WEBVTT 00:01.640 --> 00:05.760 Prof: Last time I introduced you to some of Rome's 00:05.761 --> 00:09.401 greatest buildings, and I remind you of two of them 00:09.400 --> 00:11.690 here: the Pantheon, on the left-hand side of the 00:11.693 --> 00:14.033 screen, the temple to all the gods, 00:14.029 --> 00:16.219 and then, of course, the Colosseum, 00:16.216 --> 00:18.276 on the right-hand side of the screen. 00:18.280 --> 00:21.270 These are two of the greatest masterworks of Roman 00:21.272 --> 00:24.202 architecture, and we will gain momentum and 00:24.202 --> 00:28.042 work our way up to those in the course of the semester, 00:28.040 --> 00:30.010 but it's not where we're going to begin. 00:30.010 --> 00:31.970 We're not going to begin with these masterworks; 00:31.970 --> 00:33.590 we're going to begin at the beginning. 00:33.590 --> 00:37.470 And the beginning goes way, way back, in fact all the way 00:37.468 --> 00:40.518 to the Iron Age, indeed to the eighth century 00:40.515 --> 00:41.065 B.C. 00:41.070 --> 00:44.020 And we know on precisely what day, 00:44.020 --> 00:46.800 not only the history of Rome but the history of Roman 00:46.802 --> 00:51.472 architecture began, and that was specifically on 00:51.468 --> 00:55.828 the 21^(st) of April in 753 B.C., 00:55.830 --> 01:00.620 because it was on the 21^(st) of April in 753 B.C. 01:00.618 --> 01:05.468 that, according to legend, Romulus founded the city of 01:05.468 --> 01:06.108 Rome. 01:06.108 --> 01:10.018 Romulus founded the city of Rome on one of Rome's seven 01:10.016 --> 01:11.966 hills, the Palatine Hill. 01:11.968 --> 01:15.758 And I show you here a view of the Palatine Hill. 01:15.760 --> 01:17.350 This is taken from Google Earth. 01:17.349 --> 01:21.259 I urged you last time to make sure that you have Google Earth 01:21.263 --> 01:24.983 downloaded on your computer and to take advantage of using 01:24.980 --> 01:28.960 Google Earth in the course of this semester in order to really 01:28.959 --> 01:32.809 get to know the city of Rome and the location of the various 01:32.809 --> 01:37.309 buildings that we'll be talking about within the city fabric. 01:37.310 --> 01:42.000 So I show you one of these views of the Palatine Hill in 01:41.998 --> 01:44.048 Rome, from Google Earth, 01:44.049 --> 01:47.929 and you can see the relationship of that hill to the 01:47.930 --> 01:51.050 part of Rome in which it finds itself. 01:51.050 --> 01:54.520 You're going to be able to pick all of these buildings out by 01:54.524 --> 01:57.884 yourselves in the very near future, but let me just do that 01:57.882 --> 01:59.622 for you here this morning. 01:59.620 --> 02:02.200 You can see, of course, the Colosseum, 02:02.197 --> 02:04.147 in the upper right corner. 02:04.150 --> 02:08.150 You can see the Roman Forum lying in front of it. 02:08.150 --> 02:11.790 You can see the great--that modern street that you see right 02:11.787 --> 02:14.867 behind the Forum is the Via dei Fori Imperiali, 02:14.870 --> 02:19.890 commissioned by Mussolini, Il Duce. 02:19.889 --> 02:24.429 We can also see in this view the Capitoline Hill with the 02:24.433 --> 02:27.683 oval piazza designed by Michelangelo, 02:27.680 --> 02:33.330 and down here the famous Circus Maximus, 02:33.330 --> 02:35.140 as you can see, the great stadium, 02:35.139 --> 02:36.839 the greatest stadium of Rome. 02:36.840 --> 02:40.050 It wasn't the only stadium of Rome but it was the largest, 02:40.050 --> 02:42.980 and you can see its hairpin shape right down here. 02:42.979 --> 02:46.539 The hill in question right now is the Palatine Hill, 02:46.535 --> 02:50.365 and this is the Palatine Hill, all of this area here. 02:50.370 --> 02:53.770 And as you look down on it, as you gaze down on it, 02:53.772 --> 02:57.042 you will see the remains of a colossal structure, 02:57.039 --> 03:00.239 which is actually a late first-century A.D. 03:00.240 --> 03:04.070 palace that was designed under the direction of the emperor of 03:04.069 --> 03:07.979 Rome at that particular time, a very colorful character that 03:07.978 --> 03:11.268 we'll talk about in some detail later in the term, 03:11.270 --> 03:13.190 by the name of Domitian. 03:13.188 --> 03:16.268 This is Domitian's Palace on the Palatine Hill. 03:16.270 --> 03:19.760 But that discussion of that palace lies in the future. 03:19.758 --> 03:23.938 What I want to say today is miraculously the remains of 03:23.937 --> 03:27.107 Romulus' village on the Palatine Hill, 03:27.110 --> 03:29.440 founded in the eighth century B.C., 03:29.438 --> 03:33.678 actually lie beneath the remains of the Palace of 03:33.675 --> 03:37.995 Domitian in Rome, and it's to Romulus' huts on 03:38.000 --> 03:42.390 the Palatine Hill that I want to turn to today. 03:42.389 --> 03:45.369 Believe it or not, remains of those huts from the 03:45.372 --> 03:47.052 Iron Age are still there. 03:47.050 --> 03:48.830 Now they don't look like much. 03:48.830 --> 03:51.950 I'm showing you what remains of Romulus' huts right there, 03:51.946 --> 03:55.116 and you're probably having a hard time figuring out exactly 03:55.117 --> 03:56.537 what we're looking at. 03:56.538 --> 04:00.138 But what we're looking at--the architects that were working for 04:00.141 --> 04:03.541 the designers, that were working for Romulus, 04:03.539 --> 04:07.559 were very clever indeed, and they realized that the best 04:07.562 --> 04:11.362 way to create a foundation or a pavement for their huts was to 04:11.364 --> 04:14.174 use the natural rock of the Palatine Hill. 04:14.169 --> 04:16.039 And that's exactly what they did. 04:16.040 --> 04:19.210 What you're looking at here is the tufa, t-u-f-a, 04:19.209 --> 04:22.179 the natural tufa rock of the Palatine Hill. 04:22.180 --> 04:27.730 And what they did was they created a rectangular plan. 04:27.730 --> 04:31.560 They gave it rounded corners and they cut the stone back 04:31.560 --> 04:35.110 about twenty inches down, to create that rectangular 04:35.113 --> 04:38.043 shape; they rounded the corners, 04:38.041 --> 04:41.791 and then they put holes in the tufa rock. 04:41.790 --> 04:46.380 The holes were to support wooden poles that served to 04:46.382 --> 04:51.682 support the superstructure of the hut and also to support the 04:51.684 --> 04:53.544 walls of the hut. 04:53.540 --> 04:58.850 So the pavement of the tufa rock of the Palatine is the 04:58.851 --> 05:02.771 floor of the hut, and then these holes support 05:02.774 --> 05:06.894 the wooden poles that supported, in turn, the superstructure. 05:06.889 --> 05:09.939 I now show you a restored view, on the left. 05:09.939 --> 05:12.729 And you should all have your Monument Lists and should be 05:12.728 --> 05:15.118 able to follow along with the major monuments. 05:15.120 --> 05:18.120 You won't see every image that I'm going to be showing here, 05:18.120 --> 05:21.560 but you'll see a selection there of the ones that you'll 05:21.564 --> 05:25.264 need to learn and be able to talk about for the midterm, 05:25.259 --> 05:27.629 the two midterm exams in this course. 05:27.629 --> 05:32.309 But you'll see there this restored view of one of these 05:32.307 --> 05:36.167 Palatine huts, as well as a view of the model 05:36.166 --> 05:41.176 that one can actually see in the archaeological museum that's on 05:41.180 --> 05:43.330 the Palatine Hill today. 05:43.329 --> 05:45.519 You can see, as you look at this restored 05:45.519 --> 05:47.979 view on the left, you can see that rectangular 05:47.983 --> 05:51.473 plan that we talked about here; you can see the rounded 05:51.468 --> 05:55.358 corners, and you can see the wooden poles that were placed 05:55.360 --> 05:59.590 into those holes to support the walls and the superstructure of 05:59.591 --> 06:00.821 the building. 06:00.819 --> 06:05.009 You can see over here the same, the wooden poles. 06:05.009 --> 06:07.859 This gives you a better sense of what they looked like in 06:07.858 --> 06:10.808 actuality, the wooden poles and also the superstructure. 06:10.810 --> 06:14.100 We also know what the walls were made out of. 06:14.100 --> 06:17.570 They were made out of something--and I put some of the 06:17.565 --> 06:20.565 keywords that might be unfamiliar to you on the 06:20.574 --> 06:24.144 Monument List as well-- they were made out of wattle 06:24.144 --> 06:24.794 and daub. 06:24.790 --> 06:26.690 Well what is wattle and daub? 06:26.689 --> 06:30.359 Wattle and daub is twigs and rods that are covered and 06:30.357 --> 06:33.497 plastered with clay; twigs and rods covered and 06:33.500 --> 06:34.810 plastered with clay. 06:34.810 --> 06:39.630 That served as the walls of the structure, and then the sloping 06:39.625 --> 06:42.805 roof, as you see it here, was thatched. 06:42.810 --> 06:45.950 Now it's very hard--there are no huts that look like this in 06:45.954 --> 06:49.264 Rome still today that I can show you to give you a better sense 06:49.257 --> 06:52.027 of what these would've looked like in antiquity. 06:52.029 --> 06:54.519 But I'm sure you, like I, have seen huts like 06:54.523 --> 06:56.793 this on your travels around the world. 06:56.790 --> 07:00.180 And one example I can show you--and would that we were all 07:00.180 --> 07:01.550 down there right now. 07:01.550 --> 07:05.650 This is a view of a small village in the Maya Riviera, 07:05.649 --> 07:08.119 near Cancun, where one sees, 07:08.117 --> 07:13.417 if you take the bus or a car from Maya to Chichen Itza, 07:13.420 --> 07:15.300 which I hope some of you have had a chance to do. 07:15.300 --> 07:17.070 If you haven't, it's a great trip. 07:17.069 --> 07:21.229 And you can see all along the road huts that look very much 07:21.226 --> 07:23.876 like the huts of Romulus' village, 07:23.879 --> 07:26.839 made out of wood and then with thatched roofs, 07:26.839 --> 07:28.169 as you can see here. 07:28.170 --> 07:32.390 So this is the best I can do in terms of conjuring up for you 07:32.391 --> 07:33.731 Romulus' village. 07:33.730 --> 07:37.090 We also have information with regard to what these huts looked 07:37.088 --> 07:40.278 like in ancient Roman times or-- not in ancient Roman, 07:40.279 --> 07:42.509 in the Iron Age, as I mentioned before. 07:42.509 --> 07:47.559 We have not only the pavement stone that's still preserved, 07:47.557 --> 07:50.167 but we also have these urns. 07:50.170 --> 07:53.190 We call them hut urns, hut urns, because they're urns 07:53.185 --> 07:54.515 in the shape of huts. 07:54.519 --> 07:58.199 And these hut urns were used for cremation, 07:58.199 --> 08:01.559 in the eighth century B.C.--these date also to the 08:01.564 --> 08:04.904 Iron Age-- and the cremated remains of the 08:04.899 --> 08:09.029 individual were placed inside the door of the hut. 08:09.028 --> 08:12.278 And if you look at this hut urn, you'll see that it looks 08:12.283 --> 08:15.653 very similar to the huts of Romulus that we've already been 08:15.653 --> 08:16.703 talking about. 08:16.699 --> 08:20.759 It is either sort of square or rectangular in shape. 08:20.759 --> 08:23.869 It has rounded corners, as you can see here, 08:23.872 --> 08:26.842 and the roof of the hut urn is sloping. 08:26.839 --> 08:31.629 So we do believe we use this, along with the surviving 08:31.625 --> 08:37.125 pavement, to restore what these huts of Romulus looked like in 08:37.131 --> 08:39.571 the eighth century B.C. 08:39.570 --> 08:42.920 Let me also note--it's interesting just to see the 08:42.924 --> 08:47.104 status of men and women in any given civilization at any given 08:47.102 --> 08:47.722 time. 08:47.720 --> 08:51.200 There are essentially two kinds of hut urns from the eighth 08:51.200 --> 08:52.040 century B.C. 08:52.038 --> 08:55.888 Excuse me, there are two kinds of urns in the eighth century 08:55.888 --> 08:56.278 B.C. 08:56.279 --> 08:59.599 One of them is hut urns and the other is helmet urns, 08:59.596 --> 09:01.886 and you can guess, as well as anyone, 09:01.890 --> 09:04.060 as to who was buried in which. 09:04.058 --> 09:07.178 The men were buried in the helmet urns and the women's 09:07.181 --> 09:09.421 remains were placed in the hut urns. 09:09.418 --> 09:12.748 So men's domain was considered the battlefield; 09:12.750 --> 09:16.390 women's domain was considered the house. 09:16.389 --> 09:20.019 But the houses are actually more important in terms of 09:20.023 --> 09:24.273 giving us a sense again of what Romulus' village looked like in 09:24.273 --> 09:25.853 the eighth century. 09:25.850 --> 09:28.600 And if you take one of those huts and you combine it with 09:28.600 --> 09:31.900 another set of huts, you can get a sense of what the 09:31.895 --> 09:35.665 village of Romulus would have looked like in the eighth 09:35.671 --> 09:36.721 century B.C. 09:36.720 --> 09:41.180 This is a model that is on view in the archaeological museum, 09:41.178 --> 09:45.148 on the Palatine Hill today, and it gives you a very good 09:45.153 --> 09:49.203 sense of the village of Romulus in the eighth century. 