric 20:11.634 --> 20:15.704 for the first story and the Ionic for the second story. 20:15.700 --> 20:18.550 This colonnade does not date to the Samnite period. 20:18.548 --> 20:20.938 We believe that it was put up later, 20:20.940 --> 20:24.310 but it's made out of white limestone, 20:24.308 --> 20:28.588 and it probably again does belong to a renovation of the 20:28.590 --> 20:31.160 Forum of a somewhat later date. 20:31.160 --> 20:36.270 Look also near the columns and you will see a series of bases: 20:36.273 --> 20:40.553 a large base over here, a smaller base over here. 20:40.548 --> 20:42.958 You see a lot of these still in the Forum today. 20:42.960 --> 20:45.140 And what these bases were for, of course, 20:45.140 --> 20:47.790 were to support statues, statues, and then there 20:47.787 --> 20:51.447 would've been inscription on the base identifying who that was. 20:51.450 --> 20:56.110 Sometimes they were statues of the reigning dynast in Rome-- 20:56.108 --> 20:58.268 in the age of Augustus, it might be Augustus, 20:58.269 --> 21:02.609 or his wife Livia--but they also honored the most important 21:02.607 --> 21:06.047 people of the city of Pompeii: magistrates, 21:06.049 --> 21:07.649 great benefactors. 21:07.650 --> 21:11.930 Eumachia we know had a portrait inside her own building honoring 21:11.928 --> 21:14.778 her, standing next to the empress Livia. 21:14.778 --> 21:18.618 So that's--you have to imagine that while the Forum is quite 21:18.615 --> 21:21.165 empty today, that in antiquity there would 21:21.171 --> 21:24.171 have been all of these bases with equestrian statues and 21:24.171 --> 21:27.301 full-length statues, vying with one another for 21:27.298 --> 21:30.188 attention -- the individuals honored there 21:30.188 --> 21:33.738 sort of jostling with one another to underscore their 21:33.736 --> 21:37.456 fame, at least within their own city. 21:37.460 --> 21:41.200 This is a view of the Temple of Jupiter, or the Capitolium, 21:41.202 --> 21:44.702 in the Forum of Pompeii; an extremely important 21:44.696 --> 21:49.396 building, and one that you can see from the Monument List, 21:49.404 --> 21:54.034 also what began to be put up quite early, in 150 B.C. 21:54.029 --> 21:58.429 But its triple cella, honoring the Capitoline Triad, 21:58.430 --> 22:01.920 Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, was, it won't surprise you to 22:01.922 --> 22:04.642 hear, put up only after the Romans 22:04.643 --> 22:10.143 made Pompeii a colony, and that happened in 80 B.C. 22:10.140 --> 22:13.410 So you'll see that I've given you a date of 150 for the 22:13.407 --> 22:14.677 temple, but 80 B.C. 22:14.680 --> 22:19.850 for the renovation of the cella to incorporate these three 22:19.848 --> 22:23.928 spaces for statues of the Capitoline Triad. 22:23.930 --> 22:25.550 Let's look at the plan first. 22:25.548 --> 22:27.138 You see it down here at the bottom -- 22:27.140 --> 22:30.830 22:30.828 --> 22:32.118 you see it down here at the bottom, 22:32.118 --> 22:35.868 and you can see that the plan of the temple corresponds to 22:35.865 --> 22:39.935 plans that we've seen for other temples that we've studied thus 22:39.941 --> 22:42.271 far this term-- the Temple of Portunus, 22:42.270 --> 22:45.050 for example-- where we see this combination 22:45.048 --> 22:48.188 of an Etruscan plan and a Greek elevation. 22:52.710 --> 22:55.360 single staircase; deep porch; 22:55.358 --> 22:57.958 freestanding columns in that porch; 22:57.960 --> 23:01.670 the flat back wall as was characteristic of Etruscan 23:01.673 --> 23:05.613 temple design; the plain side walls over here. 23:05.608 --> 23:08.538 We can see all of that in this plan. 23:08.538 --> 23:12.318 And we also know that the building was made out of stone, 23:12.318 --> 23:15.598 tufa, in this case tufa, not from Rome but tufa from 23:15.596 --> 23:19.246 this part of Italy, from the Campanian region. 23:19.250 --> 23:23.720 Tufa there for both the columns and also the capital. 23:23.720 --> 23:24.980 So a stone building. 23:24.980 --> 23:28.060 So this same combination of Etruscan plan and Greek 23:28.058 --> 23:30.028 elevation that we saw in Rome. 23:30.028 --> 23:33.028 This view of the temple also shows you that it had a tall 23:33.026 --> 23:36.286 podium, as was characteristic of these other early temples. 23:36.288 --> 23:40.088 Here you can see the remains of the stone columns and of the 23:40.089 --> 23:41.249 building itself. 23:41.250 --> 23:42.960 It's not as well preserved as we wish it were, 23:42.960 --> 23:47.950 but enough is there to give us a very good sense of what the 23:47.950 --> 23:52.010 Capitolium looked like in ancient Roman times. 23:52.009 --> 23:55.389 I mentioned that the other early structure added to the 23:55.388 --> 23:59.268 forum complex was the Basilica of Pompeii, and I'd like to turn 23:59.268 --> 24:00.268 to that now. 24:00.269 --> 24:04.399 The Basilica of Pompeii dates to around 120 B.C. 24:04.400 --> 24:07.720 You see its plan here again, in the bottom left, 24:07.720 --> 24:10.620 and you'll remember it splayed off from the Forum to the left 24:10.615 --> 24:13.075 bottom side, as you face the Temple of 24:13.082 --> 24:13.712 Jupiter. 24:13.710 --> 24:16.850 You can see that the plan of the Basilica is very interesting 24:16.846 --> 24:19.976 because it actually is quite similar to the plan of the Forum 24:19.983 --> 24:20.563 itself. 24:20.558 --> 24:23.828 It is a rectangular space, not as large and not as 24:23.828 --> 24:27.098 elongated, but nonetheless a rectangular space. 24:27.098 --> 24:29.968 Its entranceway is over here, from the Forum. 24:29.970 --> 24:33.090 You can see that there are columns inside, 24:33.086 --> 24:36.046 a colonnade, just as we saw in the Forum 24:36.053 --> 24:36.893 itself. 24:36.890 --> 24:42.210 And the building is organized, as is the Forum itself, 24:42.210 --> 24:45.810 axially, so that there is a focus: something at the end that 24:45.814 --> 24:49.224 serves as the focus, and then the axiality comes 24:49.215 --> 24:50.025 from that. 24:50.029 --> 24:52.149 We see the focus over here at the end. 24:52.150 --> 24:54.820 It's not another temple; it is a tribunal, 24:54.816 --> 24:59.586 a tribunal on which the judge would sit to try the law cases 24:59.592 --> 25:01.052 that came here. 25:01.048 --> 25:04.718 The main difference between the Basilica and the Forum itself is 25:04.718 --> 25:07.278 that the Basilica was roofed in antiquity. 25:07.278 --> 25:11.468 The roof is no longer there, as you saw in the Google Earth 25:11.470 --> 25:15.370 view, but it was roofed in antiquity, whereas again the 25:15.372 --> 25:17.542 Forum was open to the sky. 25:17.538 --> 25:21.058 The view that you see of the Basilica as it looks today is 25:21.064 --> 25:22.614 also very illuminating. 25:22.608 --> 25:24.728 We are looking toward the tribunal. 25:24.730 --> 25:27.270 You can see the tribunal is actually extremely well 25:27.269 --> 25:27.879 preserved. 25:27.880 --> 25:30.530 We get a very good sense of what it looked like in 25:30.529 --> 25:31.179 antiquity. 25:31.180 --> 25:33.420 It itself has a tall podium. 25:33.420 --> 25:37.080 We can imagine the magistrate holding court up here, 25:37.076 --> 25:41.516 on the top of that tall podium, between the Corinthian columns, 25:41.520 --> 25:42.740 in this case. 25:42.740 --> 25:45.650 We're not absolutely sure, but we believe the second 25:45.654 --> 25:48.124 story, which has smaller columns--they 25:48.123 --> 25:50.583 diminish in size on the second story-- 25:50.578 --> 25:54.868 also were Corinthian columns, because you can see at least 25:54.866 --> 25:55.916 one of them. 25:55.920 --> 25:57.760 One of them is restored, at the top right, 25:57.759 --> 25:59.509 but that one is a Corinthian capital. 25:59.509 --> 26:02.899 So we believe Corinthian order on the lower story, 26:02.900 --> 26:06.550 Corinthian order on the second story as well, 26:06.548 --> 26:10.008 beginning to show this Roman penchant for the Corinthian 26:10.012 --> 26:12.682 order, which we've already discussed. 26:12.680 --> 26:16.810 And you can also see here some of the lower parts of the 26:16.808 --> 26:21.008 columns that would have been encircling the center of the 26:21.013 --> 26:25.673 structure and dividing the central space from two aisles, 26:25.670 --> 26:27.540 one on either side. 26:27.538 --> 26:30.708 It looks like they're made out of brick, but they're actually 26:30.708 --> 26:32.978 made out of a tile that looks like brick; 26:32.980 --> 26:36.490 brick wasn't being used quite this early but a tile resembling 26:36.494 --> 26:39.674 brick was used in Pompeii, and we can see that served as 26:39.665 --> 26:41.275 the core of the columns. 26:41.279 --> 26:44.169 They would've been stuccoed over though and looked more like 26:44.166 --> 26:46.946 white marble, indicating to us again this 26:46.952 --> 26:50.812 desire of the Romans to make things look at least-- 26:50.808 --> 26:53.678 or the Samnites at this point and ultimately the Romans when 26:53.682 --> 26:56.792 they renovated this structure-- to make it look as Greek as 26:56.792 --> 26:57.352 possible. 26:57.349 --> 26:58.059 Yes? 26:58.058 --> 26:59.668 Student: Why are the columns chopped up? 26:59.670 --> 27:01.620 Prof: Why are the columns chopped up? 27:01.618 --> 27:04.008 You mean almost all in the same place? 