WEBVTT 00:01.700 --> 00:03.290 Prof: Welcome to Roman Architecture. 00:03.290 --> 00:07.260 I'm Professor Kleiner, and what I'd like to do today 00:07.263 --> 00:12.023 is to give you a sense of some of the great buildings and some 00:12.017 --> 00:17.157 of the themes that we will be studying together this semester. 00:17.160 --> 00:20.690 I think it's important to note, from the outset, 00:20.685 --> 00:24.735 that Roman architecture is primarily an architecture of 00:24.735 --> 00:25.555 cities. 00:25.560 --> 00:29.730 The Romans structured a man-made, worldwide empire out 00:29.726 --> 00:34.136 of architectural forms, and those architectural forms 00:34.137 --> 00:39.277 revolutionized the ancient world and exerted a lasting influence 00:39.281 --> 00:43.771 on the architecture and the architects of post-classical 00:43.771 --> 00:44.671 times. 00:44.670 --> 00:48.970 This semester we will be concerned primarily with urban 00:48.974 --> 00:51.804 communities-- with urban communities--and we 00:51.799 --> 00:53.319 will, in the first half of this 00:53.318 --> 00:55.828 semester, we will focus on the city of 00:55.826 --> 00:59.766 Rome, and in the second-- and also central Italy, 00:59.765 --> 01:01.475 including Pompeii. 01:01.478 --> 01:03.518 And I wanted to show you, at the outset, 01:03.520 --> 01:06.510 an aerial view of Rome--you see it over here, 01:06.510 --> 01:08.550 on the left-hand side of the screen-- 01:08.549 --> 01:12.209 that situates us in the very core of the ancient city. 01:12.209 --> 01:15.279 You see the famous Colosseum, the very icon of Rome, 01:15.277 --> 01:16.537 at the upper right. 01:16.540 --> 01:20.390 You see the Roman Forum, as it looks today, 01:20.390 --> 01:24.390 and you see a part of the Capitoline Hill, 01:24.390 --> 01:28.300 transformed by Michelangelo into the famous Campidoglio, 01:28.299 --> 01:31.339 as well as the Via dei Fori Imperiali of Mussolini, 01:31.340 --> 01:35.620 built by Mussolini, and the Imperial Fora. 01:35.620 --> 01:38.020 So the city of Rome again we'll be concentrating on, 01:38.015 --> 01:40.645 at the beginning of this semester, as well as the city of 01:40.646 --> 01:41.206 Pompeii. 01:41.209 --> 01:44.259 An aerial view of Pompeii, as it looks today. 01:44.260 --> 01:47.280 You can see many of the buildings of the city, 01:47.277 --> 01:50.427 including the houses and the shops, and also the 01:50.429 --> 01:52.239 entertainment district. 01:52.239 --> 01:56.399 This is the theater and the music hall of ancient Pompeii. 01:56.400 --> 01:57.750 The amphitheater is over here. 01:57.750 --> 02:01.240 And you can see, of course, looming up in the 02:01.242 --> 02:05.612 background, Mount Vesuvius, the mountain that caused all 02:05.606 --> 02:07.746 that trouble in 79 A.D. 02:07.750 --> 02:09.430 So that's the first half of the semester. 02:09.430 --> 02:13.360 The second half of the semester we are going to be going out 02:13.363 --> 02:16.153 into the provinces, into the Roman provinces, 02:16.151 --> 02:19.251 and that is going to take us-- and we're going to look at the 02:19.252 --> 02:21.982 provinces both in the eastern and the western part of the 02:21.983 --> 02:24.743 Empire-- and that will take us to Roman 02:24.738 --> 02:25.328 Greece. 02:25.330 --> 02:30.300 It will take us to Asia Minor; Asia Minor, which of course is 02:30.300 --> 02:31.290 modern Turkey. 02:31.289 --> 02:33.409 It will take us to North Africa. 02:33.410 --> 02:35.710 It will take us to the Middle East, 02:35.710 --> 02:40.760 in what's now Jordan and Syria, and it will also take us to 02:40.758 --> 02:43.668 Europe, to western Europe, 02:43.673 --> 02:48.673 to cities in France and to cities in Spain. 02:48.669 --> 02:51.449 And let me just show you an example of some of the buildings 02:51.453 --> 02:53.863 that we'll look at as we travel to the provinces. 