09:49.200 --> 09:53.070 And of course it was from this village that the great city of 09:53.071 --> 09:55.731 Rome grew, and of course there's a quite 09:55.726 --> 09:59.606 significant difference between Rome as it is now and Rome as it 09:59.611 --> 10:01.681 was in the eighth century B.C. 10:01.679 --> 10:06.289 10:06.288 --> 10:10.838 I'm going to skip a couple of centuries and take us from the 10:10.840 --> 10:12.460 eighth century B.C. 10:12.460 --> 10:17.320 to the sixth century B.C., and talk about what was the 10:17.315 --> 10:22.625 greatest architectural project in the sixth century B.C. 10:22.629 --> 10:26.309 Just a few words about what was going on in the sixth century 10:26.311 --> 10:26.681 B.C. 10:26.678 --> 10:29.638 Those who were ascendant in the sixth century B.C. 10:29.639 --> 10:31.419 were essentially the Etruscans. 10:31.418 --> 10:35.618 The Etruscans lived in what is known as Etruria. 10:35.620 --> 10:39.800 They were a quite advanced civilization prior to the Roman 10:39.803 --> 10:43.703 period, lived in Etruria, which is essentially Tuscany 10:43.695 --> 10:44.425 today. 10:44.428 --> 10:47.788 Etruscan, Tuscany -- Tuscany today. 10:47.788 --> 10:51.668 So the area around Florence and so on and so forth is where many 10:51.672 --> 10:53.462 of these individuals lived. 10:53.460 --> 10:57.970 They became a quite powerful civilization and they were able 10:57.965 --> 11:02.465 to use that power to gain ascendancy also in Rome itself. 11:02.470 --> 11:07.190 And there's a period in which there was a succession of 11:07.192 --> 11:10.692 Etruscan kings who were leading Rome, 11:10.690 --> 11:14.010 and these Etruscan kings eventually kicked out by the 11:14.014 --> 11:14.594 Romans. 11:14.590 --> 11:16.830 But at this time, in the sixth century, 11:16.826 --> 11:18.706 they were extremely important. 11:18.710 --> 11:24.540 And it was under Etruscan supervision and patronage that a 11:24.542 --> 11:30.582 major temple began to be put up in Rome in the sixth century 11:30.578 --> 11:34.368 B.C.; precisely in 509. 11:34.370 --> 11:39.040 It was dedicated in the year 509 B.C., as you can see from 11:39.041 --> 11:40.681 the Monument List. 11:40.678 --> 11:45.958 The temple in question was the Temple of Jupiter Optimus 11:45.957 --> 11:48.067 Maximus Capitolinus. 11:48.070 --> 11:51.480 Now that is a mouthful, and I don't want you to have to 11:51.480 --> 11:55.020 necessarily remember all of that: Jupiter Optimus Maximus 11:55.019 --> 11:56.029 Capitolinus. 11:56.029 --> 12:01.079 So we will call this temple, for all intents and purposes, 12:01.080 --> 12:06.040 the Temple of Jupiter OMC, Jupiter OMC -- Optimus Maximus 12:06.042 --> 12:07.462 Capitolinus. 12:07.460 --> 12:11.550 The Temple of Jupiter OMC was dedicated, 12:11.548 --> 12:16.388 again, in the year 509 B.C., and it was dedicated to 12:16.385 --> 12:19.675 Jupiter, but also to his female 12:19.676 --> 12:22.736 companions, Juno and Minerva. 12:22.740 --> 12:26.240 And when we think of those three, or when those three are 12:26.240 --> 12:29.580 joined together, Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, 12:29.578 --> 12:32.968 they are known as the Capitoline Triad, 12:32.970 --> 12:36.900 because their main temple was on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. 12:36.899 --> 12:40.759 And we will see the Capitoline Triad, not only honored in this 12:40.764 --> 12:42.734 temple, but in other temples. 12:42.730 --> 12:46.430 I showed you one on Tuesday in Pompeii, for example, 12:46.427 --> 12:50.487 the so-called Capitolium in Pompeii that honored Jupiter, 12:50.486 --> 12:52.006 Juno and Minerva. 12:52.009 --> 12:54.869 You'll see that when a temple honors the three of them, 12:54.866 --> 12:57.876 it has implications for the architecture of that building, 12:57.884 --> 12:59.794 for the design of that building. 12:59.788 --> 13:01.978 We'll talk about that right now, in a few minutes. 13:01.980 --> 13:05.840 But I want you to be aware of what the Capitoline Triad is. 13:05.840 --> 13:08.110 So it's all three of them, honored together; 13:08.110 --> 13:12.610 although Jupiter is always considered supreme whenever 13:12.607 --> 13:14.897 those three get together. 13:14.899 --> 13:18.159 So we have a temple here that we have to think of in large 13:18.155 --> 13:21.435 part as an Etruscan temple, put up during the time of the 13:21.438 --> 13:23.818 Etruscan kings, dedicated in 509, 13:23.817 --> 13:28.957 but one that is beginning to have the impact of Rome and will 13:28.964 --> 13:34.544 itself have a very strong impact on Roman temple architecture. 13:34.538 --> 13:37.448 And we're going to focus quite heavily today on Roman temple 13:37.450 --> 13:40.180 architecture, and then of course return to it 13:40.181 --> 13:43.001 sporadically in the course of the semester, 13:43.000 --> 13:45.570 as we move through and look at other temples, 13:45.570 --> 13:49.310 like the Pantheon and like others that were put up in the 13:49.307 --> 13:50.507 Roman provinces. 13:50.509 --> 13:55.089 The Temple of Jupiter OMC was built on the Capitoline Hill in 13:55.089 --> 13:58.599 Rome, so one of the other major seven hills. 13:58.600 --> 14:01.760 So while the hill of the Palatine was basically the 14:01.758 --> 14:04.788 residential section of Rome at this juncture, 14:04.788 --> 14:08.828 the Capitoline Hill became its religious center where its main 14:08.833 --> 14:10.163 temple was placed. 14:10.158 --> 14:14.708 The Temple of Jupiter was located on the hill, 14:14.705 --> 14:21.065 at about the position of one of the palaces that's there now. 14:21.070 --> 14:24.480 We mentioned last time--and any of you who've been to Rome know 14:24.484 --> 14:27.194 this well-- that the Capitoline Hill was 14:27.191 --> 14:31.461 redesigned in the Renaissance by none other than Michelangelo 14:31.456 --> 14:32.236 himself. 14:32.240 --> 14:35.830 It was Michelangelo who was responsible for creating the 14:35.831 --> 14:39.751 oval piazza that is at the center of the Capitoline Hill, 14:39.750 --> 14:43.880 which was then renamed the Campidoglio of Rome, 14:43.879 --> 14:46.459 and there are these three palaces, designed also by 14:46.462 --> 14:48.402 Michelangelo, the Capitoline, 14:48.404 --> 14:51.904 the Conservatori, and the Senatorial Palaces, 14:51.899 --> 14:55.689 that serve today as two museums, or a joined museum, 14:55.690 --> 14:59.770 one on either side, and a governmental building in 14:59.773 --> 15:00.693 the back. 15:00.690 --> 15:03.320 And you can see that very well here. 15:03.320 --> 15:05.780 So this is the Capitoline Hill as it looks today, 15:05.784 --> 15:07.434 as redesigned by Michelangelo. 15:07.428 --> 15:11.088 But in Roman times it was the location, or from the sixth 15:11.086 --> 15:11.996 century B.C. 15:12.000 --> 15:16.510 on, it was the location of the Temple of Jupiter OMC, 15:16.508 --> 15:21.538 the chief temple of ancient Rome, the most important temple 15:21.535 --> 15:23.265 of ancient Rome. 15:23.269 --> 15:25.279 What did that temple look like? 15:25.278 --> 15:29.178 And again, this is extremely important, not only for it, 15:29.182 --> 15:33.302 but for the rest of Roman temple architecture over time. 15:33.298 --> 15:35.828 Believe it or not, we have quite a bit of 15:35.825 --> 15:36.515 evidence. 15:36.519 --> 15:39.699 It's complicated by the fact that this temple burned down 15:39.697 --> 15:42.477 quite a number of times throughout its history. 15:42.480 --> 15:45.320 We know it was still standing, by the way, in the fourth 15:45.323 --> 15:47.603 century A.D., when it was described by a very 15:47.599 --> 15:48.529 famous writer. 15:48.529 --> 15:51.109 So it had a very long history. 15:51.110 --> 15:55.480 But it burned down several times and it was rebuilt several 15:55.480 --> 15:57.970 times, and each time it was rebuilt it 15:57.966 --> 16:00.236 obviously was rebuilt in a new style, 16:00.240 --> 16:02.860 whatever was au courant at that time. 16:02.860 --> 16:04.590 So it changed considerably. 16:04.590 --> 16:08.140 And nonetheless we do have quite a bit of information about 16:08.143 --> 16:08.453 it. 16:08.450 --> 16:13.170 As far as we can tell, when it was put up in 509 B.C. 16:13.169 --> 16:14.959 it looked something like this. 16:14.960 --> 16:20.600 What you're seeing here is a restored view and a plan of the 16:20.597 --> 16:22.507 temple in 509 B.C. 16:22.509 --> 16:26.839 And it's never too soon in a course on architecture to learn 16:26.844 --> 16:30.814 how to read a plan and how to read a restored view or a 16:30.812 --> 16:33.092 so-called axonometric view. 16:33.090 --> 16:33.860 And I have put on--you probably haven't had a chance to look 16:33.857 --> 16:35.717 yet-- but I've put up on the website 16:35.717 --> 16:38.677 for this course, both under Announcements and 16:38.677 --> 16:41.047 also in the Online Forum section, 16:41.048 --> 16:46.258 a couple of sheets that I think will be very helpful to you, 16:46.259 --> 16:48.739 that have terms and concepts. 16:48.740 --> 16:56.710 It has different kinds of vaulting and different kinds of 16:56.712 --> 16:59.492 masonry, and also tells you the 16:59.486 --> 17:02.336 difference between an axonometric view and a plan, 17:02.340 --> 17:03.250 and so on and so forth. 17:03.250 --> 17:06.450 I really urge you to print those out, look through them. 17:06.450 --> 17:08.970 In the beginning of this semester we do have to spend a 17:08.968 --> 17:10.878 lot of time on what things are called, 17:10.880 --> 17:12.940 but once we do that for a couple of weeks, 17:12.940 --> 17:15.690 we'll be done with it and you'll know all the basic terms 17:15.686 --> 17:17.646 and we'll be able to go on from there. 17:17.650 --> 17:21.150 But I think you'll find those handouts extremely helpful. 17:21.150 --> 17:24.630 So as we look at what we have here, I think you can see by 17:24.630 --> 17:28.170 looking at the plan that what we are dealing with here is a 17:28.172 --> 17:29.762 rectangular structure. 17:29.759 --> 17:33.819 The rectangular structure has a deep porch, and these circles 17:33.815 --> 17:37.185 are columns -- so with freestanding columns in that 17:37.193 --> 17:37.873 porch. 17:37.868 --> 17:40.698 It has a single staircase at the front. 17:40.700 --> 17:44.230 Having a single staircase, rather than one that encircles 17:44.229 --> 17:46.939 the building, gives the building a focus; 17:49.869 --> 17:50.669 structure. 17:50.670 --> 17:53.730 You can also see that the back wall is plain; 17:53.730 --> 17:55.600 the back wall is plain. 17:55.598 --> 17:58.648 And the cella, c-e-l-l-a, which is the central 17:58.654 --> 18:02.934 space of the inside of a temple, is divided into three parts. 18:02.930 --> 18:04.720 So a tripartite cella. 18:04.720 --> 18:07.480 And why was there a tripartite cella? 18:07.480 --> 18:09.950 You know the answer, because there were three gods; 18:09.950 --> 18:11.860 there was Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, 18:11.855 --> 18:13.105 the Capitoline Triad. 18:13.108 --> 18:17.318 Each one had his own little cella, with Jupiter obviously in 18:17.324 --> 18:21.614 the center, flanked by his two ladies, one on either side. 18:21.608 --> 18:24.838 So whenever you see a building with a triple cella, 18:24.839 --> 18:28.909 you're going to know that's a temple of the Capitoline Triad. 18:28.910 --> 18:31.990 We can see from the outside of the structure, 18:31.993 --> 18:34.943 the restored view, that it had a quite tall 18:34.938 --> 18:35.708 podium. 18:35.710 --> 18:40.370 The podium was in fact thirteen feet tall -- pretty significant, 18:40.366 --> 18:43.246 thirteen-foot tall podium right here. 18:43.250 --> 18:46.950 And here you also see again the single staircase in the front, 18:49.371 --> 18:51.261 the freestanding columns in that porch, 18:51.259 --> 18:55.639 and the triple entranceway into the three cellas of the 18:55.644 --> 18:56.624 structure. 18:56.619 --> 18:58.219 So that's the basic plan. 18:58.220 --> 19:02.470 Let me also mention the materials for the Temple of 19:02.472 --> 19:05.292 Jupiter OMC, in the sixth century B.C., 19:05.286 --> 19:09.006 because technology is important in any course on architecture. 19:09.009 --> 19:13.039 We know--and think back to what we already know about the huts-- 19:13.038 --> 19:19.548 the building material used here was wood for the columns and the 19:19.548 --> 19:23.868 superstructure, just as we saw in the Palatine 19:23.865 --> 19:25.975 huts, wood for the columns and the 19:25.980 --> 19:26.860 superstructure. 19:26.858 --> 19:31.868 Mud-brick, not wattle and daub, but mud-brick for the podium 19:31.866 --> 19:36.146 and for the walls, and then the structure had 19:36.150 --> 19:39.900 quite a bit of decoration -- you don't see it here, 19:39.904 --> 19:42.734 but quite a bit of decoration, sculptural decoration, 19:42.730 --> 19:45.730 in ancient times, and this was made out of 19:45.726 --> 19:46.606 terracotta. 19:46.608 --> 19:51.098 So wood, mud-brick and terracotta were the materials 19:51.099 --> 19:54.269 used for this particular building. 19:54.269 --> 19:57.479 Oh I meant to show you--sorry, let me just go back for a 19:57.483 --> 19:58.013 second. 