27:04.009 --> 27:08.589 These things were often pieced, and so sometimes that can 27:08.593 --> 27:09.333 happen. 27:09.328 --> 27:11.648 And it's actually one of the--you raise a very 27:11.647 --> 27:14.477 interesting issue, because one of the things that 27:14.484 --> 27:17.064 archaeologists are beginning to speculate, 27:17.058 --> 27:19.648 only recently about--and you see this in some of the most 27:19.648 --> 27:21.958 recent literature-- is here we say, 27:21.957 --> 27:26.077 and I said it today, that this city was preserved 27:26.075 --> 27:27.995 exactly as it was in 79. 27:28.000 --> 27:30.320 And yet when you look at what it looks like, 27:30.320 --> 27:32.590 it's actually in a pretty ruinous state. 27:32.589 --> 27:34.939 So that could mean two things. 27:34.940 --> 27:37.590 One, that they didn't make all that much progress in that 27:37.589 --> 27:40.409 seventeen years, that they worked very hard but 27:40.411 --> 27:44.061 that the damage had been so significant that they were not 27:44.060 --> 27:48.160 able to bring these things back as much as they had hoped to. 27:48.160 --> 27:50.140 But it also may be just the destruction. 27:50.140 --> 27:54.790 While the ash and lava covered the city and protected it, 27:54.788 --> 27:57.248 it obviously wrought some damage as well, 27:57.250 --> 28:01.540 so that some of these things obviously came down and over 28:01.544 --> 28:06.304 time the material got washed away or taken away or whatever. 28:06.298 --> 28:09.108 But it is curious that they sort of broke in exactly the 28:09.113 --> 28:11.003 same place, but it's because of the 28:10.999 --> 28:13.999 construction technique and the way in which they were pieced 28:13.999 --> 28:14.609 together. 28:14.608 --> 28:16.678 Student: They would've been >. 28:16.680 --> 28:19.970 Prof: Yes exactly. 28:19.970 --> 28:23.880 Let me show you another view of the right-side wall of the 28:23.884 --> 28:24.644 Basilica. 28:24.640 --> 28:27.720 You see these columns here, again, very regular. 28:27.720 --> 28:29.880 There's a young woman standing right here; 28:29.880 --> 28:31.260 so that gives you a sense of scale. 28:31.259 --> 28:35.549 She's about only up to this point of the column. 28:35.548 --> 28:38.758 So you can see how large in scale these were in ancient 28:38.758 --> 28:39.588 Roman times. 28:39.588 --> 28:42.468 But if you look at the two that are closest to the tribunal, 28:42.465 --> 28:44.655 you will see that they have Ionic capitals. 28:44.660 --> 28:48.370 So that gives us enough to go on, to speculate that the first 28:48.367 --> 28:51.887 story of columns--and there were two stories on the walls, 28:51.891 --> 28:53.561 two stories of columns. 28:53.558 --> 28:56.558 The lower ones were Ionic--and you can see that they are 28:56.555 --> 28:58.565 attached or engaged into the walls; 28:58.569 --> 28:59.649 those were Ionic. 28:59.650 --> 29:03.470 And then we believe that there was a second story that-- 29:03.470 --> 29:07.110 we know there was a second story, but that the second story 29:07.111 --> 29:10.251 of columns would have been Corinthian capitals, 29:10.250 --> 29:11.630 up there. 29:11.630 --> 29:15.970 This is a restored view of what the Basilica would have looked 29:15.970 --> 29:20.100 like in 120, after it was built; 120 B.C., after it was built. 29:20.098 --> 29:22.108 And you can see here the tribunal; 29:22.108 --> 29:23.808 we're looking toward the tribunal. 29:23.808 --> 29:26.518 It's two storied, Corinthian order on both 29:26.519 --> 29:28.039 stories, tall podium. 29:28.038 --> 29:32.018 We see here in black the columns of the central space 29:32.020 --> 29:35.850 that divide the center from the two side aisles. 29:35.848 --> 29:38.958 And here you can see very well the way in which they created 29:38.961 --> 29:41.381 two stories; a bottom story and an upper 29:41.375 --> 29:41.805 story. 29:41.808 --> 29:45.798 You could walk on that upper story, and using the Ionic 29:45.804 --> 29:50.094 capitals in the first story, and smaller Corinthian columns 29:50.094 --> 29:51.874 in the second story. 29:51.868 --> 29:54.438 And it's important for me to note, in terms of the 29:54.442 --> 29:56.382 development, the later development of 29:56.375 --> 29:59.265 basilican architecture, that this basilica in Pompeii, 29:59.269 --> 30:02.299 of this early date, did not have what's called a 30:02.298 --> 30:06.908 clerestory -- c-l-e-r-e s-t-o-r-y, 30:06.913 --> 30:09.503 a clerestory. 30:09.500 --> 30:10.680 What is a clerestory? 30:10.680 --> 30:14.820 A clerestory is a series of windows, open to the outside, 30:14.818 --> 30:17.478 that allow views out and light in. 30:17.480 --> 30:20.140 This building does not have a clerestory. 30:20.140 --> 30:22.130 So it probably, in its heyday, 30:22.127 --> 30:25.897 in the Samnite period, was probably on the dark side. 30:25.900 --> 30:28.950 But we will see that clerestory, the clerestory, 30:28.952 --> 30:32.722 is incorporated into later Roman basilican architecture. 30:32.720 --> 30:35.600 One of the greatest buildings, without any question, 30:35.598 --> 30:38.378 at Pompeii, and one that everyone flocks to see-- 30:38.380 --> 30:39.800 and if you have never been to Pompeii, 30:39.798 --> 30:43.078 let me just note that it is a little bit further out than some 30:43.077 --> 30:47.807 of the other structures, but it is a to-not-be-missed 30:47.807 --> 30:48.977 monument. 30:48.980 --> 30:51.810 And, in fact, I know at least one of you has 30:51.814 --> 30:55.374 already spoken to me about an upcoming trip to Rome and 30:55.373 --> 30:58.003 Pompeii, and consequently I just say 30:58.000 --> 31:00.910 that you absolutely need-- you can spend days at 31:00.905 --> 31:03.065 Pompeii--but you must have a full day, 31:03.069 --> 31:05.809 a full day, for Pompeii. 31:05.808 --> 31:08.238 Because in order to get to the--not just to see the Forum 31:08.238 --> 31:10.448 and what's in the center and a few of the houses; 31:10.450 --> 31:12.590 it doesn't take that long, it's a nice walk, 31:12.593 --> 31:13.943 it's not a huge distance. 31:13.940 --> 31:17.860 But people forget to do it, because it's on the outskirts. 31:17.858 --> 31:21.278 But you really must get--the two endpoints are the 31:21.284 --> 31:24.574 Amphitheater and the Villa of the Mysteries, 31:24.568 --> 31:27.678 both of them absolutely incredible to see and too often 31:27.682 --> 31:30.872 missed by tourists, but two of the greatest sites 31:30.869 --> 31:32.459 at the city of Pompeii. 31:32.460 --> 31:35.610 This is the Amphitheater as it looks today from the air. 31:35.608 --> 31:39.788 The Amphitheater is one of several buildings that were 31:39.791 --> 31:44.131 begun immediately upon the Romans making Pompeii a Roman 31:44.132 --> 31:45.792 colony in 80 B.C. 31:45.788 --> 31:47.978 You can only imagine those veterans, 31:47.980 --> 31:50.860 those army veterans of war, who had just been settled in 31:50.855 --> 31:54.335 their new homes, clamoring from day one for the 31:54.336 --> 31:57.236 Amphitheater, a place where they could go for 31:57.238 --> 31:58.948 gladiatorial and animal combat. 31:58.950 --> 32:02.810 This is what they wanted to see, and consequently no local 32:02.805 --> 32:06.725 magistrate or emperor worth their salt would allow the city 32:06.728 --> 32:10.938 to continue without-- there was no emperor in 80 32:10.942 --> 32:15.702 B.C.--but would allow the city to go on without an 32:15.696 --> 32:17.246 amphitheater. 32:17.250 --> 32:19.400 So that was one of the first orders of business. 32:19.400 --> 32:24.050 This Amphitheater at Pompeii, which dates we believe to 80 to 32:24.047 --> 32:26.307 70 B.C., is one--is an incredibly 32:26.310 --> 32:29.780 important building for the history of Roman architecture, 32:29.778 --> 32:34.518 because it is our first preserved stone amphitheater, 32:34.519 --> 32:36.789 and all the amphitheaters that come later, 32:36.788 --> 32:38.988 including the great Colosseum in Rome, 32:38.990 --> 32:41.840 are based on buildings like this one. 32:41.838 --> 32:45.998 This was a great experiment in amphitheater design, 32:46.003 --> 32:48.173 already in 80 to 70 B.C. 32:48.170 --> 32:51.870 How did they go about building this amphitheater? 32:51.868 --> 32:56.368 What they seem to have done is to excavate the central area, 32:56.372 --> 33:00.952 the earth of the central area, to create a space for the oval 33:00.950 --> 33:03.240 arena, which you see here. 33:03.240 --> 33:06.320 And I've put the terms on the Monument List for you: 33:06.317 --> 33:08.247 the arena, which you see here. 33:08.250 --> 33:10.440 So they've excavated that central space, 33:10.436 --> 33:11.836 placed the arena there. 33:11.839 --> 33:14.369 Then they have piled up earth. 33:14.368 --> 33:17.028 It's essentially an earthen bowl, is what they've created 33:17.028 --> 33:18.348 here, an earthen bowl, 33:18.349 --> 33:20.759 with the excavated space for the arena, 33:20.759 --> 33:24.689 and then piled up the earth on the outside to support the 33:24.688 --> 33:26.678 seats, to support the seats, 33:26.683 --> 33:29.093 to serve as a support for the seats. 33:29.088 --> 33:32.278 There was no natural hill here, so they had to do this on their 33:32.280 --> 33:32.590 own. 33:32.588 --> 33:35.438 So they build up the earth, they place the seats-- 33:35.440 --> 33:37.350 they line that earthen bowl with seats, 33:37.348 --> 33:41.538 stone seats--and they create the cavea of the 33:41.536 --> 33:44.236 amphitheater, because we use the same term 33:44.237 --> 33:47.407 for the seats of an amphitheater as for the seats of a theater. 