02:53.860 --> 02:59.360 This is the Library of Celsus, in Ephesus, on the western 02:59.360 --> 03:01.130 coast of Turkey. 03:01.128 --> 03:05.078 This--the theater, a spectacularly well-preserved 03:05.080 --> 03:09.280 theater at Sabratha, you see on the upper right-hand 03:09.278 --> 03:12.768 side; and down here a restored view 03:12.770 --> 03:16.470 of the masterful Palace of Diocletian. 03:16.470 --> 03:20.730 We have the late Roman emperors in a place called Split, 03:20.729 --> 03:24.529 which is in Croatia, along the fabulously gorgeous 03:24.526 --> 03:26.536 Dalmatian Coast today. 03:26.538 --> 03:29.468 So those are just a sampling of the kinds of buildings that 03:29.471 --> 03:31.141 we'll look at in the provinces. 03:31.139 --> 03:35.079 We're going to be seeing, we'll be concentrating on the 03:35.079 --> 03:39.309 ways in which the Romans planned and built their cities. 03:39.310 --> 03:43.160 And it's important to note, from the very outset, 03:43.163 --> 03:47.343 that Rome itself grew in a very ad hoc way. 03:47.340 --> 03:49.200 And we can tell that. 03:49.199 --> 03:53.839 Here's a Google Earth image showing that core of Rome, 03:53.840 --> 03:56.790 with the Colosseum, with the famous, 03:56.788 --> 04:01.238 modern Victor Emmanuel Monument that looks either like a wedding 04:01.242 --> 04:02.872 cake or a typewriter. 04:02.870 --> 04:05.180 It's very white, and it's called the wedding 04:05.183 --> 04:06.803 cake by a lot of the locals. 04:06.800 --> 04:07.860 You see that here. 04:07.860 --> 04:09.290 But it's a landmark in Rome. 04:09.288 --> 04:13.378 And the Capitoline Hill, with the Campidoglio over here; 04:13.379 --> 04:19.149 the Forum, the Roman Forum; the Imperial Fora on this side. 04:19.149 --> 04:22.919 But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow 04:22.923 --> 04:27.013 streets of the city of Rome, as they look from above today, 04:27.014 --> 04:30.854 you can see that again the city grew in a fairly ad hoc 04:30.846 --> 04:32.146 way, as I mentioned. 04:32.149 --> 04:35.949 It wasn't planned all at once, it just grew up over time, 04:35.949 --> 04:38.529 beginning in the eighth century B.C. 04:38.529 --> 04:42.139 Now this is interesting because what we know about the Romans is 04:42.144 --> 04:44.674 when they were left to their own devices, 04:44.670 --> 04:46.980 and they could build a city from scratch, 04:46.980 --> 04:49.070 they didn't let it grow in an ad hoc way. 04:49.069 --> 04:53.769 They structured it in a very methodical way. 04:53.769 --> 04:56.889 It was basically based on military strategy, 04:56.889 --> 04:58.339 military planning. 04:58.339 --> 05:01.459 The Romans, they couldn't have conquered the world without 05:01.461 --> 05:04.311 obviously having a masterful military enterprise, 05:04.310 --> 05:08.610 and everywhere they went on their various campaigns, 05:08.610 --> 05:12.790 their various military campaigns, they would build 05:12.790 --> 05:15.080 camps, and those camps were always 05:15.084 --> 05:17.124 laid out in a very geometric plan, 05:17.120 --> 05:21.040 along a grid, usually square or rectangular. 05:21.040 --> 05:24.450 So when we begin to see the Romans building their ideal 05:24.446 --> 05:26.916 Roman city, they turn to that so-called 05:26.918 --> 05:29.308 castrum, or military camp design, 05:29.312 --> 05:31.522 and they build their cities that way. 05:31.519 --> 05:33.249 And I show you here one example. 05:33.250 --> 05:34.700 We're using Google Earth here again, 05:34.699 --> 05:39.639 another example of, or an example of a city called 05:39.641 --> 05:41.651 Timgad, T-i-m-g-a-d, 05:41.648 --> 05:46.248 which is in modern Algeria, and the ancient city still 05:46.247 --> 05:47.087 survives. 