19:58.009 --> 20:02.239 The reason that the other plan is on the screen, 20:02.240 --> 20:06.180 the one at the left, this is a plan of an Etruscan 20:06.176 --> 20:08.946 tomb, the Tomb of the Shields and 20:08.946 --> 20:11.816 Seats from Cerveteri, second half of the sixth 20:11.824 --> 20:14.054 century B.C., which is on your Monument List. 20:14.048 --> 20:16.798 I only bring it to your attention because it's 20:16.798 --> 20:20.458 interesting that the Etruscans also divided the main space of 20:20.463 --> 20:24.173 that tomb into three spaces, three separate spaces, 20:24.170 --> 20:27.870 up at the top, tripartite, and also gave it a 20:31.766 --> 20:32.806 orientation. 20:32.808 --> 20:34.878 I just mention that because we'll see that those, 20:39.440 --> 20:43.620 is an Etruscan element that is picked up by the Romans. 20:43.618 --> 20:47.078 Roman architecture is very much an architecture of facades, 20:47.078 --> 20:49.318 of the front of buildings, with a focus on the front of 20:49.319 --> 20:51.299 buildings, and I wanted to make sure that 20:51.298 --> 20:53.598 you knew that not only in temple architecture, 20:53.598 --> 20:56.528 but also in tomb architecture, under the Etruscans, 20:56.529 --> 21:01.289 that was an approach that they already took and that was 21:01.288 --> 21:04.228 adopted from them by the Romans. 21:04.230 --> 21:08.040 Another view also of the plan, just so that you can see it 21:08.037 --> 21:10.907 again straight up, with the focus on the 21:13.051 --> 21:15.251 the deep porch, the freestanding columns in 21:15.250 --> 21:18.350 that porch, and then the tripartite 21:18.353 --> 21:21.863 division and the flat back wall. 21:21.858 --> 21:25.288 Now I think it's important at this juncture to make a 21:25.290 --> 21:29.120 distinction between the most important Etruscan temple, 21:29.118 --> 21:33.168 namely the Temple of Jupiter OMC--and you see a model of that 21:33.170 --> 21:36.500 here-- and the most important Greek, 21:36.503 --> 21:41.083 ancient Greek temple, the Parthenon in Athens. 21:41.078 --> 21:44.198 The Parthenon in Athens dates, as you probably know, 21:44.200 --> 21:47.810 to the fifth century B.C., this to the sixth century B.C. 21:47.808 --> 21:51.418 So they are not exactly contemporary but roughly 21:51.416 --> 21:53.716 contemporary to one another. 21:53.720 --> 21:56.900 And as you look at this, I think you can see for 21:56.902 --> 22:00.092 yourselves, although I will point out, the major 22:00.085 --> 22:02.315 distinctions between the two. 22:02.318 --> 22:05.128 And this is going to be very, very important for today, 22:05.130 --> 22:07.420 for today's lecture, but also in the future, 22:07.420 --> 22:09.620 because what we're going to see is that the Romans -- 22:09.618 --> 22:12.298 when the Romans began to build their own religious 22:12.296 --> 22:14.536 architecture, they looked back to what had 22:14.538 --> 22:17.718 been done by the Greeks and what had been done by the Etruscans. 22:17.720 --> 22:20.770 They picked and chose what they liked in each, 22:20.768 --> 22:24.898 and they brought that together in an entirely new creation. 22:24.900 --> 22:26.630 They mixed it up with their own culture, 22:26.630 --> 22:28.710 their own religion, brought it together, 22:28.710 --> 22:32.070 an entirely new creation, and created something 22:32.067 --> 22:35.717 distinctive that we know of as the Roman temple. 22:35.720 --> 22:38.530 So what are the differences between the two? 22:38.529 --> 22:42.909 We've already talked about the main features of the Etruscan 22:42.912 --> 22:47.222 temple, but what are the main features of the Greek temple, 22:47.220 --> 22:48.780 of the Parthenon? 22:48.779 --> 22:52.129 I think you can see that while superficially they look alike, 22:52.130 --> 22:54.890 they have columns that support a triangular pediment and so on 22:54.885 --> 22:57.385 and so forth, the major differences are--and 22:57.391 --> 22:59.411 you can't see all of those here-- 22:59.410 --> 23:03.090 but the major differences are that instead of sitting on a 23:03.090 --> 23:06.480 high podium, Greek temples sit on a much 23:06.476 --> 23:07.726 lower podium. 23:07.730 --> 23:11.400 They have a staircase that encircles the entire building; 23:14.397 --> 23:15.027 the front. 23:15.028 --> 23:17.938 The stairs encircle the entire building, 23:17.940 --> 23:22.670 as you can kind of see here, and there is a single cella-- 23:22.670 --> 23:26.430 they never used a triple cella, as we see in the Capitoline 23:26.434 --> 23:27.024 temple. 23:27.019 --> 23:32.039 And the major difference between the two perhaps is the 23:32.040 --> 23:36.230 fact that this building is built out of stone, 23:36.226 --> 23:37.896 out of marble. 23:37.900 --> 23:40.040 The Greek building is built out of marble. 23:40.038 --> 23:44.478 The Greeks are using marble magnificently in the fifth 23:44.480 --> 23:47.580 century B.C., and even before that. 23:47.578 --> 23:52.628 So no ordinary old wood columns and mud-brick for them, 23:52.631 --> 23:54.971 they were using marble. 23:54.970 --> 23:56.520 So when we begin to see the Romans-- 23:56.519 --> 23:59.909 and we'll see that today--using stone for their temple 23:59.906 --> 24:03.076 architecture, they are doing that under the 24:03.084 --> 24:07.794 very strong influence of Greece, and that's extremely important 24:07.788 --> 24:11.928 in any assessment of early Roman religious architecture. 24:11.930 --> 24:13.430 Another view, and it's one that you have also 24:13.428 --> 24:16.668 on your Monument List, showing the Capitoline Hill in 24:16.665 --> 24:19.625 Roman times, showing you the situation of 24:19.626 --> 24:23.116 the Temple of Jupiter OMC in relationship to the other 24:23.124 --> 24:26.824 buildings that were up on top of the Capitoline Hill; 24:26.818 --> 24:29.938 mostly religious structures, but I just wanted you to see it 24:29.943 --> 24:31.113 did not stand alone. 24:31.108 --> 24:33.428 Not all of these were built in the sixth century B.C. 24:33.430 --> 24:36.510 already, but over time, an accretion of other 24:36.509 --> 24:37.349 buildings. 24:37.348 --> 24:40.128 Here you actually see the temple in a somewhat later 24:40.128 --> 24:41.868 version, because, as I mentioned, 24:41.872 --> 24:43.942 it burned down and it was rebuilt many, 24:43.942 --> 24:44.872 many times. 24:44.868 --> 24:48.108 But you also can see here--this is just useful in terms of Roman 24:48.105 --> 24:51.235 religious practice--the altar is located not inside the temple 24:51.238 --> 24:53.728 but outside; the religious service actually 24:53.728 --> 24:54.838 took place outside. 24:54.838 --> 24:57.748 The priest would officiate outside the temple, 24:57.750 --> 25:01.730 and in fact very few were allowed to go inside to see the 25:01.726 --> 25:05.036 sacred cult statues -- that was pretty much left for 25:05.038 --> 25:06.758 the priest and the priesthood. 25:06.759 --> 25:11.219 Just again to underscore the importance of Google Earth, 25:11.220 --> 25:13.020 for anyone who was not here on Tuesday, 25:13.019 --> 25:17.209 I mentioned at that time that you cannot only go and fly over 25:17.208 --> 25:20.208 Rome as it looks today via Google Earth, 25:20.210 --> 25:22.340 but they have just recently, in the last few months, 25:22.338 --> 25:24.788 introduced an ancient Rome version. 25:24.788 --> 25:27.408 So you can go, and you click the right button, 25:27.410 --> 25:30.420 you click your mouse in such a way, 25:30.420 --> 25:34.800 you can find that the whole city will be completely 25:34.799 --> 25:37.779 recreated into the ancient city. 25:37.779 --> 25:40.119 And I just wanted you--it's much more abstract, 25:40.118 --> 25:43.328 but nonetheless it gives you a sense of what many of these 25:43.326 --> 25:45.966 buildings looked like in ancient Roman times. 25:45.970 --> 25:50.210 And this is a screenshot of the Capitoline Hill, 25:50.212 --> 25:55.542 as it appears in the Google ancient Rome version of Rome. 25:55.538 --> 25:58.008 You can't do this for the other cities at this juncture, 25:58.010 --> 25:59.270 just for the city of Rome. 25:59.269 --> 26:03.069 But it's great fun to do, and also very informative. 26:03.068 --> 26:06.788 Now what is actually left of the temple? 26:06.789 --> 26:10.369 We've looked at the Campidoglio; we see Michelangelo's buildings 26:10.367 --> 26:11.137 are up there now. 26:11.140 --> 26:14.880 What is actually left of the Temple of Jupiter OMC? 26:14.880 --> 26:17.010 Well you're looking at it right here. 26:17.009 --> 26:20.769 It's the podium of the temple -- still survives -- that 26:20.769 --> 26:24.459 thirteen foot tall podium of the Temple of Jupiter. 26:24.460 --> 26:26.380 We think this is a quite early podium, 26:26.380 --> 26:29.360 maybe not as early as the sixth century B.C., 26:29.358 --> 26:32.948 but a very early podium from the temple upon which the 26:32.949 --> 26:34.439 structure was built. 26:34.440 --> 26:36.380 You can get a sense of the height of these things. 26:36.380 --> 26:39.730 And again a characteristic of Etruscan temple architecture, 26:39.730 --> 26:42.800 and as we shall see of most Roman temple architecture, 26:42.795 --> 26:44.755 is to have a very high podium. 26:44.759 --> 26:49.449 We can see that podium here and we can see how it is made 26:49.448 --> 26:50.618 technically. 26:50.618 --> 26:54.688 You can see it is made up of a series of rectangular blocks 26:54.689 --> 26:58.619 that are placed one next to one another and on top of one 26:58.617 --> 26:59.457 another. 26:59.460 --> 27:02.980 This is technically called ashlar masonry, 27:02.980 --> 27:06.320 a-s-h-l-a-r, ashlar masonry, 27:06.320 --> 27:12.880 to build a wall with these kinds of rectangular blocks 27:12.880 --> 27:16.840 piled one on top of another. 27:16.838 --> 27:20.108 It's tufa stone in this particular case once again, 27:20.109 --> 27:23.179 which was natural, a tufa stone natural to Rome, 27:23.184 --> 27:23.974 t-u-f-a. 27:23.970 --> 27:29.730 And this ashlar masonry; again, a building technique 27:29.729 --> 27:34.639 that was particularly popular in the fifth and fourth and third 27:34.642 --> 27:35.992 centuries B.C. 27:35.990 --> 27:38.750 in Rome. 27:38.750 --> 27:43.390 Now what went up after the Temple of Jupiter OMC in Rome? 27:43.390 --> 27:44.510 Quite a bit. 27:44.509 --> 27:47.979 This was a very inspiring project, a very major project, 27:47.982 --> 27:51.712 and obviously it spawned a lot of other building projects in 27:51.709 --> 27:52.529 the city. 27:52.529 --> 27:55.479 Very few of those survive--I can't show you much else from 27:55.479 --> 27:58.739 this particular period--and this is for a variety of reasons. 27:58.740 --> 28:01.410 It has to do in part with those fires that I mentioned. 28:01.410 --> 28:04.350 A lot of things burned and no longer survive. 28:04.348 --> 28:08.058 It has to do with something I mentioned also on Tuesday, 28:08.058 --> 28:11.268 and that is that some of these buildings became quarries in 28:11.269 --> 28:13.759 later times, with later patrons and 28:13.757 --> 28:17.897 architects using them as a source of stone that could be 28:17.900 --> 28:20.010 used in later structures. 28:20.009 --> 28:24.829 So many of them were dismantled to be used for other buildings. 28:24.828 --> 28:27.488 And also any city that is inhabited, 28:27.490 --> 28:29.800 as Rome has been, for two-and-a-half millennia, 28:29.798 --> 28:33.668 is obviously going to lose a certain amount of its structures 28:33.673 --> 28:34.453 over time. 28:34.450 --> 28:36.850 They're going to be torn down, they're going to be rebuilt, 28:36.846 --> 28:38.576 they're going to be incorporated into other 28:38.580 --> 28:39.160 buildings. 28:39.160 --> 28:41.300 Some of those that have survived best are those that 28:41.295 --> 28:43.385 were actually incorporated into other buildings. 28:43.390 --> 28:45.290 And indeed, that's what happened here. 28:45.288 --> 28:49.908 The wall was incorporated into something else and built on top 28:49.906 --> 28:52.856 of, and that's why it still survives. 28:52.858 --> 28:57.018 So we don't have all that much again besides this. 28:57.019 --> 29:00.639 But even if we had, whatever was standing in the 29:00.644 --> 29:04.964 fifth and fourth centuries, or early fourth century B.C., 29:04.961 --> 29:08.511 would have been destroyed in the year 386. 29:08.509 --> 29:12.429 Because in the year 386 B.C., a group of tribes, 29:12.425 --> 29:15.675 the Gallic tribes, the Gauls, came down, 29:15.675 --> 29:17.255 from the north. 29:17.259 --> 29:20.559 They destroyed everything in their path. 29:20.558 --> 29:24.538 They did a lot of damage to the Etruscan settlements around 29:24.538 --> 29:25.978 Florence and so on. 29:25.980 --> 29:27.030 They destroyed those. 29:27.028 --> 29:31.088 They came into Rome and they set the city of Rome ablaze. 29:31.088 --> 29:34.548 And when the smoke cleared, and it did eventually clear, 29:34.548 --> 29:40.078 the only building that was still standing was the Temple of 29:40.084 --> 29:43.714 Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus. 29:43.710 --> 29:45.730 That's how much destruction there was. 29:45.730 --> 29:49.700 And so there's very little else that we can look at from this 29:49.696 --> 29:51.016 particular period. 