33:47.410 --> 33:49.240 The cavea, or c-a-v-e-a, 33:49.241 --> 33:51.441 the cavea, or the seats of the 33:51.441 --> 33:52.481 amphitheater. 33:52.480 --> 33:57.970 And you can also see here indicated the wedge-shaped 33:57.973 --> 34:00.563 sections of the seats. 34:00.558 --> 34:03.898 Just as in the theater, they are called the same thing, 34:03.903 --> 34:05.763 the cuneus, c-u-n-e-u-s, 34:05.761 --> 34:08.551 or in the plural cunei, c-u-n-e-i. 34:08.550 --> 34:10.810 So these wedge-shaped individual sections, 34:10.809 --> 34:12.609 a cuneus--all of them together, 34:12.610 --> 34:16.560 cunei--the cunei or wedge-shaped sections of the 34:16.563 --> 34:17.993 seats apparent here. 34:17.989 --> 34:22.589 The exits and entrances--and there are a couple of major ones 34:22.594 --> 34:27.434 on either side--those have a colorful and unforgettable name. 34:27.429 --> 34:29.529 I guarantee you, you will remember this name for 34:29.530 --> 34:30.650 the rest of your lives. 34:30.650 --> 34:34.890 Those exits and entrances are called vomitoria, 34:34.889 --> 34:38.969 which means they literally spit forth spectators; 34:38.969 --> 34:43.839 vomitoria, these entrances and exits to 34:43.842 --> 34:45.902 the amphitheater. 34:45.900 --> 34:47.890 Let me also note that the outer ring-- 34:47.889 --> 34:52.139 and the outer ring is extremely important because it buttresses 34:52.139 --> 34:55.279 the earthen bowl-- that outer ring is made of 34:55.280 --> 34:57.870 concrete, concrete that we'll see is 34:57.869 --> 35:00.559 faced with opus incertum work. 35:00.559 --> 35:07.279 And the entire structure is encircled by an annular vault -- 35:07.280 --> 35:10.490 one of these ring vaults that encircles the entire structure, 35:10.489 --> 35:12.749 that is made out of concrete. 35:12.750 --> 35:17.850 So another early example of the masterful use of concrete faced 35:17.851 --> 35:21.971 with opus incertum work, in this case in the 35:21.965 --> 35:24.265 Amphitheater in Pompeii. 35:24.268 --> 35:29.058 I show you a Google Earth image of this, which gives you a very 35:29.063 --> 35:33.473 good sense of the oval shape of the original structure. 35:33.469 --> 35:37.039 I think it's important to compare the exterior of the 35:37.043 --> 35:40.003 Amphitheater of Pompeii, which is extremely well 35:40.003 --> 35:45.073 preserved, as you can see here, with the experiment at the much 35:45.067 --> 35:51.347 earlier Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina, 35:51.349 --> 35:55.359 where we also saw this use of concrete faced with opus 35:55.358 --> 35:56.788 incertum work. 36:00.643 --> 36:04.013 we'll see first of all how exceedingly well preserved it 36:04.010 --> 36:04.500 was. 36:04.500 --> 36:12.030 We also see this unique staircase here, 36:12.030 --> 36:15.080 with stairs--and I'll show you a side view in a moment where 36:15.081 --> 36:17.951 you can see those stairs-- stairs leading up, 36:17.954 --> 36:20.174 on both sides, to the apex. 36:20.170 --> 36:25.030 And then a series of arches, in diminishing size, 36:25.030 --> 36:27.890 larger in the center and diminishing in size as they go 36:27.889 --> 36:30.119 down the ramp, to correspond to the shape of 36:30.115 --> 36:32.835 the ramp, and then additional arcades 36:32.835 --> 36:33.735 over here. 36:33.739 --> 36:37.359 These are what are called blind arcades, because you'll see that 36:37.358 --> 36:39.138 they have a wall in the back. 36:39.139 --> 36:43.299 You can't walk in these arcades and get into the Amphitheater. 36:43.300 --> 36:46.260 There are only two barrel-vaulted corridors-- 36:46.260 --> 36:48.050 and you saw them in the general view-- 36:48.050 --> 36:51.490 one on either long side of the oval, 36:51.489 --> 36:56.449 that you can actually walk in and out of the Amphitheater from 36:56.449 --> 36:57.019 them. 36:57.018 --> 37:00.758 But you can go up the staircase and enter the Amphitheater as 37:00.760 --> 37:04.620 well from the cavea; go up to the top and then just 37:04.621 --> 37:08.661 go at the upper most part of the steps and walk down to your 37:08.657 --> 37:09.887 seats that way. 37:09.889 --> 37:12.539 So the blind arcades we can see here. 37:12.539 --> 37:14.859 We can see that once again, just as we saw in some of the 37:14.860 --> 37:16.600 other buildings we looked at last time, 37:16.599 --> 37:19.339 the way in which they've used opus incertum for most of 37:19.340 --> 37:21.100 the wall, the facing for the concrete for 37:21.101 --> 37:23.751 most of the wall, but they have used stone--both 37:23.750 --> 37:26.980 blocks of stone and these voussoir blocks, 37:26.980 --> 37:30.650 wedge-shaped blocks--to articulate the arcades, 37:30.650 --> 37:36.010 to make them more prominent, and also to give the building 37:36.007 --> 37:38.167 additional stability. 37:38.170 --> 37:40.790 What's interesting here, and one of the reasons I also 37:40.789 --> 37:43.259 bring back the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, 37:43.260 --> 37:45.860 is the fact that the Romans again are giving you some 37:45.860 --> 37:48.510 options in terms of how you get into this building. 37:48.510 --> 37:51.800 You can get in through the barrel-vaulted corridors, 37:51.804 --> 37:54.974 or you can climb up this distinctive staircase. 37:54.969 --> 37:57.139 And, by the way, we have no other--this truly is 37:57.144 --> 38:00.024 a unique staircase--we have no other one like it in the history 38:00.016 --> 38:01.216 of Roman architecture. 38:01.219 --> 38:03.079 So you have those options. 38:03.079 --> 38:06.739 But again, they are still pre-determining the way in which 38:06.740 --> 38:07.320 you go. 38:07.320 --> 38:10.700 They give you a few options, but within that scheme it is 38:10.704 --> 38:14.934 clearly a pre-determined path, up the staircase over here, 38:14.929 --> 38:19.719 and then through only those two barrel-vaulted corridors. 38:19.719 --> 38:23.199 And we talked about that at the Fortuna Primigenia Sanctuary -- 38:23.199 --> 38:26.639 up the ramps and then up the staircase in the center -- 38:26.639 --> 38:29.949 a very similar way of thinking about getting people from one 38:29.954 --> 38:34.194 place to another, in an orderly way. 38:34.190 --> 38:38.080 The staircase is so distinctive that--and here I show you a side 38:38.079 --> 38:41.479 view of it, where you can actually see the steps leading 38:41.476 --> 38:41.906 up. 38:41.909 --> 38:45.089 And if you go visit there, you should try both options; 38:45.090 --> 38:47.330 go down the corridor, but also it's a lot of fun to 38:47.333 --> 38:49.313 go up the steps and into the cavea. 38:49.309 --> 38:52.569 But it's so distinctive, and never to be repeated, 38:52.574 --> 38:56.374 that when we look--there's a painting that survives from a 38:56.373 --> 38:57.643 Pompeian house. 38:57.639 --> 38:59.889 We'll look at it in more detail later in the semester, 38:59.889 --> 39:02.069 but I wanted to just show it to you now, 39:02.070 --> 39:06.530 because it is so apparent that it is a representation of the 39:06.528 --> 39:09.728 Amphitheater at Pompeii, which is not surprising, 39:09.728 --> 39:11.368 since this is a house in Pompeii. 39:11.369 --> 39:13.449 But you see that distinctive staircase here, 39:13.454 --> 39:15.644 with the steps, the way in which you can enter 39:15.637 --> 39:16.897 into the cavea. 39:16.900 --> 39:19.700 You get a sense of the cavea and the kind of 39:19.699 --> 39:22.779 goings on that happened in this Pompeii Amphitheater. 39:22.780 --> 39:28.060 But you can also see--this is a very important detail that is, 39:28.059 --> 39:30.629 and this is the only place where we actually have a 39:30.626 --> 39:33.146 representation of it-- you can see that at the upper 39:33.148 --> 39:35.638 most part of the cavea, there is an awning, 39:35.639 --> 39:38.469 called a velarium-- and I've put that word on the 39:38.472 --> 39:41.542 Monument List for you-- an awning that was supported by 39:41.539 --> 39:44.049 poles, that were located on brackets 39:44.047 --> 39:47.007 at the uppermost part of the amphitheater. 39:47.010 --> 39:49.170 And that awning, the purpose of that awning-- 39:49.170 --> 39:51.980 the Pompeiians seemed to have a thing for protecting, 39:51.980 --> 39:54.410 the Romans in general, for protecting people in 39:54.411 --> 39:55.471 inclement weather. 39:55.469 --> 40:00.139 So they put these awnings up; when it rained they put these 40:00.143 --> 40:05.263 awnings up to protect those who were there to see a gladiatorial 40:05.259 --> 40:08.669 combat, to protect them from that rain. 40:08.670 --> 40:12.080 One last view of the Amphitheater of Pompeii. 40:12.079 --> 40:14.729 We are looking at its bowl-shaped arena, 40:14.733 --> 40:18.143 as you can see here, and the seats that do survive, 40:18.137 --> 40:20.517 to get a sense of the interior. 40:20.518 --> 40:24.818 Here you can see very well the two-barrel vaulted entrances and 40:24.815 --> 40:26.455 exits, one on either side, 40:26.456 --> 40:28.806 and that's the only way-- again those blind arcades, 40:28.807 --> 40:31.607 you can't get in that way, and you can see that very well 40:31.614 --> 40:31.974 here. 40:31.969 --> 40:35.359 Those are the only entrance or exits into the theater, 40:35.362 --> 40:36.902 besides the staircase. 