05:47.089 --> 05:51.959 And if we look at this Google Earth image of it, 05:51.959 --> 05:55.069 you can see there are no later accretions, 05:55.069 --> 05:57.589 as we have in Rome, no later civilizations built on 05:57.593 --> 05:58.203 top of it. 05:58.199 --> 06:01.479 You can see the ideal Roman plan, which, as I said, 06:01.475 --> 06:04.355 is usually either a square or a rectangle. 06:04.360 --> 06:07.590 It has in the center the two main streets of the city. 06:07.588 --> 06:10.658 The north-south street is called the cardo, 06:10.658 --> 06:11.408 c-a-r-d-o. 06:11.410 --> 06:15.610 The east-west street is called the decumanus, 06:15.612 --> 06:17.262 d-e-c-u-m-a-n-u-s. 06:17.259 --> 06:19.449 We'll go back to all of this in the future; so you don't have to 06:19.449 --> 06:20.249 worry about it today. 06:20.250 --> 06:22.480 The cardo and the decumanus, 06:22.476 --> 06:24.756 and you can see that they cross exactly; 06:24.759 --> 06:28.569 they intersect exactly at the center of the city. 06:28.569 --> 06:31.959 And then the rest of the city is arranged in blocks, 06:31.959 --> 06:35.349 very regular blocks, this grid plan that I mentioned 06:35.348 --> 06:36.078 before. 06:36.079 --> 06:39.059 Then some of the major monuments, whether it's the 06:39.060 --> 06:41.930 theater or the forum, are arranged in different parts 06:41.932 --> 06:43.892 of the city, and then these blocks 06:43.891 --> 06:47.481 constitute essentially the housing and the shops and so on 06:47.482 --> 06:48.492 and so forth. 06:48.490 --> 06:51.510 This is a city that was planned in around 100 A.D., 06:51.514 --> 06:53.154 under the emperor Trajan. 06:53.149 --> 06:57.039 And again it gives us an inkling of what the Romans -- 06:57.040 --> 07:00.230 when the Romans thought about ideal Roman town planning -- 07:00.230 --> 07:04.660 it was this grid plan, not Rome, but this grid plan 07:04.663 --> 07:07.683 that they had very much in mind. 07:07.680 --> 07:09.680 Cities like Rome, like Timgad, 07:09.680 --> 07:13.610 and most of the others that we'll look at in the course of 07:13.613 --> 07:16.513 this semester, were surrounded by defensive 07:16.512 --> 07:17.342 walls. 07:17.339 --> 07:20.329 As a major military machine in its own right, 07:20.331 --> 07:24.411 Rome was only too aware of the dangers of attack from others, 07:24.411 --> 07:27.541 and consequently they walled their cities. 07:27.540 --> 07:30.390 And we will look at the two major walls in Rome, 07:30.387 --> 07:33.597 as well as walls in other parts of the Roman world. 07:33.600 --> 07:35.820 I promise not to spend too much time on walls, 07:35.824 --> 07:38.054 because they're essentially piles of stone. 07:38.050 --> 07:41.280 But they're important in their own right and I will speak to 07:41.283 --> 07:44.083 them on occasion, and especially the two in Rome. 07:44.079 --> 07:45.559 You see them here. 07:45.560 --> 07:49.730 This is the first wall in Rome, the so-called Servian Walls, 07:49.730 --> 07:52.510 which was built in the Republic, in the Roman Republic, 07:52.509 --> 08:02.419 to surround the city, the Republican city, 08:02.420 --> 08:05.160 and essentially the Seven Hills, the famous Seven Hills of 08:05.163 --> 08:06.843 Rome, to surround the Seven Hills of 08:06.838 --> 08:09.618 Rome, in the fourth century B.C. 08:09.620 --> 08:11.110 You see a section of it here. 08:11.110 --> 08:14.880 This wall--any of you who've come to Rome by train, 08:14.879 --> 08:18.779 and the Stazione Termini, see a very extensive section of 08:18.778 --> 08:21.018 the Servian Walls, as you get out--I don't know if 08:21.024 --> 08:22.924 you've noticed it, but you should see--an 08:22.915 --> 08:26.755 extensive section of the Servian Walls right outside the train 08:26.757 --> 08:27.447 station. 08:27.449 --> 08:30.799 This is a different section, a picture I took on the 08:30.802 --> 08:33.632 Aventine Hill, showing part of that wall. 08:33.629 --> 08:36.379 And that was eventually replaced by later walls. 