29:51.019 --> 29:54.769 What the sack of the Gauls did was also convince the Romans 29:54.766 --> 29:58.186 that they had not protected their city well enough. 29:58.190 --> 29:59.060 Right? 29:59.058 --> 30:02.698 They were completely exposed, and the entire city was burned, 30:02.700 --> 30:04.460 except for that one temple. 30:04.460 --> 30:08.120 So they realized that they better get smart and they better 30:08.116 --> 30:11.846 start to wall their cities, to begin to put protective 30:11.852 --> 30:14.972 walls around the perimeter of those cities. 30:14.970 --> 30:20.170 And we see a great efflorescence of wall building 30:20.171 --> 30:24.291 therefore after the sack of 386 B.C. 30:24.288 --> 30:29.288 And I want to turn to that wall construction right now. 30:29.288 --> 30:33.088 I want to begin with the most important wall that was put up 30:33.087 --> 30:36.847 in the fourth century B.C., right after the Gallic sack, 30:36.852 --> 30:39.602 and this was the wall around Rome itself. 30:39.598 --> 30:42.018 Rome was encircled with a stone circuit; 30:42.019 --> 30:46.859 a stone circuit that went around the entire seven hills, 30:46.863 --> 30:51.883 the famous Seven Hills of Rome, enclosing it in this stone 30:51.883 --> 30:52.943 circuit. 30:52.940 --> 30:57.300 And fortunately some parts of that wall are still preserved 30:57.298 --> 30:57.898 today. 30:57.900 --> 31:00.520 And I show you the most extensive section here. 31:00.519 --> 31:03.519 This is called the Servian Walls--you can see this on your 31:03.523 --> 31:07.653 Monument List-- Servian Walls in Rome -- dates 31:07.651 --> 31:10.981 to 378 B.C., right after the sack, 31:10.981 --> 31:15.191 not long after the sack, 378 B.C. 31:15.190 --> 31:20.520 And some extensive sections of that wall are preserved. 31:20.519 --> 31:24.439 The most extensive is the section near Rome's main train 31:24.444 --> 31:26.734 station, the Stazione Termini. 31:26.730 --> 31:29.420 You can see the Stazione--a modern building--you can see the 31:29.419 --> 31:31.469 Stazione Termini in the upper right corner. 31:31.470 --> 31:36.450 And here is a view of this extensive section of the Servian 31:36.446 --> 31:37.816 Walls in Rome. 31:37.818 --> 31:40.158 The Romans didn't want to take any chances. 31:40.160 --> 31:41.840 They decided, even though their tufa was 31:41.842 --> 31:44.682 pretty good, they decided they wanted to use 31:44.681 --> 31:48.711 the finest tufa possible, and so they brought it in from 31:48.714 --> 31:52.124 the Etruscan city of Veii, V-e-i-i. 31:52.118 --> 31:55.238 Veii was a famous and important Etruscan city, 31:55.238 --> 31:58.148 that the Romans had just made their own. 31:58.150 --> 32:02.270 So it was a perfect source for them of outstanding building 32:02.267 --> 32:05.487 materials, and they brought in an imported 32:05.494 --> 32:09.014 yellowish tufa, from the Etruscan town of Veii, 32:09.005 --> 32:11.535 to use for this very significant, 32:11.538 --> 32:15.948 very important wall that was going to protect them from this 32:15.948 --> 32:16.918 time forth. 32:16.920 --> 32:19.890 And you see that wall again here. 32:19.890 --> 32:22.620 It is very weathered; even though it still stands, 32:22.615 --> 32:23.605 it's very weathered. 32:23.608 --> 32:27.838 So the stones don't look as expertly carved as they would've 32:27.838 --> 32:29.988 been in ancient Roman times. 32:29.990 --> 32:32.190 And what you can--it's hard to see here, 32:32.190 --> 32:34.830 and I'll show you better in a different wall shortly, 32:34.828 --> 32:38.788 but what it's hard to see is the system of what are called 32:38.791 --> 32:42.271 headers and stretchers; headers and stretchers that 32:42.269 --> 32:43.879 they used for this wall. 32:43.880 --> 32:47.360 What a header is, you take the same size 32:47.364 --> 32:51.564 rectangular block, but when you put the short side 32:51.559 --> 32:53.609 out, facing out, that's a header, 32:53.611 --> 32:57.101 and when you put the long side of the rectangle facing out, 32:57.099 --> 32:58.609 that's a stretcher. 32:58.608 --> 33:02.088 So it was an alternating headers and stretchers. 33:02.088 --> 33:04.708 Again, I'll show you that better in another wall 33:04.713 --> 33:07.733 momentarily, but use of headers and stretchers here. 33:07.730 --> 33:10.390 And we can also see that the blocks are quite regular. 33:10.390 --> 33:16.830 We are dealing with what we call ashlar masonry, 33:16.828 --> 33:18.878 once again, the same kind of construction, 33:18.880 --> 33:21.230 this placement of these fairly regular blocks, 33:21.230 --> 33:25.580 one next to one another and one on top of one another, 33:25.579 --> 33:26.729 ashlar masonry. 33:26.730 --> 33:29.950 In Latin the term is opus, o-p-u-s, 33:29.952 --> 33:32.702 quadratum, q-u-a-d-r-a-t-u-m: 33:32.704 --> 33:35.304 opus quadratum. 33:35.298 --> 33:38.318 So you can call this either ashlar masonry or opus 33:38.324 --> 33:40.074 quadratum: squared work. 33:40.068 --> 33:44.818 The same sort of thing as we saw in the podium of Jupiter 33:44.818 --> 33:48.638 OMC, being used for the Servian Walls in Rome, 33:48.635 --> 33:49.565 in 378. 33:49.568 --> 33:52.298 I showed you last time this section of the Servian Walls. 33:52.298 --> 33:56.018 Here you can get a much better sense of the coloration of that 33:56.015 --> 33:57.655 yellowish tufa from Veii. 33:57.660 --> 34:00.610 This is also very weathered, so it's hard to see the headers 34:00.608 --> 34:02.838 and stretchers, but it's another section of 34:02.837 --> 34:05.937 wall--just in case any of you are going to Rome anytime soon-- 34:05.940 --> 34:08.780 that one can see on the Aventine Hill, 34:08.780 --> 34:11.710 which is a beautiful residential hill in Rome, 34:11.710 --> 34:16.040 one of the most lovely places to wander in the entire city. 34:16.039 --> 34:18.809 You will come across another section--you never know when 34:18.811 --> 34:20.891 little pieces of antiquity will crop up. 34:20.889 --> 34:24.049 They come up in the most unusual places as one wanders 34:24.052 --> 34:27.642 the city, which is one of the reasons it's such a fascinating 34:27.635 --> 34:28.765 place to visit. 34:28.768 --> 34:31.578 Now the Romans realized--what was going on at the same time is 34:31.579 --> 34:34.019 the Romans were beginning to extensively colonize-- 34:34.018 --> 34:37.438 well they had these imperialistic ambitions. 34:37.440 --> 34:40.050 They wanted to colonize the world, but they began with the 34:40.048 --> 34:42.848 places closest to them, and they began to build 34:42.849 --> 34:46.569 extensive colonies in Italy, especially in an area very 34:46.565 --> 34:48.675 close to the city of Rome itself. 34:48.679 --> 34:51.549 And they recognized, as they began to build, 34:51.550 --> 34:55.180 what I mentioned to you last time I like to call mini-Romes, 34:55.179 --> 34:58.849 because these are little cities in the version of the capital 34:58.851 --> 34:59.711 city itself. 34:59.710 --> 35:03.250 As they began to build these mini-Romes, 35:03.250 --> 35:07.910 they recognized that these mini-Romes also needed security, 35:07.909 --> 35:11.549 also needed to be protected by walls that were comparable to 35:11.547 --> 35:12.777 the Servian Walls. 35:12.780 --> 35:14.860 So we see this great efflorescence, 35:14.860 --> 35:18.390 not only of colonization, but also of wall building in 35:18.391 --> 35:22.191 the period following the sack and the period following the 35:22.190 --> 35:25.190 construction of Rome's own Servian Walls. 35:25.190 --> 35:29.100 And I want to show you a few examples of that. 35:29.099 --> 35:31.219 This is a map that was custom-made for this course. 35:31.219 --> 35:34.299 You can find it on the web portal, and I think you'll find 35:34.304 --> 35:36.604 it very useful, because what I've done here 35:36.603 --> 35:38.833 obviously is focus on-- I don't clutter it up with a 35:38.826 --> 35:40.206 lot of places we're not looking at-- 35:40.210 --> 35:43.760 I focus on the towns that we are actually going to be looking 35:43.762 --> 35:44.832 at buildings in. 35:44.829 --> 35:46.689 So I think you'll find it extremely helpful. 35:46.690 --> 35:48.200 Rome is here at the star. 35:48.199 --> 35:50.799 You can actually click on the map and that will take you to a 35:50.800 --> 35:51.710 map of Rome itself. 35:51.710 --> 35:55.110 But we see the star where Rome is, and the towns that I'm going 35:55.112 --> 35:57.782 to take you to, that have walls, 35:57.782 --> 36:01.642 are the city of Cosa, the town, the village really at 36:01.639 --> 36:04.119 that time, of Cosa; the town of Norba, 36:04.117 --> 36:08.327 that you see over here; and the town of Falerii Novi. 36:08.329 --> 36:11.839 But I wanted to show you the map, because you see how close, 36:11.838 --> 36:14.928 how proximate they are to the city of Rome itself. 36:14.929 --> 36:17.739 I'm going to show you these fairly rapidly, 36:17.739 --> 36:20.829 just to give you a sense again of the kind of wall construction 36:20.827 --> 36:22.667 that was going on in the colonies, 36:22.670 --> 36:24.750 in the Italian colonies, at this time. 36:24.750 --> 36:28.240 This is--we'll look first at the city walls of the town of 36:28.239 --> 36:28.729 Norba. 36:28.730 --> 36:31.810 And you can see from the Monument List that dates to the 36:31.809 --> 36:34.049 second half of the fourth century B.C. 36:34.050 --> 36:38.100 And as you look at these walls, these are not done out of tufa 36:38.101 --> 36:41.361 but a local stone to Norba, more grayish in color, 36:41.355 --> 36:42.945 as you can see here. 36:42.949 --> 36:46.109 But you can tell me yourselves right off, that's not opus 36:46.114 --> 36:48.424 quadratum, that's not ashlar masonry. 36:48.420 --> 36:52.430 The blocks are not rectangular and they're not that even; 36:52.429 --> 36:55.069 in fact, they're multi-sided blocks, some of them are 36:55.072 --> 36:56.042 polygonal blocks. 36:56.039 --> 36:59.349 And we technically call this polygonal masonry. 36:59.349 --> 37:01.219 And they've taken these multi-sided blocks, 37:01.219 --> 37:03.199 piled them up, in a very interesting way, 37:03.199 --> 37:06.569 to create a very handsome wall--I like this wall a lot 37:06.572 --> 37:09.442 myself-- a very handsome wall to 37:09.442 --> 37:12.162 encircle the town of Norba. 37:12.159 --> 37:15.949 So polygonal masonry in this particular instance. 37:15.949 --> 37:19.699 And we see the same use of polygonal masonry at the town of 37:19.699 --> 37:23.389 Cosa, which is north of Norba, as you'll remember from the 37:23.385 --> 37:25.515 custom map, the town of Cosa. 37:25.519 --> 37:28.799 The walls date to 273 B.C. 37:28.800 --> 37:31.310 at Cosa, and you see glimpses of them here. 37:31.309 --> 37:35.489 And I think you can see once again a grayish stone used for 37:35.494 --> 37:39.614 these walls, and you can see that the construction is once 37:39.608 --> 37:41.628 again polygonal masonry. 37:44.480 --> 37:48.950 the greatest masterwork of Roman wall design in this early 37:48.945 --> 37:51.995 period is the wall that you see here. 37:52.000 --> 37:54.720 This is the wall at Falerii Novi. 37:54.719 --> 38:00.919 Falerii Novi was founded as a colony in 241 B.C., 38:00.923 --> 38:07.783 and the walls were put up sometime between 241 and 200 38:07.775 --> 38:08.805 B.C. 38:08.809 --> 38:11.679 And we see them here, and you can see that the wall 38:11.681 --> 38:14.611 also had a quite spectacular, at least for its date, 38:14.608 --> 38:16.158 quite spectacular gate. 38:16.159 --> 38:17.539 Now if we look at the walls first-- 38:17.539 --> 38:20.349 actually, first of all I want to point out that they have 38:20.349 --> 38:23.109 chosen to use two different kinds of materials here, 38:23.110 --> 38:26.520 as is immediately apparent as you look at this color view. 38:26.518 --> 38:31.458 They chose to use a grey peperino stone, 38:31.460 --> 38:34.940 p-e-p-e-r-i-n-o, a grey peperino stone, 38:34.940 --> 38:40.730 from the Alban Hills, for the arch of the gateway, 38:40.730 --> 38:47.920 and to use a reddish-brown tufa for the walls themselves. 38:47.920 --> 38:51.580 A reddish-brown tufa, peperino, grey peperino stone, 38:51.579 --> 38:53.229 from the Alban Hills. 38:53.230 --> 38:57.160 So they were very careful about their selection of materials, 38:57.163 --> 39:00.703 in part to emphasize this distinction in texture and in 39:00.704 --> 39:01.364 color. 39:01.360 --> 39:04.480 If you look at the wall you can see we're dealing here clearly 39:04.481 --> 39:07.101 with ashlar masonry, with opus quadratrum, 39:07.103 --> 39:09.223 and here you can see much more clearly, 39:09.219 --> 39:11.269 than any of the other walls I've shown you because they're 39:11.273 --> 39:14.093 so well preserved, the headers and the stretchers, 39:14.085 --> 39:17.265 the alternating square and rectangular blocks, 39:17.268 --> 39:21.698 the scheme of headers and stretchers that is used for this 39:21.704 --> 39:22.254 wall. 39:22.250 --> 39:24.550 The most important part, of course, is the arch, 39:24.554 --> 39:25.394 the stone arch. 39:25.389 --> 39:27.749 It's a masonry arch, as you can see. 39:27.750 --> 39:30.170 It's not the earliest arch in Roman architecture, 39:30.168 --> 39:31.728 but it's one of the earliest. 