40:36.900 --> 40:39.250 And in the introductory lecture I made the point, 40:39.250 --> 40:41.100 and I'll just bring it back home again, 40:41.099 --> 40:44.979 that the Yale Bowl here in New Haven is based on the 40:44.976 --> 40:48.286 Amphitheater in Pompeii, there's no question about that. 40:48.289 --> 40:51.239 In fact, if one goes back in the literature on the Bowl, 40:51.239 --> 40:53.739 and its original construction, it is even mentioned in 40:53.737 --> 40:56.517 original articles that the architects were looking back-- 40:56.518 --> 40:59.738 and I'm not making this up--the architects were actually looking 40:59.739 --> 41:02.089 back at the Pompeii Amphitheater as a model. 41:02.090 --> 41:03.510 And you can see the relationship. 41:03.510 --> 41:07.090 When you look at the Bowl from the air, you can see it's kind 41:07.088 --> 41:09.768 of a bowl shape, almost exactly like the shape 41:09.771 --> 41:11.681 of the Pompeii Amphitheater. 41:11.679 --> 41:14.309 This aerial view, by the way, was taken at the 41:14.311 --> 41:17.291 time of the hundredth game between Yale and Harvard, 41:17.293 --> 41:19.813 and you can see the stands were packed. 41:19.809 --> 41:23.299 The major difference between these two amphitheaters is the 41:23.298 --> 41:27.028 fact that the one in Pompeii was made to hold 20,000 people. 41:27.030 --> 41:32.170 The one in Yale can hold up to as many as 78,000 people. 41:32.170 --> 41:34.780 So we have a larger amphitheater, 41:34.777 --> 41:37.307 so to speak, here than they did, 41:37.306 --> 41:40.156 and do, in the city of Pompeii. 41:40.159 --> 41:43.699 I want to move from the Amphitheater to the other great 41:43.702 --> 41:46.132 entertainment district of Pompeii, 41:46.130 --> 41:50.160 and that was the Theater and the Music Hall, 41:50.159 --> 41:51.759 the Theater and the Music Hall. 41:51.760 --> 41:54.090 And I want to show those to you fairly quickly. 41:54.090 --> 41:58.150 We see them here in plan, the Theater in red and the 41:58.146 --> 42:01.486 Music Hall here in a kind of, I don't know, 42:01.485 --> 42:02.675 chartreuse. 42:02.679 --> 42:06.949 As you can see, it dates to 80 to 70 B.C. 42:06.949 --> 42:10.279 -- so another example of a building that was added when the 42:10.282 --> 42:13.332 Romans gained ascendance of this part of the world. 42:13.329 --> 42:16.789 And a couple of terms again. 42:16.789 --> 42:20.179 We can see, if we look at the Theater, we can see the fact 42:20.182 --> 42:22.682 that the Theater is semi-circular in shape, 42:22.682 --> 42:25.662 or the cavea is semi-circular in shape. 42:25.659 --> 42:28.689 We can see the wedge-shaped cunei up there. 42:28.690 --> 42:32.010 We can also see that the orchestra is semi-circular in 42:32.005 --> 42:34.205 shape, not round, and that there's a 42:34.210 --> 42:36.860 scena, s-c-e-n-a, or a scaenae 42:36.860 --> 42:39.300 frons, as I called it last time, 42:39.304 --> 42:41.224 a stage building at the front. 42:41.219 --> 42:43.769 There is also a space over here, which we call the 42:43.771 --> 42:46.951 porticus--and again I put that on the Monument List for 42:46.949 --> 42:48.459 you--the porticus. 42:48.460 --> 42:49.370 What was the porticus? 42:49.369 --> 42:53.219 The porticus was an open rectangular space with covered 42:53.221 --> 42:54.991 colonnades on either side. 42:54.989 --> 42:58.159 The purpose of the porticus was to have a 42:58.157 --> 43:01.997 place where people could go during intermission to stretch 43:02.001 --> 43:04.491 their legs, during the intermission of the 43:04.494 --> 43:06.714 comedy or tragedy that they were there to see. 43:06.710 --> 43:09.190 And there were little shops along the way, 43:09.193 --> 43:11.013 little spaces along the way. 43:11.010 --> 43:14.280 Some of them served as shops for playbills and other 43:14.280 --> 43:17.040 souvenirs from the evening's experience, 43:17.039 --> 43:21.499 but also that served as spaces where props and scenery and 43:21.496 --> 43:25.796 costumes and all sorts of things that were needed in the 43:25.795 --> 43:29.075 theatrical performances could be kept. 43:29.079 --> 43:30.839 So that's the porticus. 43:30.840 --> 43:33.420 Then over here we see the Music Hall. 43:33.420 --> 43:35.660 It's a smaller version of the Theater, 43:35.659 --> 43:37.679 but it's designed in exactly the same way, 43:37.679 --> 43:41.169 with a semi-circular orchestra, the semi-circular cavea, 43:41.170 --> 43:43.820 the division into cunei, as you can see here, 43:43.820 --> 43:47.690 a small and much less elaborate scena in the front. 43:47.690 --> 43:49.650 The major difference between the two-- 43:49.650 --> 43:52.310 and we see this not just in Pompeii but throughout Roman 43:52.313 --> 43:54.543 architecture-- is not just the scale, 43:54.543 --> 43:58.513 that the theater's always much bigger than the music hall, 43:58.510 --> 44:00.770 but that the theater was open to the sky, 44:00.768 --> 44:04.608 and the music hall had a roof and that roof. 44:04.610 --> 44:07.890 The reason for the roof in the smaller music hall, 44:07.889 --> 44:09.489 and the reason for the smaller size, 44:09.489 --> 44:14.509 was to make the acoustics as good as they could possibly be, 44:14.510 --> 44:17.620 and that was easier to do in a roofed building and in a 44:17.623 --> 44:19.243 building of smaller scale. 44:19.239 --> 44:21.719 A Google Earth view of the Theater and Music Hall, 44:21.722 --> 44:24.412 as they look today--and you can see they're quite well 44:24.409 --> 44:27.129 preserved; you can see the exact shapes 44:27.125 --> 44:29.915 that you looked at in plan over there. 44:29.920 --> 44:31.580 Here's our porticus, for example. 44:31.579 --> 44:34.569 You can get a sense of how pleasant that might be able to 44:34.568 --> 44:36.168 be during intermission time. 44:36.170 --> 44:38.570 What this view also gives you a sense of, however, 44:38.565 --> 44:41.395 is the way in which these two buildings are embedded in the 44:41.402 --> 44:43.792 rest of the city; they do make up an 44:43.789 --> 44:47.739 entertainment district, but at the same time they are 44:47.735 --> 44:52.055 very close to the city streets that have along them houses and 44:52.061 --> 44:54.331 shops and so on and so forth. 44:54.329 --> 44:56.949 So very closely embedded into the life, 44:56.949 --> 44:59.229 into the commercial life and the residential life, 44:59.230 --> 45:01.660 of the city, even though this was intended 45:01.661 --> 45:05.461 again as a great entertainment area for those who lived there. 45:05.460 --> 45:08.380 And I made this point before, but I'll make it quickly again, 45:08.380 --> 45:11.560 that while Roman theaters, like the Theater at Pompeii, 45:11.559 --> 45:14.729 are based on Greek prototypes, there are some differences. 45:14.730 --> 45:18.540 The two theaters--this is the Greek Theater at Epidaurus in 45:18.536 --> 45:20.436 the mid-fourth century B.C. 45:20.440 --> 45:23.930 They both have the stone seats; they both have--which is called 45:23.934 --> 45:26.934 the cavea--they both have these wedge-shaped sections of 45:26.925 --> 45:28.475 seats; they both have a stage 45:28.483 --> 45:31.043 building, although the Greek one is much simpler. 45:31.039 --> 45:35.139 But the major differences between the two is that the 45:35.143 --> 45:38.463 Greek theater has a circular orchestra, 45:38.460 --> 45:41.570 whereas the Roman theater has a--and this is the Theater of 45:41.570 --> 45:44.620 Pompeii-- has a semicircular orchestra. 45:44.619 --> 45:47.569 And the other major difference, the most significant one, 45:47.572 --> 45:50.052 is the Greeks built their theaters on hillsides, 45:50.052 --> 45:51.742 as you can see at Epidaurus. 45:51.739 --> 45:56.309 The Romans built their theaters--and this is the case 45:56.307 --> 46:00.347 in Pompeii-- on a hill made out of concrete. 46:00.349 --> 46:03.269 I want to turn to an extremely important building, 46:03.268 --> 46:07.018 and one that I am going to come back to on a number of occasions 46:07.019 --> 46:08.509 during this semester. 46:08.510 --> 46:12.680 So put an asterisk next to this one as a particularly important 46:12.677 --> 46:16.377 building and one that it's almost certain I'll find some 46:16.375 --> 46:19.665 way of incorporating into the first midterm, 46:19.670 --> 46:21.720 because I think it's so significant, 46:21.719 --> 46:25.569 and it will turn up again and again and again in the course of 46:25.572 --> 46:27.672 the term, especially when we talk about 46:27.666 --> 46:28.816 later bath architecture. 46:28.820 --> 46:31.250 It is the Stabian Baths of Pompeii. 46:31.250 --> 46:34.820 It dates to the second half of the second century B.C., 46:34.818 --> 46:38.648 and it was remodeled in the first half of the first century 46:38.650 --> 46:39.180 B.C. 46:39.179 --> 46:43.189 The Stabian Baths are one of several bath buildings at 46:43.192 --> 46:43.952 Pompeii. 46:43.949 --> 46:47.879 I mentioned in the introductory lecture that these houses in 46:47.876 --> 46:51.736 Pompeii did not have running water and so access to bathing 46:51.737 --> 46:55.397 and to water for daily use was obviously critical, 46:55.400 --> 46:58.190 and the baths served that purpose, the place where one 46:58.186 --> 46:59.286 could go and bathe. 