08:36.379 --> 08:38.069 The city grew over time. 08:38.070 --> 08:41.500 It needed a more extensive, broader wall system, 08:41.500 --> 08:45.300 and in the late third century A.D., under the emperor 08:45.297 --> 08:49.017 Aurelian, the famous Aurelian Walls were built. 08:49.019 --> 08:51.249 The Aurelian Walls, as you know -- there's no way 08:51.245 --> 08:53.405 you've missed those -- I'm sure if you've been in Rome 08:53.414 --> 08:55.334 you've seen the Aurelian Walls-- they're there, 08:55.327 --> 08:58.487 they're very much there-- at least if you've left the 08:58.490 --> 08:58.870 city. 08:58.870 --> 09:01.020 Maybe if you've just gone into the core of the city and haven't 09:01.019 --> 09:02.719 gone beyond that, you might not have seen them. 09:02.720 --> 09:06.310 But if you've left the city, you've seen the Aurelian Walls 09:06.312 --> 09:09.842 -- a very impressive set of walls that encircled the later 09:09.841 --> 09:10.401 city. 09:10.399 --> 09:12.999 One thing that's apparent to you as you look at these, 09:13.000 --> 09:15.190 even if you have no knowledge whatsoever of Roman 09:15.190 --> 09:17.650 architecture, is these are made of very 09:17.650 --> 09:19.730 different kinds of materials. 09:19.730 --> 09:23.690 So technical issues come to the fore right away as one analyzes 09:23.688 --> 09:25.028 this sort of thing. 09:25.028 --> 09:28.018 In the early period, essentially blocks of stone, 09:28.017 --> 09:30.877 piled one on top of the other, for the wall. 09:30.879 --> 09:33.719 Here, a more sophisticated use, later on in the Empire, 09:33.724 --> 09:36.884 of a new technology that we're going to talk about a lot this 09:36.884 --> 09:37.574 semester. 09:37.570 --> 09:40.180 That is concrete, and what concrete did to 09:40.181 --> 09:42.411 revolutionize Roman architecture; 09:42.408 --> 09:48.938 concrete, in this particular case, faced with brick. 09:48.940 --> 09:52.490 We talked about regular town planning and the location of the 09:52.485 --> 09:54.845 cardo and the decumanus. 09:54.850 --> 09:57.490 I want to show you just an example of this. 09:57.490 --> 10:01.030 This is a city in Italy, in this case the city of 10:01.032 --> 10:01.772 Pompeii. 10:01.769 --> 10:03.999 You see it here in plan. 10:04.000 --> 10:08.860 This is a plan of Pompeii as it looked, just at the moment that 10:08.860 --> 10:10.350 Vesuvius erupted. 10:10.350 --> 10:12.490 So in August of 79 A.D. 10:12.490 --> 10:16.180 this was the way Pompeii was at that particular time. 10:16.178 --> 10:18.978 You can see it's not really a rectangle; 10:18.980 --> 10:21.600 it's kind of elongated, sort of like an oval, 10:21.597 --> 10:23.797 kind of an oval, an irregular oval. 10:23.799 --> 10:26.749 But it has the sense; I think it has the sense. 10:26.750 --> 10:32.840 It shows you that again even though the Romans were thinking 10:32.841 --> 10:38.521 to try to create their cities in a very regular way, 10:38.519 --> 10:41.649 it didn't always work out exactly that way, 10:41.649 --> 10:43.849 depending on the terrain and so on and so forth. 10:43.850 --> 10:47.300 But this is a rough--it's sort of an irregular rectangle, 10:47.296 --> 10:48.646 as you can see here. 10:48.649 --> 10:50.319 But if you look very carefully, you sort of say to yourself 10:50.317 --> 10:51.347 like, "Where's the cardo, 10:51.352 --> 10:52.132 where's the dec? 10:52.129 --> 10:53.529 You just told us the cardo and the 10:53.532 --> 10:55.042 decumanus intersect in the center; 10:55.038 --> 10:55.658 like where are they? 10:55.664 --> 10:57.234 Why aren't they intersecting in the center?" 10:57.230 --> 10:59.720 Well, surprise, surprise, maybe not such a 10:59.715 --> 11:02.745 surprise, if you look over here at the bottom left, 11:02.745 --> 11:06.075 you will actually see the original city of Pompeii. 