39:31.730 --> 39:37.400 It has been amazingly done, I think quite masterfully done. 39:37.400 --> 39:40.430 If you look at it, you will see that what the 39:40.431 --> 39:45.051 designer has achieved is to take a series of wedge-shaped blocks. 39:45.050 --> 39:47.720 These are called voussoir blocks-- 39:47.719 --> 39:49.929 I put that word on the Monument List for you-- 39:49.929 --> 39:52.109 voussoir blocks, these wedge-shaped blocks, 39:52.110 --> 39:57.020 and has carved them in such a way that each one fits very 39:57.019 --> 40:01.579 effectively and very well into the overall scheme. 40:01.579 --> 40:03.419 They're wedged in next to one another. 40:03.420 --> 40:05.090 In fact, as you gaze at it, you kind of think: 40:05.088 --> 40:07.358 "Gee, I wonder if any of those blocks 40:07.364 --> 40:10.204 are going to fall out from where they are?" 40:10.199 --> 40:12.639 But they don't because they're wedged in so closely, 40:12.644 --> 40:13.704 next to one another. 40:13.699 --> 40:18.899 And then they have finished the line of the arch very nicely so 40:18.898 --> 40:22.588 that it has a very attractive appearance, 40:22.590 --> 40:26.400 and because it is done in a different stone it stands out 40:26.396 --> 40:29.316 extremely well from the rest of the wall. 40:29.320 --> 40:31.780 This is really again a masterful treatment, 40:31.777 --> 40:34.227 in my opinion, of a wall at this particular 40:34.233 --> 40:37.163 time, with the wonderful addition of the arch. 40:37.159 --> 40:41.019 And I think we begin to see--we talked last time about how 40:41.016 --> 40:45.206 important making of arches and vaults and especially the use of 40:45.211 --> 40:47.741 concrete-- although here we see a stone 40:47.739 --> 40:49.319 arch, clearly a stone arch. 40:49.320 --> 40:54.870 But we're going to see that the capacity of the arch to be used 40:54.867 --> 40:59.877 for expressive purposes in architecture is capitalized on 40:59.878 --> 41:01.488 by the Romans. 41:01.489 --> 41:04.699 And I wanted you to be aware--this is not only 41:04.699 --> 41:08.839 important as a wall of this period but important in the way 41:08.838 --> 41:13.258 that it's prescient of what's to come with regard to the way in 41:13.262 --> 41:17.262 which the Romans are going to start to deploy the arch in 41:17.257 --> 41:20.967 extraordinarily creative and innovative ways in Roman 41:20.967 --> 41:22.607 architecture. 41:22.610 --> 41:23.590 It all begins here. 41:23.590 --> 41:28.900 The wall and gate of Falerii Novi stand at the beginning of 41:28.898 --> 41:33.658 this incredible development in Roman architecture. 41:33.659 --> 41:37.389 I want to say something very, very quickly about town 41:37.387 --> 41:41.567 planning during this period, because just as I mentioned, 41:41.570 --> 41:45.630 Romans were colonizing towns in Italy and they were putting 41:45.630 --> 41:49.320 walls around them, but they were also beginning to 41:49.320 --> 41:53.070 think about how they thought about city construction in 41:53.067 --> 41:55.807 general, or the making of urban spaces 41:55.806 --> 41:58.566 and places during this particular period. 41:58.570 --> 42:01.130 So I just want to show you fleetingly two examples. 42:01.130 --> 42:03.940 The town of Cosa, of which we've already looked 42:03.938 --> 42:06.378 at the walls, dating to the third century 42:06.380 --> 42:06.870 B.C. 42:06.869 --> 42:11.429 And it's worth noting that it was again after the sack of 386 42:11.434 --> 42:15.394 that this explosion of town building really began. 42:15.389 --> 42:18.489 As we look at the town plan of Cosa, 42:18.489 --> 42:21.119 you can see that it is encircled by the wall that we 42:21.119 --> 42:23.979 looked at just before, and you can also see it's 42:23.981 --> 42:28.161 roughly regular in shape, roughly kind of a square. 42:28.159 --> 42:30.959 As you can see here, there are gates in the walls, 42:30.960 --> 42:34.960 and then there is a scheme of streets that is comparable to 42:34.956 --> 42:39.156 what I mentioned last time was typical for an ideal Roman city 42:39.159 --> 42:41.269 plan, and that is the two main 42:41.269 --> 42:44.589 streets, the cardo and the decumanus of the 42:44.585 --> 42:45.055 city. 42:45.059 --> 42:48.219 The cardo being the north-south main street, 42:48.219 --> 42:50.519 and the decumanus being the east-west street, 42:50.518 --> 42:54.258 and them intersecting very close to the center of the city. 42:54.260 --> 42:57.270 And it's usually very close to that same center that you find 42:57.268 --> 42:59.258 the forum, or a great open space, 42:59.264 --> 43:01.594 meeting and marketplace of the city, 43:01.590 --> 43:04.770 as well as a host of other buildings: basilica, 43:04.769 --> 43:06.309 market, and so on. 43:06.309 --> 43:09.849 And then, on the highest hill of the town of Cosa, 43:09.849 --> 43:12.479 a Capitolium, a temple to Jupiter, 43:12.476 --> 43:15.906 Juno and Minerva, on that highest spot, 43:15.914 --> 43:20.574 the most important religious structure of that town. 43:20.570 --> 43:21.600 That's the town of Cosa. 43:21.599 --> 43:25.049 And then the other more important one is the town of 43:25.050 --> 43:27.130 Ostia, the port of Rome, 43:27.128 --> 43:31.968 the town of Ostia which was first founded in 350 B.C., 43:31.969 --> 43:36.169 and it was at that time a military camp or castrum 43:36.173 --> 43:39.563 was-- c-a-s-t-r-u-m--a castrum 43:39.561 --> 43:41.411 was laid out there. 43:41.409 --> 43:43.429 And you can see a plan of that castrum. 43:43.429 --> 43:47.679 You see the dark dotted lines here is the original plan of 43:47.681 --> 43:48.951 Ostia, 350 B.C. 43:48.949 --> 43:52.079 All the rest that you see around it is the city as it grew 43:52.081 --> 43:55.491 into the second century A.D., when it had its efflorescence. 43:55.489 --> 43:57.479 So we see the original city here. 43:57.480 --> 43:59.570 And you can see it is perfectly regular. 43:59.570 --> 44:02.410 And I mentioned to you last time that this is very different 44:02.405 --> 44:03.795 from what happened in Rome. 44:03.800 --> 44:07.440 Rome grew in a very haphazard way over the centuries. 44:07.440 --> 44:10.800 There was never any real attempt to plan the city. 44:10.800 --> 44:15.220 But when the Romans were left to build the kind of ideal city, 44:15.219 --> 44:17.409 the city that they thought was the ideal Roman city, 44:17.409 --> 44:21.159 they almost always built it in a very regular fashion, 44:21.159 --> 44:24.229 as a square or as a rectangle, as regular as they could make 44:24.228 --> 44:25.708 it, and it varied depending upon 44:25.713 --> 44:26.263 the terrain. 44:26.260 --> 44:29.250 If there were a lot of hills and so on, it might end up with 44:29.253 --> 44:30.983 a somewhat more irregular shape. 44:30.980 --> 44:32.790 But here you see it at its most regular, 44:32.789 --> 44:35.759 planned like a castrum or a military camp, 44:35.760 --> 44:39.130 rectangular with the two main streets, 44:39.130 --> 44:41.240 the cardo, the north-south street, 44:41.239 --> 44:43.239 the decumanus, the east-west street, 44:43.239 --> 44:45.959 crossing exactly at the center of the city. 44:45.960 --> 44:47.550 And then what's located there? 44:47.550 --> 44:50.120 The forum of the city, the great open meeting and 44:50.117 --> 44:52.767 marketplace, and then all the other major 44:52.773 --> 44:56.253 buildings deployed around that, and then, of course, 44:56.250 --> 44:59.990 the residential structures and the shops interspersed among 44:59.994 --> 45:04.334 those, in this typical Roman town plan 45:04.327 --> 45:07.537 of the fourth century B.C. 45:07.539 --> 45:10.489 I want to spend the rest of today's lecture on the three 45:10.487 --> 45:13.617 most important buildings, in a sense, that I'm going to 45:15.735 --> 45:18.415 development of Roman religious architecture, 45:18.420 --> 45:20.660 specifically temple architecture. 45:20.659 --> 45:22.879 And I think I'm going to actually call for your help. 45:22.880 --> 45:26.350 You've learned a lot already and I think you now know enough 45:26.349 --> 45:29.639 to help me along a little bit here on sorting out some of 45:29.641 --> 45:30.701 these temples. 45:30.699 --> 45:33.749 One of them is located in Rome and the other two are located 45:33.748 --> 45:34.678 outside of Rome. 45:34.679 --> 45:37.809 I'll show you the map again in a second so that you can see 45:37.809 --> 45:39.319 where those other two are. 45:39.320 --> 45:41.970 But I'm going to begin with the one in Rome, 45:41.969 --> 45:44.569 which takes me back to Google Earth here, 45:44.570 --> 45:49.250 to show you the situation of the so-called Temple of Portunus 45:49.251 --> 45:50.911 in Rome, that dates to, 45:50.911 --> 45:54.891 we believe, sometime-- it was put up sometime between 45:54.889 --> 45:56.309 120 and 80 B.C. 45:56.309 --> 46:00.119 in Rome. 46:00.119 --> 46:01.019 You're going to get so good at this that you're going to be 46:01.018 --> 46:01.778 able to point all these places out, without me. 46:01.780 --> 46:06.230 But we're looking back again over--this is the Palatine Hill. 46:06.230 --> 46:08.120 We're looking at a slightly different angle, 46:08.123 --> 46:09.273 Palatine Hill over here. 46:09.268 --> 46:12.738 The very edge of the Colosseum you can see in the upper left. 46:12.739 --> 46:15.509 The great Via dei Fori Imperiali of Mussolini over 46:15.505 --> 46:15.895 here. 46:15.900 --> 46:17.410 The Imperial Fora here. 46:17.409 --> 46:20.009 The wedding cake of Victor Emmanuel, the Vittoriano, 46:20.005 --> 46:22.855 that I showed you last time, over here -- the more modern 46:22.858 --> 46:23.518 building. 46:23.519 --> 46:24.559 The Capitoline Hill. 46:24.559 --> 46:26.929 You can see the oval piazza of Michelangelo right here. 46:26.929 --> 46:32.299 And the Circus Maximus over here. 46:32.300 --> 46:36.060 And for any of you who've been to Rome, the Isola Tiberina, 46:36.059 --> 46:39.949 that wonderful little island that one can cross the bridge to 46:39.949 --> 46:41.959 get to, in Rome, down here. 46:41.960 --> 46:45.470 So here's the Tiber River, looking nasty as it usually 46:45.474 --> 46:45.944 does. 46:45.940 --> 46:50.230 It's very green and not the sort of place you'd want to take 46:50.228 --> 46:52.918 a swim in, as you can well imagine. 46:52.920 --> 46:55.360 But you see the Tiber River here. 46:55.360 --> 46:58.290 And if you look very closely, you will see two temples. 46:58.289 --> 47:01.049 This is a round temple, which has a very uninventive-- 47:01.050 --> 47:03.310 it's called today, very uninventively, 47:03.309 --> 47:06.669 the Round Temple by the Tiber, the Round Temple by the Tiber 47:06.666 --> 47:07.916 for obvious reasons. 47:07.920 --> 47:11.480 And then here a rectangular temple that looks like it has a 47:11.483 --> 47:14.863 red roof because it's been undergoing reconstruction and 47:14.862 --> 47:16.402 restoration recently. 47:16.400 --> 47:17.740 You see that here. 47:17.739 --> 47:19.579 This is the Temple of Portunus. 47:19.579 --> 47:22.509 So you can see, in conjunction to another 47:22.514 --> 47:25.744 temple, it was built very close to the river, 47:25.742 --> 47:27.432 to the Tiber River. 47:27.429 --> 47:30.989 Now let's look at the plan together of the Temple of 47:30.990 --> 47:31.760 Portunus. 47:31.760 --> 47:36.200 Based on your understanding now of typical Etruscan religious 47:36.197 --> 47:38.857 architecture, typical Greek religious 47:38.860 --> 47:41.970 architecture, what would you say about this 47:41.965 --> 47:42.775 plan? 47:42.780 --> 47:46.970 Is this more like an Etruscan temple or more like a Greek 47:46.974 --> 47:47.654 temple? 47:47.650 --> 47:49.380 I can't remember if I--I think I forgot to mention, 47:49.380 --> 47:52.430 with regard to the Parthenon, that not only does the typical 47:52.425 --> 47:54.485 Greek temple of the fifth century B.C. 47:54.489 --> 47:57.579 have a staircase that encircles the entire monument, 47:57.579 --> 48:02.369 it has a colonnade, a freestanding colonnade, 48:02.369 --> 48:02.869 that encircles the entire monument, 48:02.869 --> 48:07.759 and that's called a peripteral, p-e-r-i-p-t-e-r-a-l, 48:07.760 --> 48:09.760 a peripteral colonnade. 48:09.760 --> 48:14.240 So based on what you know about the Temple of Jupiter OMC and 48:14.242 --> 48:17.472 the Parthenon in Athens, does this plan--in plan, 48:17.472 --> 48:21.182 when we look at this building-- does this look more like an 48:21.177 --> 48:23.957 Etruscan plan or like a Greek plan? 48:23.960 --> 48:27.180 48:27.179 --> 48:28.169 Okay Mr.***Roma. 48:28.170 --> 48:31.030 Student: I'd say it's more of a combination. 48:31.030 --> 48:31.300 Prof: Good. 48:31.300 --> 48:33.010 Student: With the peripteral colonnade and also 48:33.014 --> 48:34.294 the -- Prof: All right, 48:34.293 --> 48:34.773 all right. 48:34.769 --> 48:36.009 Okay. Yes. 48:36.010 --> 48:37.960 It looks like it might be a combination. 48:37.960 --> 48:41.040 Give me what the Etruscan characteristics are first. 