46:59.289 --> 47:02.169 But they were also--they also became great social centers, 47:02.170 --> 47:04.760 great places where you really wanted to go and hang out with 47:04.757 --> 47:06.857 your friends, while you were sitting in the 47:06.860 --> 47:07.200 sauna. 47:07.199 --> 47:10.949 And so they take on a very--they are a very important 47:10.947 --> 47:13.757 piece of life in cities like Pompeii. 47:13.760 --> 47:16.440 The Stabian Baths, as their date indicates, 47:16.436 --> 47:17.516 are very early. 47:17.518 --> 47:20.298 They're begun already under the Samnites, and they have some 47:20.302 --> 47:21.862 extremely interesting features. 47:21.860 --> 47:25.570 And once again I'm going to have to go over some of the bath 47:25.568 --> 47:26.448 terminology. 47:26.449 --> 47:29.509 You can see here that if you walk along the street, 47:29.507 --> 47:32.927 you just see a series of cubicles, which served as shops, 47:32.934 --> 47:34.774 so fairly unprepossessing. 47:34.768 --> 47:38.548 But there is an entranceway through those shops into a very 47:38.554 --> 47:41.394 large open space, surrounded by columns on three 47:41.391 --> 47:42.831 sides, that is called the 47:42.827 --> 47:44.597 palaestra of the baths. 47:44.599 --> 47:46.479 The palaestra was the exercise courts, 47:46.480 --> 47:50.940 where you jogged and ran around and so on, 47:50.940 --> 47:53.280 and after you exerted yourself and got all sweaty, 47:53.280 --> 47:57.030 you could jump into the pool, that was located over here. 47:57.030 --> 47:59.770 This was not a place to do laps, it was pretty much a 47:59.766 --> 48:02.396 soaking pool or a pool where you could cool off. 48:02.400 --> 48:06.540 But the technical term for that is either a piscina, 48:06.539 --> 48:08.529 which is what's on the Monument List for you, 48:08.530 --> 48:11.190 or a natatio, n-a-t-a-t-i-o, 48:11.190 --> 48:14.510 a little pool where you could splash yourself after exerting 48:14.505 --> 48:17.255 yourself by exercising in the palaestra. 48:17.260 --> 48:21.550 The bath block itself, the bathing rooms themselves, 48:21.550 --> 48:24.670 are located on the other side of the plan, 48:24.670 --> 48:27.590 on the right side, as you see it here, 48:27.590 --> 48:30.590 the northern side actually, of the plan. 48:30.590 --> 48:34.200 And we see two sets of spaces: this set of four down here, 48:34.201 --> 48:36.991 this one, this one, this one and this one; 48:36.989 --> 48:40.629 and then a set of a comparable number of rooms up there. 48:40.630 --> 48:43.860 These early Roman baths, there was a separation between 48:43.864 --> 48:47.464 the men's section of the baths and the women's section of the 48:47.460 --> 48:48.060 baths. 48:48.059 --> 48:50.739 And I'm sorry, ladies, but we'll have to 48:50.739 --> 48:54.789 accept the fact that at least in ancient Pompeii the women's 48:54.793 --> 48:57.133 section was quite nondescript. 48:57.130 --> 48:58.900 It was much smaller than the men's-- 48:58.900 --> 49:00.550 at least they had one, thank goodness-- 49:00.550 --> 49:03.760 but it was smaller than the men's, and the rooms had no 49:03.760 --> 49:06.080 architectural distinction whatsoever. 49:06.079 --> 49:10.539 All of the designer's effort went into creating a wonderful 49:10.541 --> 49:12.621 set of rooms for the men. 49:12.619 --> 49:15.489 We see the men's rooms again over here, these four, 49:15.492 --> 49:17.162 and the women's at the top. 49:17.159 --> 49:20.889 Consequently the only ones that have any merit architecturally, 49:20.889 --> 49:23.899 in my showing you today, are the ones for the men's 49:23.896 --> 49:25.156 baths, down here. 49:25.159 --> 49:28.059 The four rooms, the four key rooms to both the 49:28.063 --> 49:30.423 men's and women's sections, were the 49:30.422 --> 49:33.592 apodyterium--and again these words are on the Monument 49:33.592 --> 49:35.702 List for you-- the apodyterium, 49:35.697 --> 49:37.217 which was the dressing room. 49:37.219 --> 49:40.889 It's a fairly--again, it's large, but a fairly 49:40.885 --> 49:43.895 nondescript, rectangular room here. 49:43.900 --> 49:45.290 You can see it right down here. 49:45.289 --> 49:48.709 And the way it was designed was that you went in, 49:48.710 --> 49:50.670 and there were no lockers, no private lockers, 49:50.670 --> 49:53.060 but there were benches where you could, 49:53.059 --> 49:55.229 when you got undressed, you could just take your 49:55.233 --> 49:57.733 clothes and put them in a little pile on that bench. 49:57.730 --> 50:00.440 You had to just take on faith that no one was going to steal 50:00.443 --> 50:02.563 any of your belongings, and if you were very 50:02.557 --> 50:04.807 well-to-do, some of the very well-to-do Romans, 50:04.809 --> 50:07.079 men and women, brought slaves with them, 50:07.079 --> 50:09.169 their slave, their private slave, 50:09.172 --> 50:13.032 to watch their stuff while they were in the sauna with their 50:13.034 --> 50:13.824 friends. 50:13.820 --> 50:16.630 From the apodyterium you go into the so-called 50:16.630 --> 50:19.590 tepidarium of the baths, also usually a plain 50:19.586 --> 50:21.916 rectangular room, even in the men's section, 50:21.922 --> 50:25.192 which served as the warm room, where you started to warm 50:25.193 --> 50:26.083 yourself up. 50:26.079 --> 50:28.339 You went from the tepidarium into the 50:28.344 --> 50:31.964 caldarium of the bath, which was the hot room, 50:31.963 --> 50:35.293 where you really-- it was the sauna essentially of 50:35.291 --> 50:35.851 the bath. 50:35.849 --> 50:40.379 And consequently there was a basin over here with cold water, 50:40.382 --> 50:43.782 so if you got too hot, you could go and splash 50:43.780 --> 50:46.350 yourself with that cold water. 50:46.349 --> 50:48.379 So apodyterium, tepidarium, 50:48.376 --> 50:49.336 caldarium. 50:49.340 --> 50:52.400 By then you're really heated up and you can make your way back 50:52.398 --> 50:54.598 into this room over here, which is called the 50:54.603 --> 50:56.663 frigidarium, or the cold room. 50:56.659 --> 51:00.059 The frigidarium was the place that you could really cool 51:00.059 --> 51:00.389 off. 51:00.389 --> 51:02.869 And I think you can see by looking at these, 51:02.869 --> 51:05.019 the two most important rooms architecturally-- 51:05.018 --> 51:07.698 you can see this even in plan--are the caldarium, 51:07.699 --> 51:11.599 which has an apse or curved element at the end, 51:11.599 --> 51:14.589 and this room in particular, the frigidarium, 51:14.590 --> 51:18.590 because it is a round structure with radiating alcoves-- 51:18.590 --> 51:20.310 and we're going to see that it's domed. 51:20.309 --> 51:23.179 This is a particularly--again star, 51:23.179 --> 51:25.799 star, star, star -- one of the most important rooms that I've 51:25.800 --> 51:27.740 shown you, probably the most important 51:27.735 --> 51:30.005 room I've shown you thus far this semester, 51:30.010 --> 51:32.570 in that it is going to have a very long future 51:32.567 --> 51:33.587 architecturally. 51:33.590 --> 51:36.370 What you see here basically ends up as the Pantheon, 51:36.369 --> 51:39.589 some day: this round space, round structure, 51:39.590 --> 51:41.580 with radiating alcoves and, as we'll see, 51:41.579 --> 51:44.139 a dome, and not only a dome, but a hole in the ceiling, 51:44.139 --> 51:46.749 an oculus, that allows light into the 51:46.751 --> 51:47.481 structure. 51:47.480 --> 51:51.640 How were these baths heated, how were the hot rooms heated? 51:51.639 --> 51:53.379 Through a system called a hypocaust; 51:53.380 --> 51:57.060 again I've put the word on the Monument List for you, 51:57.059 --> 51:59.889 a hypocaust, h-y-p-o-c-a-u-s-t. 51:59.889 --> 52:01.259 What was a hypocaust system? 52:01.260 --> 52:06.280 A hypocaust system was a system by which they put 52:06.275 --> 52:11.105 terracotta tubes in the floor and behind the walls. 52:11.110 --> 52:15.100 They blew hot air into those, and they also raised up the 52:15.097 --> 52:18.227 pavement of the floor, on a series of stacked 52:18.231 --> 52:21.581 tiles--and you can see that extremely well; 52:21.579 --> 52:23.989 here's a very well-preserved hypocaust from the 52:23.994 --> 52:26.714 Stabian Baths-- placed these tiles on stacks, 52:26.713 --> 52:30.003 stacks of tiles, leaving space in between them, 52:29.996 --> 52:33.886 and put braziers between those, metal braziers, 52:33.891 --> 52:38.621 metal bowls, that held hot coals and so on. 52:38.619 --> 52:41.959 And from those hot coals--they obviously had slaves who had to 52:41.956 --> 52:47.086 keep those coals hot-- but coals that were placed in 52:47.088 --> 52:51.478 these pans, that helped also to heat the 52:51.480 --> 52:54.640 pavement that was located above. 52:54.639 --> 52:58.759 This very important room, the frigidarium of the 52:58.764 --> 53:01.894 Stabian Baths, you see it here as it looks 53:01.894 --> 53:04.344 today: a small, round space. 53:04.340 --> 53:07.640 It would have had a pool in the center, 53:07.639 --> 53:10.569 a round pool, radiating alcoves, 53:10.572 --> 53:13.232 a dome, a dome that is open to the sky, 53:13.228 --> 53:15.928 with an oculus that allows light into it. 53:15.929 --> 53:19.339 You can see the remains of paint, stucco and then paint, 53:19.342 --> 53:21.892 blue and red, paint, probably some kind of 53:21.885 --> 53:23.805 marine scene included here. 53:23.809 --> 53:27.709 But this, I can't underscore enough the importance of this 53:27.713 --> 53:31.823 particular room and the future that this design has for Roman 53:31.824 --> 53:32.994 architecture. 53:32.989 --> 53:36.709 I'd like to show you another bath at Pompeii, 53:36.710 --> 53:39.080 the so-called Forum Baths. 53:39.079 --> 53:41.159 The Forum Baths are interesting because they're later. 53:41.159 --> 53:43.449 They date to, as you can see from your 53:43.449 --> 53:45.119 Monument List, to 80 B.C. 53:45.119 --> 53:48.489 So this is what the Romans did when they came in and took over 53:48.485 --> 53:51.735 Pompeii and were making it into one of those mini-Romes, 53:51.739 --> 53:56.959 those cities in the model of Rome. 53:56.960 --> 54:00.750 And you can see it's very, very similar to what was going 54:00.746 --> 54:04.326 on in the Stabian Baths, in the earlier Samnite baths, 54:04.331 --> 54:08.171 with the same palaestra; we see a palaestra up at 54:08.166 --> 54:10.046 2; the exercise court. 54:10.050 --> 54:12.660 We don't seem to have a natatio in this 54:12.657 --> 54:13.697 particular plan. 54:13.699 --> 54:16.969 We see the men's section over here, at 3,4, 54:16.969 --> 54:20.239 5 and 6, and the women's section over here, 54:20.239 --> 54:21.329 7,8, 9,10. 54:21.329 --> 54:25.339 Again, the women's section off to the side, of no architectural 54:25.342 --> 54:26.962 distinction whatsoever. 54:26.960 --> 54:29.570 The men's over here, and you could enter the men's 54:29.567 --> 54:31.957 either through the palaestra or from an 54:31.961 --> 54:33.401 opening over here at 1. 54:33.400 --> 54:36.390 We see the same set of rooms that we saw at the Stabian 54:36.387 --> 54:36.827 Baths. 54:36.829 --> 54:41.149 We see the apodyterium or undressing and dressing room 54:41.146 --> 54:42.366 over here at 3. 54:42.369 --> 54:46.159 The tepidarium at 5, the caldarium at 6, 54:46.159 --> 54:48.939 and the caldarium at 6 is of the same shape as the 54:48.936 --> 54:50.966 caldarium in the Stabian Baths, 54:50.969 --> 54:56.809 a rectangular room with an apse at the end and a basin for cold 54:56.807 --> 54:58.407 water splashes. 54:58.409 --> 55:00.729 And then you go back again to the frigidarium, 55:00.730 --> 55:03.110 and you can see the frigidarium in the baths, 55:03.110 --> 55:06.760 Forum Baths at Pompeii -- the same shape as that in the 55:06.757 --> 55:10.937 Stabian Baths at Pompeii, a small round room with 55:10.943 --> 55:12.843 radiating alcoves. 55:12.840 --> 55:16.990 I can show you views both of the tepidarium of the 55:16.989 --> 55:21.509 Forum Baths, extremely well preserved, as you can see here. 55:21.510 --> 55:25.030 You can also see they've used a great barrel vault for this 55:25.034 --> 55:25.464 room. 55:25.460 --> 55:28.340 It isn't as large as it looks here, but it's a sizable room. 55:28.340 --> 55:32.510 And this is a very good place to show you by the way, 55:32.510 --> 55:34.630 to give you a sense of how these things were decorated, 55:34.630 --> 55:38.210 how so many rooms -- Roman buildings today, 55:38.210 --> 55:40.340 are stripped of their original decoration. 55:40.340 --> 55:43.360 But that decoration was often quite beautiful and 55:43.355 --> 55:45.425 ostentatious, and we can see here, 55:45.427 --> 55:47.687 we can get here a sense of that. 55:47.690 --> 55:49.440 You can see the wall has been stuccoed over, 55:49.440 --> 55:54.190 and then also in stucco these great flowering acanthus plants 55:54.186 --> 55:58.176 and creatures flying above -- animals, human feature, 55:58.184 --> 56:00.404 gods and goddesses flying above. 56:00.400 --> 56:03.870 They used paint as well, red and blue and white and 56:03.867 --> 56:06.707 other colors, to accentuate the design. 56:06.710 --> 56:08.730 This gives you some sense of the flavor of these. 56:08.730 --> 56:12.550 And then this wonderful detail below of these Atlas figures who 56:12.554 --> 56:16.074 are shown holding up the vault of this particular room. 56:16.070 --> 56:19.040 It gives you some sense of why Romans flocked to these places 56:19.041 --> 56:20.391 -- not only because it was the 56:20.391 --> 56:22.141 only place they could bathe themselves, 56:22.139 --> 56:25.609 but also because it was just a wonderful space to be in and to 56:25.606 --> 56:27.706 enjoy again the company of friends. 56:27.710 --> 56:32.930 This is a view of what room, in the Forum Baths? 56:32.929 --> 56:33.409 Student: The caldarium. 56:33.409 --> 56:35.159 Prof: The caldarium-- 56:35.157 --> 56:37.467 excellent--the caldarium over here, 56:37.469 --> 56:41.669 with its rectangular shape and then its apse and its basin for 56:41.672 --> 56:43.192 cold water splashes. 56:43.190 --> 56:45.670 And then look at the ceiling, how wonderful. 56:45.670 --> 56:49.630 In that apse you see a semi-dome, a round hole or an 56:49.632 --> 56:54.142 oculus in that semi-dome, to allow light into it. 56:54.139 --> 56:57.179 So here we see them exploring oculi in semi-domes, 56:57.175 --> 56:58.365 as well as in domes. 56:58.369 --> 57:02.119 And then the square and rectangular spaces: 57:02.123 --> 57:05.793 holes in the ceiling, openings in the ceiling that 57:05.786 --> 57:09.036 have been placed there also to allow light into the system so 57:09.036 --> 57:12.396 that you could use the room, but also to create the kind of 57:12.400 --> 57:14.520 wonderful light effects that it does, 57:14.518 --> 57:18.758 when you have rays of sunshine coming in on you while you are 57:18.759 --> 57:19.889 in your sauna. 57:19.889 --> 57:25.259 This is a couple of views of the frigidarium of the 57:25.260 --> 57:26.580 Forum Baths. 57:26.579 --> 57:31.459 You can see a dome up above, the oculus in that dome. 57:31.460 --> 57:34.840 You can see some of the stucco decorations still preserved. 57:34.840 --> 57:37.230 You can see the alcoves here, the radiating alcoves, 57:37.230 --> 57:39.100 and some of the stuccoed decoration here: 57:39.103 --> 57:41.123 sea creatures against a red background. 57:41.119 --> 57:43.759 And this is a restored view of what the frigidarium 57:43.759 --> 57:46.259 would have looked like, with the pool in the center; 57:46.260 --> 57:47.950 a nice place to relax. 57:47.949 --> 57:52.289 The radiating apses over here, and then the dome with the 57:52.289 --> 57:56.009 oculus and with the light streaming in. 57:56.010 --> 57:59.500 Again, I can't underscore enough the importance of both of 57:59.501 --> 58:03.361 these frigidaria for the future of Roman architecture. 58:03.360 --> 58:06.430 The other importance of the Forum Baths is the Forum Baths 58:06.431 --> 58:09.241 is today where you can eat, and if you're there for the 58:09.235 --> 58:10.495 full day, as I recommend you be, 58:10.500 --> 58:12.060 you're going to want to eat at some point, 58:12.059 --> 58:14.799 and there is a cafeteria, which doesn't look like much 58:14.800 --> 58:16.610 but actually the food is not bad. 58:16.610 --> 58:19.290 The Italians have a very hard time making bad pasta. 58:19.289 --> 58:22.269 So you can always get some good pasta at the snack bar and you 58:22.271 --> 58:25.161 will want to make your way-- there's a few views of it--make 58:25.161 --> 58:27.921 your way to the Forum Baths, if you're there for any length 58:27.916 --> 58:28.326 of time. 58:28.329 --> 58:30.619 Very quickly I just want to remind you-- 58:30.619 --> 58:32.499 we talked about this in the introductory lecture-- 58:32.500 --> 58:35.580 that one of the main reasons that Pompeii is so interesting 58:35.576 --> 58:39.126 to us today is because it tells us so much about the daily life, 58:39.130 --> 58:41.930 not only of the Pompeians, but of the Romans in general, 58:41.929 --> 58:45.339 because we have all these wonderful shops still preserved 58:45.338 --> 58:46.128 at Pompeii. 58:46.130 --> 58:48.240 This was a bakery. 58:48.239 --> 58:51.039 We see the millstones that were actually used for the grinding 58:51.038 --> 58:52.458 of the grain still preserved. 58:52.460 --> 58:55.700 We see the oven over here, looking wonderfully like a 58:55.704 --> 58:57.954 modern pizza oven, as you can see. 58:57.949 --> 59:00.109 And we also, believe it or not, 59:00.112 --> 59:04.152 have from Pompeii a petrified bread--it's preserved--that 59:04.150 --> 59:08.260 gives you a sense of what Pompeian bread looked like. 59:08.260 --> 59:13.030 And it looks strikingly like our pizzas, with the segments of 59:13.025 --> 59:13.975 the bread. 59:13.980 --> 59:16.550 So if you want to have a sense of where pizza came from--I told 59:16.547 --> 59:18.197 you the Romans, again there's nothing the 59:18.204 --> 59:20.504 Romans didn't invent; bread, pizza, whatever. 59:20.500 --> 59:23.720 But you see that petrified bread, giving you a very good 59:23.724 --> 59:26.954 sense of what was produced in this particular bakery. 59:26.949 --> 59:29.209 I also mentioned in the introductory lecture the 59:29.208 --> 59:32.298 fast-food stands of Pompeii; the thermopolium in the 59:32.302 --> 59:34.562 singular, or the thermopolia in the 59:34.561 --> 59:37.921 plural, these fast-food stands where you could get a bite real 59:37.922 --> 59:38.642 quickly. 59:38.639 --> 59:42.259 The way they were designed was to have a great counter in them, 59:42.264 --> 59:43.204 with recesses. 