48:41.039 --> 48:44.419 Student: Well I think the Etruscan would be the single 48:44.420 --> 48:47.360 staircase, of course, and also the three entrances; 48:47.360 --> 48:49.450 so you've got a triad maybe. 48:49.449 --> 48:49.879 Prof: All right. 48:49.880 --> 48:53.250 The single staircase, absolutely, which gives it a 48:55.170 --> 48:56.750 Is there a triple entranceway? 48:56.750 --> 48:59.070 There are spaces between the columns. 48:59.070 --> 49:00.190 These are columns here. 49:00.190 --> 49:01.540 Student: > 49:01.539 --> 49:02.699 Prof: But look at the cella. 49:02.699 --> 49:03.799 Student: Over there the cella's a single cella. 49:03.800 --> 49:05.020 Prof: The cella's a single cella. 49:05.019 --> 49:06.629 So this is not a Capitolium. 49:06.630 --> 49:08.000 But there are spaces, you're right, 49:07.996 --> 49:08.876 between the columns. 49:08.880 --> 49:10.790 So take us a little further with the columns. 49:10.789 --> 49:14.679 You can see the columns in a deep porch, deep porch, 49:14.675 --> 49:16.785 freestanding; columns in the front are 49:16.786 --> 49:17.346 freestanding. 49:20.400 --> 49:22.850 deep porch, freestanding columns in that porch, 49:22.849 --> 49:25.399 in this case a single cella--those are all Etruscan 49:25.400 --> 49:26.320 characteristics. 49:26.320 --> 49:29.000 So it looks as if we are dealing here essentially with an 49:29.003 --> 49:29.773 Etruscan plan. 49:29.768 --> 49:30.738 But you're right--what's your name? 49:30.739 --> 49:31.769 Student: > 49:31.768 --> 49:34.848 Prof: Neil was right, however, that this is a 49:34.847 --> 49:38.157 combination in that there are columns that go around the 49:38.164 --> 49:38.954 monument. 49:38.949 --> 49:41.219 But is it a peripteral colonnade? 49:41.219 --> 49:43.509 Student: Probably not. 49:43.510 --> 49:44.280 Prof: Probably not. 49:44.280 --> 49:45.560 Why not? 49:45.559 --> 49:47.059 Because what's different about these columns? 49:47.059 --> 49:49.689 You can see it in plan. 49:49.690 --> 49:51.620 They go all the way around but-- 49:51.619 --> 49:52.399 Student: They're not freestanding. 49:52.400 --> 49:53.200 Prof: They're not freestanding. 49:53.199 --> 49:56.909 They're attached or engaged into the wall. 49:56.909 --> 49:58.009 They're attached to the wall. 49:58.010 --> 49:59.420 What do we call that? 49:59.420 --> 50:03.100 We call that a pseudo-peripteral colonnade. 50:03.099 --> 50:05.369 So yes, it kind of looks like it goes around, 50:05.369 --> 50:08.279 but it doesn't really because it's attached into the wall and 50:08.277 --> 50:11.037 it kind of gives that sense of flatness that we got in the 50:11.039 --> 50:12.009 Etruscan temple. 50:12.010 --> 50:13.240 So you were absolutely on the mark. 50:13.239 --> 50:15.569 It's a combination of the two. 50:15.570 --> 50:18.430 And that is exactly what we see coming together at this 50:18.427 --> 50:20.967 particular time in Roman temple architecture, 50:20.969 --> 50:24.379 this wonderful way in which the Romans have looked at Etruscan 50:24.376 --> 50:26.106 precedents, they've looked at Greek 50:26.112 --> 50:26.612 precedents. 50:26.610 --> 50:28.460 They decide what they like. 50:28.460 --> 50:30.370 They mix it up, as I said before, 50:30.369 --> 50:33.829 in a way in which it best represents their own culture, 50:33.829 --> 50:36.789 their own religion, and create something that we're 50:36.786 --> 50:39.326 going to see becomes distinctively Roman. 50:39.329 --> 50:41.989 The building is very well preserved, so we can go on to 50:41.994 --> 50:43.084 actually look at it. 50:43.079 --> 50:44.109 Here it is. 50:44.110 --> 50:47.080 It stands in almost pristine shape in Rome today, 50:47.081 --> 50:49.871 right near the Tiber River, as I mentioned. 50:49.869 --> 50:53.639 A wonderful temple in which we see some of those features that 50:56.827 --> 50:58.797 orientation, the single staircase, 50:58.804 --> 51:01.074 the deep porch, the freestanding columns in 51:01.072 --> 51:01.592 that porch. 51:01.590 --> 51:03.730 From a distance it does indeed look peripteral. 51:03.730 --> 51:05.660 It looks like there are columns all the way around. 51:05.659 --> 51:08.739 But as you look closely you will see that the columns are 51:08.739 --> 51:10.939 indeed attached to the wall, on the side, 51:10.940 --> 51:12.590 and around the other side. 51:12.590 --> 51:15.740 Now that you see the actual view, there are some other 51:15.744 --> 51:19.774 things that give this away, as a temple that has clearly 51:19.773 --> 51:23.863 also been built under very strong Greek influence. 51:23.860 --> 51:25.030 And what are those? 51:25.030 --> 51:26.200 Student: Stone. 51:26.199 --> 51:28.979 Prof: Stone -- yes absolutely. 51:28.980 --> 51:32.240 This is not made--this is not a wooden, mud-brick, 51:32.239 --> 51:33.569 terracotta temple. 51:33.570 --> 51:35.500 This is a temple that is made out of stone. 51:35.500 --> 51:41.200 It's not made out of marble, it's made out of travertine. 51:41.199 --> 51:44.519 It has travertine, t-r-a-v-e-r-t-i-n-e. 51:44.518 --> 51:48.778 Travertine is an Italian stone brought from or quarried at town 51:48.775 --> 51:52.475 of Tivoli, T-i-v-o-l-i, which we'll talk about a lot in 51:52.483 --> 51:54.683 the course of this semester. 51:54.679 --> 51:58.549 Travertine brought--Tivoli's about an hour's high-speed drive 51:58.550 --> 52:01.520 today from Rome, obviously longer in antiquity, 52:01.518 --> 52:03.968 but it's fairly proximate to Rome. 52:03.969 --> 52:07.179 So this wonderful stone, travertine, from Tivoli, 52:07.181 --> 52:10.061 brought to serve as a facing for the podium, 52:10.057 --> 52:13.067 and for the columns, used in the columns. 52:13.070 --> 52:16.030 So it is essentially a stone structure. 52:16.030 --> 52:18.300 We'll see that the walls are made of tufa, 52:18.300 --> 52:22.380 but those walls were stuccoed over with white stucco, 52:22.380 --> 52:24.620 so that the impression that you would've gotten, 52:24.619 --> 52:27.409 if you were in ancient times when this was in more pristine 52:27.405 --> 52:29.555 condition, was that you were looking at a 52:29.557 --> 52:31.737 white marble temple, which would've certainly 52:31.739 --> 52:34.299 conjured up the idea that you were looking at a temple that 52:35.980 --> 52:38.270 that was made in the Greek style. 52:38.268 --> 52:40.508 Anything else that gives away the influence of Greek 52:40.510 --> 52:41.170 architecture? 52:41.170 --> 52:43.760 Do any of you know your orders? 52:43.760 --> 52:45.110 Student: Ionic order columns. 52:45.110 --> 52:49.680 Prof: Ionic order. Good; I-o-n-i-c, Ionic. 52:49.679 --> 52:51.919 The three major--and you'll find this in your Terms and 52:51.922 --> 52:52.382 Concepts. 52:52.380 --> 52:54.020 So bone up on those there. 52:54.018 --> 52:56.678 The Doric, the Ionic and the Corinthian, and we'll look at 52:56.684 --> 52:57.624 all of them today. 52:57.619 --> 53:00.299 The Ionic order, what characterizes the Ionic 53:00.300 --> 53:03.100 order are these what are called spiral volutes, 53:03.103 --> 53:05.363 v-o-l-u-t-e-s; spiral volutes. 53:05.360 --> 53:07.150 And you can see those here. 53:07.150 --> 53:10.500 This is a typical Ionic column clearly made-- 53:10.500 --> 53:11.940 we don't see the Etruscans using this-- 53:11.940 --> 53:14.930 clearly made under the influence, the very strong 53:14.929 --> 53:17.569 influence, of Greek architecture, 53:17.570 --> 53:19.820 Greek temple architecture. 53:19.820 --> 53:23.400 Here's a view of the Temple of Portunus, from the side, 53:23.402 --> 53:24.732 and from the rear. 53:24.730 --> 53:28.070 We once again see the way those columns encircle the structure 53:28.068 --> 53:29.818 but are engaged into the wall. 53:29.820 --> 53:33.460 You can also see the blocks of tufa stone, ashlar blocks, 53:33.460 --> 53:37.360 just as we saw them in the walls, of tufa stone used here. 53:37.360 --> 53:40.350 And you can get some sense there're some remains of some of 53:40.349 --> 53:42.719 the stucco that was stuccoed over in white, 53:42.719 --> 53:45.379 so that from a distance, at least, you would have the 53:45.376 --> 53:48.386 impression that the whole building was made out of stone. 53:48.389 --> 53:51.389 And even stone--you might even be fooled into thinking it 53:51.394 --> 53:53.114 wasn't travertine, it was marble, 53:53.112 --> 53:54.832 if you were far enough away. 53:54.829 --> 53:58.179 I also need to mention something very important for the 53:58.182 --> 54:01.542 future of Roman architecture, and that is that concrete 54:01.536 --> 54:04.016 construction was used in the podium. 54:04.019 --> 54:05.069 You don't see it. 54:05.070 --> 54:06.920 It was only used inside the podium. 54:06.920 --> 54:10.000 The reason it was used inside the podium is concrete is very 54:10.000 --> 54:10.470 strong. 54:10.469 --> 54:14.219 It can sustain great weight and the Romans recognized very early 54:14.217 --> 54:17.787 on that they could use it in utilitarian ways to help support 54:17.786 --> 54:18.616 buildings. 54:18.619 --> 54:24.129 At this particular time the concrete was made up of rubble 54:24.132 --> 54:29.842 and liquid mortar and a kind of a dash of volcanic dust, 54:29.840 --> 54:33.250 and they brought all of that together to create a material 54:33.246 --> 54:35.276 that could sustain great weight. 54:35.280 --> 54:37.140 So they used it here for utilitarian purposes. 54:37.139 --> 54:41.259 But we're going to see already next Tuesday the Romans 54:41.262 --> 54:45.772 beginning to take advantage of concrete for very expressive 54:45.773 --> 54:48.543 purposes -- and how well they do it -- 54:48.541 --> 54:52.501 which culminates ultimately, obviously, in buildings like 54:52.501 --> 54:55.371 the Pantheon and its incredible dome. 54:55.369 --> 54:59.499 Here's a detail of the Ionic capitals of the Temple of 54:59.501 --> 55:00.361 Portunus. 55:00.360 --> 55:03.450 You can also see this building has, as it would have if it were 55:03.454 --> 55:05.854 made in Greece, what's called an Ionic frieze; 55:05.849 --> 55:07.929 an Ionic frieze, which if you look very 55:07.927 --> 55:10.527 carefully, there's some remains of the 55:10.530 --> 55:14.800 candelabra and the garlands that hung from those candelabra in 55:14.800 --> 55:17.460 the original design of this temple. 55:17.460 --> 55:20.610 I also think it's interesting to look--here's a view again of 55:20.610 --> 55:22.870 the Temple of Portunus as it looks today. 55:22.869 --> 55:26.139 This is a nineteenth-century painting of the Temple of 55:26.143 --> 55:28.993 Portunus, as it looked at the time it was done, 55:28.985 --> 55:30.155 by that artist. 55:30.159 --> 55:33.529 And what you see is something that I have already alluded to, 55:33.525 --> 55:36.435 but which is extremely important for the preservation 55:36.443 --> 55:37.963 of buildings like this. 55:37.960 --> 55:41.190 And that is that this building, the Temple of Portunus, 55:41.190 --> 55:44.440 like so many in Rome, was reused in later times and 55:44.436 --> 55:48.286 transformed into something else, and it is probably only because 55:48.288 --> 55:50.678 it was transformed into something else that it's 55:50.681 --> 55:52.211 survived as well as it did. 55:52.210 --> 55:55.100 Because you can see that what happened is that they walled in 55:55.101 --> 55:55.681 the front. 55:58.460 --> 56:03.030 a doorway, three windows, a medallion with the Madonna, 56:03.030 --> 56:05.030 a cross, at the top, a bell tower, 56:05.034 --> 56:07.164 and they turned it into a church. 56:07.159 --> 56:11.339 And because it was an active church it was kept in good 56:11.340 --> 56:11.960 shape. 56:11.960 --> 56:15.540 You can see those Ionic capitals and the frieze with the 56:15.536 --> 56:18.656 garlands and so on, of the Temple of Portunus. 56:18.659 --> 56:21.049 And you can also see the Round Temple, by the way, 56:21.047 --> 56:23.627 which still does stand also, over here, right near it, 56:23.630 --> 56:24.850 near the Tiber River. 56:24.849 --> 56:28.069 So this is the reason that we are fortunate that the Temple of 56:28.072 --> 56:29.132 Portunus survives. 56:29.130 --> 56:31.200 And it does survive, in large part, 56:31.201 --> 56:34.131 because again it was transformed into a church in 56:34.125 --> 56:35.095 later times. 56:35.099 --> 56:36.839 And this is one of the fascinations of Rome, 56:36.842 --> 56:39.042 by the way; you never know--so many 56:39.036 --> 56:41.426 churches mask earlier buildings. 56:41.429 --> 56:44.589 There's one right near, not too far from these, 56:44.590 --> 56:48.520 where you can actually see three Roman temples that stood 56:48.521 --> 56:52.881 side by side were incorporated into the Church of San Nicolo in 56:52.876 --> 56:53.716 Carcere. 56:53.719 --> 56:57.359 And you can actually see the remains of all three of those 56:57.356 --> 56:59.266 temples used in that church. 56:59.268 --> 57:01.088 And it's one of the fascinations, 57:01.092 --> 57:03.942 obviously, of wandering around the city of Rome. 57:03.940 --> 57:08.470 The other two temples that I want to show you today-- 57:08.469 --> 57:11.719 we're looking back at the map of this particular area-- 57:11.719 --> 57:15.069 are located at Cori, and you can see the proximity 57:15.068 --> 57:16.748 of Cori, not just to Rome, 57:16.748 --> 57:19.308 but also to Ostia, right here. 57:19.309 --> 57:21.959 The city of Cori and the city of Tivoli. 