59:43.199 --> 59:46.919 Fresh hot and cold food was put out obviously every day, 59:46.920 --> 59:49.550 and if you were hungry you just went up to the counter, 59:49.550 --> 59:51.490 you took a peek at what was there, you pointed out what you 59:51.485 --> 59:53.755 wanted, and you could eat on the run. 59:53.760 --> 59:57.490 The Romans were never to have their state religion and their 59:57.487 --> 1:00:01.217 family religion far from them, and you can also see a nod to 1:00:01.215 --> 1:00:02.665 the gods over here. 1:00:02.670 --> 1:00:05.910 There's a shrine with some of the representations of the 1:00:05.911 --> 1:00:08.091 household gods, even in this fast-food 1:00:08.092 --> 1:00:08.862 emporium. 1:00:08.860 --> 1:00:11.510 We have wine shops from Pompeii as well. 1:00:11.510 --> 1:00:14.630 I show you actually a scene of one of the storage rooms at 1:00:14.634 --> 1:00:17.654 Pompeii that you can see actually as you walk along-- 1:00:17.650 --> 1:00:20.880 it's a wonderful ruffling, turning to the next page-- 1:00:20.880 --> 1:00:26.460 these wine, these amphoras, these great clay amphoras that 1:00:26.456 --> 1:00:27.626 held wine. 1:00:27.630 --> 1:00:31.030 They're located in one of these storage areas that one can see 1:00:31.032 --> 1:00:33.602 as one walks along the Forum, on the left side, 1:00:33.597 --> 1:00:34.767 in Pompeii today. 1:00:34.768 --> 1:00:39.158 But you can imagine these on shelves in a wine shop of 1:00:39.157 --> 1:00:42.717 ancient Pompeii, offering wines gathered from 1:00:42.724 --> 1:00:47.434 all over the world, for discerning oenophiles--is 1:00:47.434 --> 1:00:50.654 that the word?-- oenophiles. 1:00:50.650 --> 1:00:54.510 Connecting all of these shops to one another were of course 1:00:54.509 --> 1:00:56.239 the streets of the city. 1:00:56.239 --> 1:00:58.659 The streets of the city are extremely well preserved. 1:00:58.659 --> 1:01:01.609 I show you here a couple of views of the crossing of the 1:01:01.610 --> 1:01:04.400 cardo and the decumanus in Pompeii, 1:01:04.400 --> 1:01:07.340 and you can see exactly what the streets looked like. 1:01:07.340 --> 1:01:12.150 You can see the multi-sided paving stones of the streets. 1:01:12.150 --> 1:01:15.860 You can see the sidewalks looking uncannily modern. 1:01:15.860 --> 1:01:19.310 You can see--you can't see exactly here -- but there are 1:01:19.309 --> 1:01:22.449 drains along the way, to allow rain water to filter 1:01:22.445 --> 1:01:23.695 off the streets. 1:01:23.699 --> 1:01:28.279 And all of this again an extremely modern look. 1:01:28.280 --> 1:01:30.910 And the streets of Pompeii give us the best sense, 1:01:30.909 --> 1:01:34.619 of any streets of any preserved ancient city, 1:01:34.619 --> 1:01:39.269 of what the streets looked like in any given Roman town. 1:01:39.268 --> 1:01:42.588 These streets had along them--again because of needs for 1:01:42.588 --> 1:01:44.638 water--had along them fountains. 1:01:44.639 --> 1:01:48.279 Here's a very modest fountain where we see a representation of 1:01:48.277 --> 1:01:50.637 the goddess Ceres, c-e-r-e-s, Ceres, 1:01:50.639 --> 1:01:54.489 with her cornucopia and the fountain spout coming out of her 1:01:54.492 --> 1:01:55.082 mouth. 1:01:55.079 --> 1:01:58.439 And you can see this is the sort of thing, 1:01:58.440 --> 1:02:00.470 when the Romans just needed a little bit of water for 1:02:00.474 --> 1:02:02.394 household use, they would go out to the local 1:02:02.385 --> 1:02:02.795 fountain. 1:02:02.800 --> 1:02:04.620 So as you walk along the streets of Pompeii, 1:02:04.621 --> 1:02:06.361 you see a lot of these small fountains. 1:02:06.360 --> 1:02:08.760 You also see graffiti; what would a city be without 1:02:08.762 --> 1:02:10.002 some graffiti on its buildings? 1:02:10.000 --> 1:02:12.920 Any of you who've been in Rome recently know there is too much 1:02:12.922 --> 1:02:13.452 graffiti. 1:02:13.449 --> 1:02:15.869 There's like a graffiti craze. 1:02:15.869 --> 1:02:17.759 The Romans have always had a lot of graffiti, 1:02:17.762 --> 1:02:21.892 but it's gotten so bad; it's almost unimaginable now. 1:02:21.889 --> 1:02:25.069 But the graffiti tradition was alive and well in Pompeii, 1:02:25.067 --> 1:02:27.447 and you see it here, covered with glass. 1:02:27.449 --> 1:02:28.709 But you see it here. 1:02:28.710 --> 1:02:32.110 You see it here and there in the city as you wander by, 1:02:32.110 --> 1:02:35.230 and it gives you a sense that people did write right on their 1:02:35.233 --> 1:02:37.333 buildings, these--what they wrote on these 1:02:37.327 --> 1:02:38.927 buildings tended to be political, 1:02:38.929 --> 1:02:39.819 for the most part. 1:02:39.820 --> 1:02:44.530 And you'd see graffiti that would say things like "Vote 1:02:44.532 --> 1:02:47.092 for Barbatus, the bearded one; 1:02:47.090 --> 1:02:50.560 he'll be the best guy for the office, and he's pretty handsome 1:02:50.556 --> 1:02:51.236 too." 1:02:51.239 --> 1:02:54.869 That's the kind of graffiti that you'll see as you walk 1:02:54.867 --> 1:02:58.297 along--if your Latin is good--that you'll see as you 1:02:58.295 --> 1:03:00.845 walk along the streets of Pompeii. 1:03:00.849 --> 1:03:04.409 You'll also see these big blocks of stone. 1:03:04.409 --> 1:03:06.859 And there are people who look at these and they think, 1:03:06.860 --> 1:03:08.850 "Oh how interesting, that's debris from 1:03:08.851 --> 1:03:09.731 Vesuvius." 1:03:09.730 --> 1:03:12.690 It's not debris from Vesuvius, clearly. 1:03:12.690 --> 1:03:14.400 These are there deliberately. 1:03:14.400 --> 1:03:16.110 These are stepping stones. 1:03:16.110 --> 1:03:18.830 The Romans were so ingenious, and so again concerned about 1:03:18.831 --> 1:03:21.031 how to protect people in inclement weather, 1:03:21.030 --> 1:03:23.970 that they created, they put these stepping stones 1:03:23.969 --> 1:03:26.599 all around the city, usually at the cross-sections 1:03:26.597 --> 1:03:27.267 of two streets. 1:03:27.268 --> 1:03:30.418 So if there was torrential rain, and if the water had piled 1:03:30.423 --> 1:03:33.093 up and if the drains couldn't quite handle it, 1:03:33.090 --> 1:03:37.050 you could get across the street without stepping in the water. 1:03:37.050 --> 1:03:39.670 And would that we had this, in the slushiness that was New 1:03:39.672 --> 1:03:40.872 Haven, in the last week. 1:03:40.869 --> 1:03:43.139 I can't tell you how many times I think, "Why doesn't Yale 1:03:43.137 --> 1:03:43.977 have stepping stones? 1:03:43.980 --> 1:03:45.800 We really could use them." 1:03:45.800 --> 1:03:48.820 But here they are, and you see very clearly the 1:03:48.815 --> 1:03:52.415 ruts that come from the carts that were made between the 1:03:52.422 --> 1:03:55.302 stepping stones, by those carts constantly 1:03:55.304 --> 1:03:56.574 riding through them. 1:03:56.570 --> 1:03:59.910 And it shows you that they had to orchestrate the wheels of the 1:03:59.913 --> 1:04:03.313 carts in such a way that they would span the stepping stones. 1:04:03.309 --> 1:04:05.029 But it's a very ingenious thing. 1:04:05.030 --> 1:04:07.350 They're fun to look at, fun to walk on, 1:04:07.347 --> 1:04:09.357 really fun to take pictures of. 1:04:09.360 --> 1:04:09.820 I have tons of them. 1:04:09.820 --> 1:04:12.320 I didn't--I decided not to bring a personal picture this 1:04:12.318 --> 1:04:15.088 time of me or anyone else in my family on stepping stones, 1:04:15.090 --> 1:04:17.030 or other Yalies, I've got lots of those too. 1:04:17.030 --> 1:04:19.730 I didn't bring those today, but I did bring something I'm 1:04:19.731 --> 1:04:23.221 really proud of, because in all the years I've 1:04:23.222 --> 1:04:27.072 taught this city, I've always wanted to actually 1:04:27.074 --> 1:04:30.324 show what it looked like when it had rained. 1:04:30.320 --> 1:04:34.400 And since I've been to Pompeii so, so many times over the 1:04:34.398 --> 1:04:38.258 years, but it doesn't tend to rain when I go there; 1:04:38.260 --> 1:04:40.370 June, July, August, it just doesn't rain. 1:04:40.369 --> 1:04:41.759 So I've never been able to do that. 1:04:41.760 --> 1:04:44.430 I was there this past June and lo and behold--I was very upset 1:04:44.434 --> 1:04:46.894 because who wants to wander around the city of Pompeii in 1:04:46.889 --> 1:04:47.459 the rain? 1:04:47.460 --> 1:04:50.050 But I had one day to go there and I was there and I said, 1:04:50.052 --> 1:04:52.372 "Wow, it's raining, here's my chance." 1:04:52.369 --> 1:04:55.629 So I finally was able to get some views of what happens-- 1:04:55.630 --> 1:04:58.090 and this was right--we had a torrential rain for about a half 1:04:58.088 --> 1:04:59.908 an hour, and then the sun came out. 1:04:59.909 --> 1:05:02.129 And this is what you see as you wander the streets. 1:05:02.130 --> 1:05:03.990 You see that the water has accumulated, 1:05:03.989 --> 1:05:06.779 but again, lo and behold, you can easily make your way 1:05:06.780 --> 1:05:10.060 across that street, across those stepping stones 1:05:10.063 --> 1:05:11.053 nonetheless. 1:05:11.050 --> 1:05:15.160 Just a very few words on what happens to the streets of the 1:05:15.155 --> 1:05:17.815 city of Pompeii, or any Roman city for that 1:05:17.815 --> 1:05:20.995 matter, when you leave the gates and you go out on the intercity 1:05:21.003 --> 1:05:21.463 roads. 1:05:21.460 --> 1:05:24.210 Many of those intercity roads become cemeteries. 1:05:24.210 --> 1:05:26.970 The Romans used these roads as their cemeteries. 