57:21.960 --> 57:24.950 And now you see Tivoli from where travertine comes; 57:24.949 --> 57:28.529 the location of Tivoli in relationship again to Rome. 57:28.530 --> 57:31.170 It's not very far, which is why the building 57:31.168 --> 57:34.238 material was so easily transportable from Tivoli to 57:34.237 --> 57:34.787 Rome. 57:34.789 --> 57:36.599 Let's look first at Cori. 57:36.599 --> 57:41.069 Cori is one of those incredibly--those of you who 57:41.072 --> 57:44.702 have traveled around Italy, outside of Rome, 57:44.695 --> 57:46.965 around Italy, know that one of the glories of 57:46.965 --> 57:50.005 traveling in Italy is to go into some of these medieval hill 57:50.012 --> 57:50.582 towns. 57:50.579 --> 57:54.949 You go into these places and you--whether by car or by bus or 57:54.954 --> 57:59.554 cab--you make your way up to the very peak of that hill town. 57:59.550 --> 58:02.270 It's very picturesque, and then ultimately you get to 58:02.273 --> 58:05.263 the top and you stand up there and you get this incredible 58:05.260 --> 58:07.880 panorama over the city and over the landscape. 58:07.880 --> 58:09.870 That's the kind of place Cori is. 58:09.869 --> 58:11.389 It's a medieval hill town. 58:11.389 --> 58:15.169 But leave it to the Romans--and they had a knack for doing this 58:15.168 --> 58:18.758 wherever they went--they found the best location in Cori for 58:18.762 --> 58:19.802 their temple. 58:19.800 --> 58:23.450 And this temple is located almost at the very peak of the 58:23.454 --> 58:26.054 hill of Cori, and you have to drive all the 58:26.052 --> 58:29.072 way up to see the temple, the so-called Temple of 58:29.070 --> 58:30.300 Hercules at Cori. 58:30.300 --> 58:32.260 We don't really know if this was put up to Hercules, 58:32.262 --> 58:34.652 but it's been called the Temple of Hercules for a long time. 58:34.650 --> 58:36.460 So we continue to call it that. 58:36.460 --> 58:39.590 And you see it here in plan, in restored view, 58:39.586 --> 58:43.616 with its little complex in front, and then the temple as it 58:43.617 --> 58:44.727 looks today. 58:44.730 --> 58:48.290 So looking at this one, then we can see again that we 58:48.291 --> 58:52.341 are dealing with an Etruscan plan, with freestanding columns 58:52.335 --> 58:53.495 in the porch. 58:53.500 --> 58:56.010 You can't see it here, but you can up there. 58:56.010 --> 58:58.000 It does have a single staircase. 58:58.000 --> 58:59.660 It's a kind of pyramidal staircase. 58:59.659 --> 59:02.319 It has a side as well as a front -- or sides as well as 59:02.317 --> 59:02.757 fronts. 59:02.760 --> 59:06.850 But you can see it does not go all the way around, 59:06.851 --> 59:09.691 as a Greek staircase would have. 59:09.690 --> 59:10.970 It's focused on the front. 59:10.969 --> 59:14.019 So we once again have this idea of single staircase on the 59:15.960 --> 59:17.630 the temple; deep porch; 59:17.630 --> 59:19.170 freestanding columns in that porch; 59:19.170 --> 59:21.010 single cella, in this case. 59:21.010 --> 59:23.840 Now, Neil, what happens when you go around in this one? 59:23.840 --> 59:26.200 Student: Is that for this one? 59:26.199 --> 59:27.719 Prof: Yes. 59:27.719 --> 59:29.859 Student: Well there's no columns around on this one. 59:29.860 --> 59:30.660 Prof: There are no columns. 59:30.661 --> 59:31.221 There are no columns. 59:31.219 --> 59:32.669 It's not a peripteral colonnade. 59:32.670 --> 59:36.040 It's not a pseudo-peripteral because it doesn't have--but 59:36.036 --> 59:36.936 what is this? 59:36.940 --> 59:40.890 59:40.889 --> 59:42.039 They look sort of like flat columns. 59:42.039 --> 59:45.919 They're what are called pilasters, p-i-l-a-s-t-e-r-s, 59:45.923 --> 59:49.513 pilasters, which are essentially flat columns. 59:49.510 --> 59:52.460 So it does have some articulation--you can see them 59:52.461 --> 59:55.951 up there--there is articulation, but it's been flattened out 59:55.947 --> 59:57.007 still further. 59:57.010 --> 59:59.610 So once again an Etruscan plan with some nod to Greece, 59:59.608 --> 1:00:02.448 in the sense that there's a recognition -- we've got to have 1:00:02.447 --> 1:00:04.177 something that goes around here. 1:00:04.179 --> 1:00:07.789 But, they don't want to take it out, they don't want to use an 1:00:07.788 --> 1:00:10.038 actual column, and they flatten it out, 1:00:10.036 --> 1:00:11.926 as you can see so well here. 1:00:11.929 --> 1:00:14.989 Now again, anyone who knows your orders, what Greek order is 1:00:14.992 --> 1:00:16.502 used here in this building? 1:00:16.500 --> 1:00:16.770 Yes? 1:00:16.769 --> 1:00:17.889 Student: Doric. 1:00:17.889 --> 1:00:19.019 Prof: The Doric, the Doric order. 1:00:19.018 --> 1:00:22.508 The simplest and most severe order is used here, 1:00:22.512 --> 1:00:25.862 the Greek Doric order, and the system of Greek 1:00:25.856 --> 1:00:28.846 triglyphs and metopes; triglyphs and metopes. 1:00:28.849 --> 1:00:31.489 I'll show you a detail in a moment and I'll explain what 1:00:31.485 --> 1:00:32.055 those are. 1:00:32.059 --> 1:00:34.889 So the Greek Doric order, triglyphs and metopes, 1:00:34.893 --> 1:00:35.983 for this temple. 1:00:35.980 --> 1:00:40.090 And one thing we couldn't see in that plan is the high podium. 1:00:40.090 --> 1:00:42.530 So that's another Etruscan feature. 1:00:42.530 --> 1:00:46.980 So once again we see this very interesting and very eclectic 1:00:46.983 --> 1:00:51.443 bringing together of Etruscan elements and Greek elements in 1:00:51.438 --> 1:00:55.438 what we can call early Roman temple architecture. 1:00:55.440 --> 1:00:57.870 Here's another detail of the Temple at Cori. 1:00:57.869 --> 1:01:01.769 You can get a--I took this on a very grey day so you don't get 1:01:01.773 --> 1:01:05.553 the sense of the glory of what it can look like up there. 1:01:05.550 --> 1:01:07.860 But you get some sense of its situation, 1:01:07.860 --> 1:01:11.890 right at the edge, with a spectacular-- 1:01:11.889 --> 1:01:14.639 on a beautiful day--a spectacular panorama of the 1:01:14.635 --> 1:01:16.835 mountains, the other mountains in this 1:01:16.838 --> 1:01:18.728 area, and of the hill town itself. 1:01:18.730 --> 1:01:21.090 And here we can see the Doric order better; 1:01:21.090 --> 1:01:23.800 very simple, with the so-called triglyphs 1:01:23.800 --> 1:01:26.570 and metopes; t-r-i-g-l-y-p-h and 1:01:26.572 --> 1:01:30.222 m-e-t-o-p-e-s, triglyphs and metopes. 1:01:30.219 --> 1:01:33.149 Triglyphs are triple striated bands. 1:01:33.150 --> 1:01:36.520 And you can see them up there, the triple striated bands, 1:01:36.516 --> 1:01:38.676 and in between them square panels. 1:01:38.679 --> 1:01:41.379 So this alteration of triple striated bands, 1:01:41.380 --> 1:01:43.710 the triglyphs, and the square panels, 1:01:43.710 --> 1:01:47.960 the metopes, which is typical of the Doric 1:01:47.956 --> 1:01:49.956 order, the Greek Doric order. 1:01:49.960 --> 1:01:52.140 You see it in the Parthenon, for example, 1:01:52.141 --> 1:01:54.761 and it has been taken over here by the Romans. 1:01:54.760 --> 1:01:57.580 You also see something very interesting about Roman building 1:01:57.577 --> 1:01:59.237 practice here, because if you look at the 1:01:59.242 --> 1:02:01.022 columns, you'll see that the upper part 1:02:01.016 --> 1:02:03.086 of the columns are what is called fluted, 1:02:03.090 --> 1:02:05.770 fluted -- they have striations in them. 1:02:05.768 --> 1:02:08.888 But they're not fluted at the bottom. 1:02:08.889 --> 1:02:12.139 You can see it stops right here, the fluting stops here and 1:02:12.144 --> 1:02:13.384 the bottom is plain. 1:02:13.380 --> 1:02:15.030 What's the reason for that? 1:02:15.030 --> 1:02:18.340 Well we know that even in Greek Hellenistic times, 1:02:18.335 --> 1:02:21.975 that approach was taken, and we believe it was done for 1:02:21.980 --> 1:02:23.060 two reasons. 1:02:23.059 --> 1:02:24.099 One: practical purposes. 1:02:24.099 --> 1:02:27.439 Why are there no flutes at the bottom? 1:02:27.440 --> 1:02:31.060 Because people are more likely to lean up against the columns, 1:02:31.059 --> 1:02:33.089 at the bottom, than they are obviously at the 1:02:33.086 --> 1:02:34.936 top, and when people lean up against 1:02:34.936 --> 1:02:37.526 columns, the flutes start to break off. 1:02:37.530 --> 1:02:39.790 So they decided not to flute the bottom. 1:02:39.789 --> 1:02:41.939 But it may have been also for decorative reasons, 1:02:41.940 --> 1:02:44.090 because we'll see, when we get to Pompeii, 1:02:44.090 --> 1:02:47.910 in the very near future, that there are many columns at 1:02:47.914 --> 1:02:50.754 Pompeii that have fluting at the top, 1:02:50.750 --> 1:02:53.040 painted white, and then the bottom, 1:02:53.039 --> 1:02:54.549 the plain bottom, painted red, 1:02:54.554 --> 1:02:56.544 for reasons of taste and decoration. 1:02:56.539 --> 1:02:59.989 And it's very possible--we do know that ancient-- 1:02:59.989 --> 1:03:01.979 I don't want to destroy any illusions here-- 1:03:01.980 --> 1:03:04.850 but ancient buildings were very often painted, 1:03:04.849 --> 1:03:07.009 and ancient sculpture was always painted. 1:03:07.010 --> 1:03:10.460 So these might've been a lot more garish looking in ancient 1:03:10.456 --> 1:03:13.366 times than they are today, which might also have taken 1:03:13.367 --> 1:03:15.567 away from this sense of having a marble building. 1:03:15.570 --> 1:03:18.740 So that's something that we probably should keep in mind as 1:03:18.737 --> 1:03:20.427 we evaluate these structures. 1:03:20.429 --> 1:03:24.839 The last one I want to show you today is the Temple of Vesta at 1:03:24.838 --> 1:03:27.538 Tivoli -- also beautifully situated. 1:03:27.539 --> 1:03:30.349 It's a temple that dates to 80 B.C. 1:03:30.349 --> 1:03:33.089 Also probably not a Temple of Vesta, but it's a round temple, 1:03:33.085 --> 1:03:34.905 and temples of Vesta were often round. 1:03:34.909 --> 1:03:39.029 So it's tended to be called by scholars a Temple of Vesta -- in 1:03:39.030 --> 1:03:39.630 80 B.C. 1:03:39.630 --> 1:03:44.640 Again, beautifully situated out over a particularly verdant area 1:03:44.635 --> 1:03:49.315 of Tivoli, where you can look down and around this beautiful 1:03:49.324 --> 1:03:50.044 area. 1:03:50.039 --> 1:03:51.779 There's a waterfall very nearby. 1:03:51.780 --> 1:03:54.550 It's just magnificent, and you can see it's not 1:03:54.552 --> 1:03:57.572 surprising that some enterprising family decided to 1:03:57.567 --> 1:04:00.277 build the Sybilla Restaurant right here, 1:04:00.280 --> 1:04:04.060 and there's a patio on which one can go and eat under 1:04:04.056 --> 1:04:07.086 umbrellas, and so on and so forth, here. 1:04:07.090 --> 1:04:10.330 Here's the temple, the ancient temple of 80 B.C. 1:04:10.329 --> 1:04:13.109 And once again we look at a plan over here. 1:04:13.110 --> 1:04:16.870 And I also show you a view of the so-called Temple of Venus 1:04:16.873 --> 1:04:21.143 from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, just to make the point that 1:04:21.143 --> 1:04:24.513 this is as Greek as we've gotten thus far, 1:04:24.510 --> 1:04:27.800 in the sense that the Greeks really loved round temples. 1:04:27.800 --> 1:04:28.660 They built them a lot. 1:04:28.659 --> 1:04:30.789 There was a very famous Temple of Venus, 1:04:30.789 --> 1:04:34.899 in their case Aphrodite, on the island of Knidos, 1:04:34.900 --> 1:04:38.640 and that Temple of Venus on the island of Knidos is the one that 1:04:38.637 --> 1:04:41.127 was duplicated by Hadrian for his villa; 1:04:41.130 --> 1:04:42.960 and we'll talk about this later in the semester. 1:04:42.960 --> 1:04:45.660 But I show the one at Hadrian's villa because it gives you a 1:04:45.663 --> 1:04:48.273 very good sense of what this structure was like in ancient 1:04:48.273 --> 1:04:50.933 Greek times as well, because we think it's a replica. 1:04:50.929 --> 1:04:54.259 A round structure; freestanding columns encircling 1:04:54.262 --> 1:04:57.912 the entire building, low podium, a staircase around 1:04:57.914 --> 1:05:01.474 that podium that encircled the entire building, 1:05:01.469 --> 1:05:03.609 and then a Temple of Venus in the center. 1:05:03.610 --> 1:05:06.910 When we look at the plan of this structure we will see it's 1:05:06.907 --> 1:05:07.757 pretty close. 1:05:07.760 --> 1:05:08.750 It's round. 1:05:08.750 --> 1:05:11.060 It has columns that are freestanding, 1:05:11.056 --> 1:05:13.426 that encircle the entire structure. 1:05:13.429 --> 1:05:18.379 But it has a higher podium, as we're going to see, 1:05:18.380 --> 1:05:22.460 and even though it's circular, they've given it a staircase on 1:05:22.456 --> 1:05:25.326 one side, which gives it--even a round 1:05:25.333 --> 1:05:27.203 temple, which you think of as something 1:05:29.887 --> 1:05:32.137 orientation, in this instance. 1:05:32.139 --> 1:05:36.969 So they are applying some of these Etruscan characteristics 1:05:36.974 --> 1:05:39.564 to an almost pure Greek type. 1:05:39.559 --> 1:05:41.849 Here's a view, it's very well preserved, 1:05:41.853 --> 1:05:45.443 a view of the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli, as it looks today. 1:05:45.440 --> 1:05:48.350 And what order is this? 1:05:48.349 --> 1:05:49.639 Student: Corinthian. 1:05:49.639 --> 1:05:50.759 Prof: The Corinthian order; 1:05:50.760 --> 1:05:53.130 the Corinthian, the last of the three great 1:05:53.125 --> 1:05:53.965 Greek orders. 1:05:53.969 --> 1:05:56.429 The Corinthian order, which is very ornate and which 1:05:56.429 --> 1:05:57.779 I'll describe in a moment. 1:05:57.780 --> 1:06:00.750 We see it here, supporting a frieze once again, 1:06:00.746 --> 1:06:04.486 in this case a frieze with garlands and libation dishes. 1:06:04.489 --> 1:06:07.719 We can see here also it is a very tall podium; 1:06:07.719 --> 1:06:11.259 so an imposition of an Etruscan element on this structure. 1:06:11.260 --> 1:06:12.850 Greek orders. 1:06:12.849 --> 1:06:15.879 The building is made out of stone. 1:06:15.880 --> 1:06:21.300 The columns and the facing of the base are made out of stone, 1:06:21.297 --> 1:06:24.637 in this case travertine once again. 1:06:24.639 --> 1:06:27.109 Travertine again was quarried right next door -- this is 1:06:27.110 --> 1:06:28.100 Tivoli, right there. 1:06:28.099 --> 1:06:32.339 And you can see the travertine detailing on the doorway and on 1:06:32.340 --> 1:06:33.870 the windows as well. 1:06:33.869 --> 1:06:36.659 But what you see here that we haven't seen before-- 1:06:36.659 --> 1:06:41.339 remember I talked about the use of concrete in the podium of the 1:06:41.340 --> 1:06:45.250 Temple of Portunus in Rome-- here we see concrete used for 1:06:45.248 --> 1:06:46.578 the wall of the cella. 1:06:46.579 --> 1:06:48.599 If the Greeks had put up this building, 1:06:48.599 --> 1:06:51.819 they would've made the walls of the cella out of stone and they 1:06:51.824 --> 1:06:55.004 would've cut those stones very carefully to create the kind of 1:06:54.998 --> 1:06:56.558 curvature that was needed. 1:06:56.559 --> 1:06:58.289 But the Romans were getting really smart, 1:06:58.288 --> 1:07:00.448 in terms of making things easier for themselves. 1:07:00.449 --> 1:07:03.879 They realized it was going to be a lot easier to build a round 1:07:03.880 --> 1:07:07.310 structure with concrete than it was to have to carve all those 1:07:07.309 --> 1:07:09.109 stones in just those shapes. 1:07:09.110 --> 1:07:12.840 So they have used concrete here for the cella. 1:07:12.840 --> 1:07:15.860 We still could argue this is a utilitarian purpose, 1:07:15.860 --> 1:07:19.830 but at the same time I think it's beginning to demonstrate to 1:07:19.827 --> 1:07:22.867 us the expressive possibilities of concrete. 1:07:22.869 --> 1:07:25.049 And we also see, if you look very carefully, 1:07:25.050 --> 1:07:28.850 the way in which--we'll talk much more about this next week-- 1:07:28.849 --> 1:07:31.619 but concrete, in order to make concrete 1:07:31.615 --> 1:07:34.815 impermeable to water and so and so forth, 1:07:34.820 --> 1:07:36.130 you have to face it with something. 1:07:36.130 --> 1:07:39.670 And they faced it with very small stones of irregular shape, 1:07:39.670 --> 1:07:43.030 which we call uncertain work, or opus incertum, 1:07:43.030 --> 1:07:48.010 -o-p-u-s i-n-c-e-r-t-u-m, opus incertum, 1:07:48.010 --> 1:07:51.380 which is put into the concrete while it is still wet, 1:07:51.380 --> 1:07:55.620 to give it the ability to withstand water but also to give 1:07:55.619 --> 1:07:58.669 it an attractive stone-like appearance. 1:07:58.670 --> 1:08:02.330 And you can see that opus incertum work used here. 1:08:02.329 --> 1:08:06.809 Here's a detail of the wall, where you can see its curvature 1:08:06.813 --> 1:08:10.313 and also see that opus incertum work. 1:08:10.309 --> 1:08:13.189 And here is a detail of the capitals, the Corinthian 1:08:13.186 --> 1:08:14.876 capitals that are used here. 1:08:14.880 --> 1:08:19.020 What's characteristic of Corinthian capitals is that they 1:08:19.018 --> 1:08:20.998 have, like the Ionic, 1:08:21.002 --> 1:08:24.902 they have volutes, these spiral volutes, 1:08:24.899 --> 1:08:29.319 but they are much smaller and much more delicate, 1:08:29.319 --> 1:08:33.239 and they are in a sense incorporated into the flowering 1:08:33.238 --> 1:08:33.818 plant. 1:08:33.819 --> 1:08:37.959 This is called an acanthus plant, a-c-a-n-t-h-u-s. 1:08:37.960 --> 1:08:40.560 Acanthus plants grow all over Italy. 1:08:40.560 --> 1:08:41.780 You see them everywhere. 1:08:41.779 --> 1:08:45.899 So they are just copying a plant that is indigenous to 1:08:45.898 --> 1:08:46.518 Italy. 1:08:46.520 --> 1:08:49.990 They use those acanthus leaves, that seem to grow out of the 1:08:49.990 --> 1:08:52.880 column, to incorporate the spirals, 1:08:52.877 --> 1:08:58.147 and there's always a prominent central flower that is also part 1:08:58.153 --> 1:08:59.603 of this motif. 1:08:59.600 --> 1:09:01.510 It's important to note, at the beginning, 1:09:01.510 --> 1:09:05.380 that while the Greeks used the Doric and the Ionic order almost 1:09:05.381 --> 1:09:07.841 exclusively, the Greeks did invent the 1:09:07.837 --> 1:09:08.927 Corinthian order. 1:09:08.930 --> 1:09:11.050 They used it in very late Hellenistic times, 1:09:11.047 --> 1:09:12.277 but quite infrequently. 1:09:12.279 --> 1:09:16.829 The Romans use all three but we are going to see very quickly 1:09:16.828 --> 1:09:21.528 that they decide pretty early on that the Corinthian capital is 1:09:21.529 --> 1:09:23.649 their capital, and almost every 1:09:23.648 --> 1:09:25.258 building--we'll see some exceptions-- 1:09:25.260 --> 1:09:28.310 but almost every building we'll see in the course of the 1:09:28.307 --> 1:09:30.467 semester uses the Corinthian capital. 1:09:30.470 --> 1:09:32.500 Why did they take to the Corinthian capital in 1:09:32.502 --> 1:09:33.092 particular? 1:09:33.090 --> 1:09:35.980 This is something we can think about in the course of this 1:09:35.975 --> 1:09:37.085 semester and debate. 1:09:37.090 --> 1:09:39.400 I think it has to do probably with two major reasons. 1:09:39.399 --> 1:09:41.629 One: it was particularly decorative, very highly 1:09:41.632 --> 1:09:43.442 decorative, more so than the others. 1:09:43.439 --> 1:09:46.979 But maybe even more important than that is the fact that the 1:09:46.979 --> 1:09:49.589 Corinthian capital, at least in my opinion, 1:09:49.586 --> 1:09:52.156 looks the best from the most vantage points, 1:09:52.158 --> 1:09:54.468 because it's pretty much the same all the way around. 1:09:54.470 --> 1:09:56.800 The Doric is pretty severe. 1:09:56.800 --> 1:09:59.860 The Ionic looks best from certain angles where you can 1:09:59.860 --> 1:10:03.270 really see the volutes well, less well from other angles. 1:10:03.270 --> 1:10:05.760 But this looks pretty much the same wherever you see it. 1:10:05.760 --> 1:10:11.530 So it's a very flexible and easy to use capital type. 1:10:11.529 --> 1:10:14.229 We see also here--I referred to this last time but I want to 1:10:14.234 --> 1:10:16.074 describe it for you just in a second-- 1:10:16.069 --> 1:10:21.469 we see here the coffering, c-o-f-f-e-r-i-n-g, 1:10:21.470 --> 1:10:26.000 the coffering of the ceiling, which is basically placing a 1:10:26.001 --> 1:10:29.501 series of receding square elements there, 1:10:29.500 --> 1:10:34.130 to give a sense of depth in the ceiling. 1:10:34.130 --> 1:10:37.100 And then in the center you see these flowers that match up 1:10:37.103 --> 1:10:39.403 nicely with those in the Corinthian capitals, 1:10:39.398 --> 1:10:41.848 which are called rosettes, r-o-s-e-t-t-e-s; 1:10:41.850 --> 1:10:44.990 and we'll see coffering and the use of rosettes quite 1:10:44.993 --> 1:10:47.173 extensively in Roman architecture. 1:10:47.170 --> 1:10:48.350 I mentioned the restaurant. 1:10:48.350 --> 1:10:51.710 The Sybilla used to be a horrendous restaurant. 1:10:51.710 --> 1:10:54.860 When I started taking pictures of Roman buildings I guess I was 1:10:54.864 --> 1:10:56.804 a little more timid than I am today. 1:10:56.800 --> 1:10:58.020 So I always thought, "Well gee, 1:10:58.020 --> 1:10:59.950 if I'm going to go into the terrace and want to take a 1:10:59.948 --> 1:11:01.828 picture of the temple, I'm kind of going to have to 1:11:01.829 --> 1:11:02.419 eat there." 1:11:02.420 --> 1:11:04.730 I would never do that now, but I did that at one point, 1:11:04.730 --> 1:11:07.170 and I made the mistake of eating in this restaurant twice, 1:11:07.170 --> 1:11:08.540 and I never went back again. 1:11:08.538 --> 1:11:11.158 But when I went just a couple of years ago to see the temple 1:11:11.155 --> 1:11:13.765 once again, I saw that they had really--some new owners must 1:11:13.773 --> 1:11:14.663 have come along. 1:11:14.658 --> 1:11:17.238 They've really expanded the restaurant and it looks very 1:11:17.240 --> 1:11:20.010 pretty now, and this is the terrace on which one can eat. 1:11:20.010 --> 1:11:22.750 I haven't tried it but I might actually, next time I go. 1:11:22.750 --> 1:11:27.150 I want to just end with a couple of remarks. 1:11:27.149 --> 1:11:31.179 One is that one of the interesting things is that, 1:11:31.180 --> 1:11:34.820 although the temples that we talked about today were in part 1:11:34.823 --> 1:11:38.113 made out of stone, in all cases travertine, 1:11:38.113 --> 1:11:42.023 we do know that already in the year 146 B.C.-- 1:11:42.020 --> 1:11:45.340 so earlier than a couple of the temples we looked at just now-- 1:11:45.340 --> 1:11:47.420 in 146 B.C. 1:11:47.420 --> 1:11:51.420 the Romans had already put up another temple to Jupiter, 1:11:51.420 --> 1:11:54.770 near the Tiber River, that was made entirely of 1:11:54.765 --> 1:11:57.015 marble, entirely of marble. 1:11:57.020 --> 1:12:00.730 So they were already beginning to think, not just of their own 1:12:00.728 --> 1:12:04.258 local stone or stones that were from local, close places in 1:12:04.255 --> 1:12:06.135 Italy, but imported marble. 1:12:06.140 --> 1:12:09.910 And so I want you to know that so that we can talk about it in 1:12:09.914 --> 1:12:10.724 the future. 1:12:10.720 --> 1:12:14.780 And we also know that in 142, the ceiling of the Temple of 1:12:14.778 --> 1:12:18.858 Jupiter OMC was gilded, and we also know that not long 1:12:18.860 --> 1:12:23.180 after that they re-paved the Temple of Jupiter OMC and gave 1:12:23.175 --> 1:12:25.105 it multi-colored stone. 1:12:25.109 --> 1:12:28.909 So what this is telling us is a lot of people in Rome were 1:12:28.908 --> 1:12:32.568 beginning to think of temples that were more ornate than 1:12:32.573 --> 1:12:34.843 anything that had come before. 1:12:34.840 --> 1:12:38.530 There are some very conservative individuals, 1:12:38.529 --> 1:12:40.929 who did some writing at this particular time, 1:12:40.930 --> 1:12:44.550 who bemoaned the fact that the Romans had moved away from the 1:12:44.548 --> 1:12:48.228 Etruscan temples made out of wood and mud-brick and so on, 1:12:48.229 --> 1:12:51.279 and were becoming too ostentatious in their taste. 1:12:51.279 --> 1:12:54.329 But I think these new Greek style temples were definitely 1:12:54.332 --> 1:12:55.152 here to stay. 1:12:55.149 --> 1:12:58.919 And I just wanted to end up with a quote from Cicero. 1:12:58.920 --> 1:13:02.130 After one of these fires, these fires that so often raged 1:13:02.128 --> 1:13:05.148 in Rome, the Great Fire of 83 B.C., 1:13:05.154 --> 1:13:08.474 Cicero talks about the rebuilding, 1:13:08.470 --> 1:13:11.450 still again, of the Temple of Jupiter OMC. 1:13:11.448 --> 1:13:15.238 And I quote from Cicero when he says: "Let us feel that 1:13:15.243 --> 1:13:19.103 conflagration to have been the will of heaven and its purpose 1:13:19.100 --> 1:13:22.380 not to destroy the temple of Almighty Jupiter, 1:13:22.380 --> 1:13:27.660 but to demand of us one more splendid and magnificent." 1:13:27.659 --> 1:13:28.559 What did that mean? 1:13:28.560 --> 1:13:31.740 More Greek, more Greek-looking, more marble. 1:13:31.738 --> 1:13:35.688 And--the last comment I'm going to make is--to make the Temple 1:13:35.685 --> 1:13:38.205 of Jupiter OMC even more magnificent. 1:13:38.210 --> 1:13:41.320 The Roman general Sulla, who was sacking Athens at this 1:13:41.323 --> 1:13:43.863 particular time, goes into Athens, 1:13:43.858 --> 1:13:46.718 and after he sacks it, takes it over, 1:13:46.716 --> 1:13:48.896 conquers it, he goes up to the biggest 1:13:48.899 --> 1:13:51.419 temple in town, the Temple of Olympian 1:13:51.418 --> 1:13:54.408 Zeus--Zeus, the Greek counterpart of Jupiter-- 1:13:54.408 --> 1:13:58.348 and he takes some of the columns, actually steals some of 1:13:58.349 --> 1:14:02.509 the columns from that temple, has them shipped back to Rome, 1:14:02.509 --> 1:14:06.199 and he incorporates them into the Temple of Jupiter OMC, 1:14:06.199 --> 1:14:07.679 on the Capitoline Hill. 1:14:07.680 --> 1:14:11.780 These columns--my last point--these columns were 1:14:11.779 --> 1:14:16.579 fifty-five and one-half feet tall, and they were made of 1:14:16.577 --> 1:14:18.057 solid marble. 1:14:18.060 --> 1:14:21.800 So that gives you some sense of the objectives of the Romans 1:14:25.600 --> 1:14:32.000