1:05:26.969 --> 1:05:30.389 The Romans had a religious belief that there was a 1:05:30.394 --> 1:05:34.594 separation between the city of the living and the city of the 1:05:34.590 --> 1:05:35.220 dead. 1:05:35.219 --> 1:05:39.129 So all of the tombs are outside the walls of the city. 1:05:39.130 --> 1:05:42.960 So you see at Pompeii two extremely well-preserved tomb 1:05:42.958 --> 1:05:45.978 streets, the Street of the Tombs and the 1:05:45.980 --> 1:05:48.600 Via Nucera-- which is the one you see here, 1:05:48.603 --> 1:05:51.183 n-u-c-e-r-a-- with tombs of all sorts of 1:05:51.179 --> 1:05:52.419 shapes and sizes. 1:05:52.420 --> 1:05:55.490 I'm not going to go into these in any detail in this course. 1:05:55.489 --> 1:05:58.869 There is a paper topic for any of you who get interested in 1:05:58.873 --> 1:06:01.443 tomb architecture on the tombs of Pompeii. 1:06:01.440 --> 1:06:03.920 We will look at some tombs in Rome, in great detail, 1:06:03.922 --> 1:06:06.652 but I'm just going to give you a glimpse of them here. 1:06:06.650 --> 1:06:08.580 They come in all sizes and shapes. 1:06:08.579 --> 1:06:09.799 They're very, very interesting. 1:06:09.800 --> 1:06:12.060 They honor the people who are buried there, 1:06:12.059 --> 1:06:14.399 including--there's a bench tomb, for example, 1:06:14.400 --> 1:06:18.240 where you can sit and think on the life and times of the 1:06:18.242 --> 1:06:20.622 individual who was buried there. 1:06:20.619 --> 1:06:24.329 So an absolutely fascinating, fascinating street, 1:06:24.327 --> 1:06:28.807 with a lot of different tomb types that show the variety of 1:06:28.806 --> 1:06:31.816 tomb architecture under the Romans. 1:06:31.820 --> 1:06:39.650 I'd like to end today by making at least a passing reference to 1:06:39.646 --> 1:06:46.586 a matter which is of huge concern to archaeologists, 1:06:46.590 --> 1:06:48.800 and huge concern to all of us, as human beings, 1:06:48.800 --> 1:06:52.320 and that is what happened to the people of Pompeii, 1:06:52.320 --> 1:06:55.400 in those very last moments of life? 1:06:55.400 --> 1:06:59.510 And archaeologists have been able to reconstruct exactly what 1:06:59.512 --> 1:07:01.682 happened to-- or not exactly, 1:07:01.679 --> 1:07:06.089 but as close as possible in the time from which Pompeii was 1:07:06.088 --> 1:07:10.238 excavated to now -- to reconstruct again what 1:07:10.240 --> 1:07:16.200 happened to these human beings at the time of the eruption of 1:07:16.197 --> 1:07:17.387 Vesuvius. 1:07:17.389 --> 1:07:20.009 They've been able to again to reconstruct a very moving 1:07:20.009 --> 1:07:21.949 picture of their last moments of life. 1:07:21.949 --> 1:07:26.089 What we know is that the ash and lava from Vesuvius-- 1:07:26.090 --> 1:07:30.950 and you see a restored view here of what that would've 1:07:30.952 --> 1:07:34.002 looked like, and you can see Vesuvius and 1:07:34.000 --> 1:07:37.200 you can see the Forum over here, with the Temple of Jupiter and 1:07:37.195 --> 1:07:39.605 the Temple of Apollo, and the throngs of people 1:07:39.612 --> 1:07:42.252 inside the Forum, at this particular juncture, 1:07:42.248 --> 1:07:44.518 as they look up and see what is happening. 1:07:44.518 --> 1:07:47.708 And on the right-hand side--this is actually a view of 1:07:47.706 --> 1:07:48.246 Mount St. 1:07:48.248 --> 1:07:50.718 Helens, which as you know erupted in 1980, 1:07:50.715 --> 1:07:54.075 and the eruptions not so different, as you gaze upon them 1:07:54.083 --> 1:07:56.793 and look at them, in comparison today. 1:07:56.789 --> 1:08:00.499 But we know that the eruption of Vesuvius did not happen all 1:08:00.501 --> 1:08:02.531 at once; it didn't just happen and cover 1:08:02.527 --> 1:08:02.977 the city. 1:08:02.980 --> 1:08:03.910 It was gradual. 1:08:03.909 --> 1:08:05.689 There was actually quite a bit of time. 1:08:05.690 --> 1:08:06.800 There was time to escape. 1:08:06.800 --> 1:08:10.170 The Pompeians saw what was happening, and those who were 1:08:10.173 --> 1:08:11.343 smart did escape. 1:08:11.340 --> 1:08:14.160 But like any other natural disaster, 1:08:14.159 --> 1:08:17.039 there were, of course, a group of hardy souls, 1:08:17.038 --> 1:08:19.498 or perhaps we would call them foolhardy souls, 1:08:19.500 --> 1:08:22.130 who thought that they could ride it out. 1:08:22.130 --> 1:08:25.130 And they thought they could ride it out by hiding in their 1:08:25.127 --> 1:08:28.317 own houses or by-- some of the smarter ones of the 1:08:28.315 --> 1:08:32.725 foolhardy type decided that they could ride it out in some of the 1:08:32.725 --> 1:08:36.285 very strong walled buildings, public buildings of the city, 1:08:36.293 --> 1:08:37.883 for example, the bath buildings, 1:08:37.882 --> 1:08:39.862 the Stabian Baths or the Forum Baths, 1:08:39.859 --> 1:08:41.319 that we looked at today. 1:08:41.319 --> 1:08:44.589 They were gravely mistaken, gravely mistaken. 1:08:44.590 --> 1:08:46.180 We don't know how many stayed. 1:08:46.180 --> 1:08:48.100 We think it was actually a fairly small number; 1:08:48.100 --> 1:08:49.540 some have said about a thousand. 1:08:49.539 --> 1:08:50.269 We don't know. 1:08:50.270 --> 1:08:53.920 But whatever, those who did stay made a grave 1:08:53.921 --> 1:08:57.281 error, because they were not actually 1:08:57.278 --> 1:09:00.828 killed by the ash and lava, the molten ash and lava, 1:09:00.833 --> 1:09:02.733 despite the fact that it was extremely hot. 1:09:02.729 --> 1:09:06.369 But what killed them were the noxious gasses that came into 1:09:06.368 --> 1:09:09.758 the city after the eruption, that followed that ash and 1:09:09.755 --> 1:09:10.315 lava. 1:09:10.319 --> 1:09:12.979 They were asphyxiated by those gasses. 1:09:12.979 --> 1:09:17.169 After they had died, but before their bodies 1:09:17.167 --> 1:09:23.007 decomposed, the ash and lava formed a protective shell around 1:09:23.009 --> 1:09:26.319 their bodies, protecting them. 1:09:26.319 --> 1:09:30.519 And what the archaeologists were clever enough to do is -- 1:09:30.520 --> 1:09:32.760 when the modern archaeologists, when they're working with their 1:09:32.760 --> 1:09:35.930 pick axes, and when that pick axe hit a 1:09:35.926 --> 1:09:41.086 hollow in the ash and lava, they poured plaster into that 1:09:41.087 --> 1:09:41.737 hollow. 1:09:41.738 --> 1:09:44.598 Sometimes that produced nothing, but sometimes it 1:09:44.595 --> 1:09:47.325 produced bodies, the actual shape of the bodies 1:09:47.332 --> 1:09:50.132 of those whose bodies had decomposed there. 1:09:50.130 --> 1:09:53.450 And we can look at those bodies still today. 1:09:53.448 --> 1:09:57.468 And I show you a scene of a number of the victims of Pompeii 1:09:57.465 --> 1:10:01.205 huddled together for mutual and indeed ultimately futile 1:10:01.208 --> 1:10:02.228 protection. 1:10:02.229 --> 1:10:05.479 I can show you the body of an individual who is lying on the 1:10:05.479 --> 1:10:07.829 ground, his face and his hands trying 1:10:07.831 --> 1:10:11.371 to protect himself obviously from those noxious gases that 1:10:11.372 --> 1:10:13.052 have come into the city. 1:10:13.050 --> 1:10:17.200 I can show you the body, the plaster cast obviously, 1:10:17.198 --> 1:10:20.698 of the body of another Pompeian who was sitting with his knees 1:10:20.703 --> 1:10:23.063 up and his hands in front of his face, 1:10:23.060 --> 1:10:26.420 trying to protect himself once again from those fumes that are 1:10:26.421 --> 1:10:28.351 about to overtake him any second; 1:10:28.350 --> 1:10:31.640 the body of an individual who's essentially given up at this 1:10:31.643 --> 1:10:32.093 point. 1:10:32.090 --> 1:10:33.150 He is expired. 1:10:33.149 --> 1:10:34.709 He's lying on his back. 1:10:34.710 --> 1:10:39.660 There's no hope any longer for him, a poor fellow who died on 1:10:39.662 --> 1:10:40.572 that day. 1:10:40.569 --> 1:10:42.859 And then this fellow, this heroic fellow, 1:10:42.859 --> 1:10:45.949 who is lifting himself, in his last moment of life, 1:10:45.948 --> 1:10:48.818 lifting himself, either to gasp a last breath, 1:10:48.819 --> 1:10:55.259 or perhaps to whisper something to a dear family member who is 1:10:55.261 --> 1:10:56.741 by his side. 1:10:56.738 --> 1:11:00.528 And we even have the body of a dog. 1:11:00.529 --> 1:11:03.199 This story is particularly sad because this dog, 1:11:03.198 --> 1:11:06.548 this plaster cast of this dog, was found with a chain around 1:11:06.551 --> 1:11:07.291 his neck. 1:11:07.288 --> 1:11:10.878 So probably what happened here is the owner of this particular 1:11:10.881 --> 1:11:14.401 dog had the dog chained up, didn't have time either to take 1:11:14.395 --> 1:11:17.765 the dog or to release the dog from his chain so that he could 1:11:17.774 --> 1:11:21.124 try himself to escape, and that poor dog perished on 1:11:21.118 --> 1:11:25.198 that day and we have the plaster cast of his body still today. 1:11:25.198 --> 1:11:28.908 All of these bodies can still be seen on the site of Pompeii 1:11:28.905 --> 1:11:31.855 and make a visit there all the more poignant. 1:11:31.859 --> 1:11:36.399 I know of no more moving human document from the ancient world 1:11:36.395 --> 1:11:39.365 than these bodies of these Pompeians, 1:11:39.368 --> 1:11:44.328 kept in perpetuity and for us to commiserate with and to 1:11:44.326 --> 1:11:46.486 understand even today. 1:11:46.489 --> 1:11:46.859 Thank you. 1:11:46.859 --> 1:11:52.999