11:06.080 --> 11:08.810 In the fourth century B.C., the third century B.C., 11:08.812 --> 11:11.932 the second century B.C., Pompeii didn't look like this; 11:11.929 --> 11:14.819 Pompeii looked like this. 11:14.820 --> 11:16.780 And if you look very carefully at just this section, 11:16.778 --> 11:19.268 where we have the buildings in the various colors, 11:19.269 --> 11:23.529 you will see that there is indeed a cardo and a 11:23.533 --> 11:28.363 decumanus that intersect exactly at the center of this 11:28.360 --> 11:31.340 roughly square-- so this was actually pretty 11:31.341 --> 11:34.521 regular originally-- this roughly square city of 11:34.517 --> 11:35.217 Pompeii. 11:35.220 --> 11:38.910 At three we find the forum, because the forum is always at 11:38.908 --> 11:40.138 the intersection. 11:40.139 --> 11:42.839 The Romans try--they're very careful about this sort of 11:42.840 --> 11:45.590 thing-- try to put their forum right at 11:45.591 --> 11:48.781 the intersection of the cardo and the 11:48.783 --> 11:50.273 decumanus. 11:50.269 --> 11:53.849 You see that here; and then you see a lot of other 11:53.851 --> 11:55.891 buildings splayed off to either side. 11:55.889 --> 11:59.969 The law court or the basilica, another temple here. 11:59.970 --> 12:03.740 Here the main Temple of Jupiter, and the Senate House or 12:03.744 --> 12:07.314 Curia, and a series of other religious and comparable 12:07.312 --> 12:09.992 structures, on the right-hand side. 12:09.990 --> 12:13.270 So it began as a quite regular plan, cardo and 12:13.272 --> 12:17.192 decumanus intersecting at the center, forum right at the 12:17.186 --> 12:19.076 intersection of those two. 12:19.080 --> 12:21.050 And then over time it grew. 12:21.048 --> 12:23.368 It grew and expanded, and the streets, 12:23.366 --> 12:26.056 the same streets, the cardo expanded, 12:26.061 --> 12:29.381 although it was no longer exactly at the center of the 12:29.379 --> 12:30.069 city. 12:30.070 --> 12:33.520 This is a view from Google Earth that shows you just pretty 12:33.523 --> 12:35.313 much-- I tried to angle it in such a 12:35.312 --> 12:37.452 way that it looks-- that it's exactly the same 12:37.448 --> 12:39.528 angle, or close to exactly the same angle, 12:39.529 --> 12:42.019 as the plan that we just looked at before. 12:42.019 --> 12:44.849 And you can see over here the amphitheater. 12:44.850 --> 12:49.960 You can see many of the streets, including the shops and 12:49.956 --> 12:54.316 the houses, and you can see over here the forum, 12:54.320 --> 12:57.570 as it looks today from the air. 12:57.570 --> 12:59.020 And again it shows you how helpful Google-- 12:59.019 --> 13:00.319 and, of course, as you know, 13:00.322 --> 13:02.832 using Google Earth yourselves for other purposes, 13:02.830 --> 13:04.590 you know that you can go way down; 13:04.590 --> 13:08.570 I mean, you can find the entire city and then you can go and 13:08.571 --> 13:12.551 explore each individual building on your own and in your own 13:12.552 --> 13:13.162 time. 13:13.158 --> 13:14.268 In fact, that's what I've done here. 13:14.269 --> 13:17.749 Here you see a closer view of the forum in Pompeii, 13:17.749 --> 13:19.909 as it looks today, from the air, 13:19.905 --> 13:22.615 via Google Earth, here at the left. 13:22.620 --> 13:26.170 And I compare it to this plan that comes from your textbook, 13:26.166 --> 13:27.846 one of your two textbooks. 13:27.850 --> 13:31.190 This is the book by J.B. Ward-Perkins, 13:31.191 --> 13:34.211 which is, of the two, the more--well, 13:34.211 --> 13:36.471 they're both important, but then they both do different 13:36.469 --> 13:38.149 things-- but one of the two important 13:38.147 --> 13:40.117 books that we'll be using this semester. 13:40.120 --> 13:42.420 Here is a plan from that book. 13:42.418 --> 13:44.648 And you can see the way in which this forum, 13:44.649 --> 13:47.769 and this forum is very important at Pompeii because 13:47.765 --> 13:51.555 it's very early in date, and consequently we will talk 13:51.562 --> 13:53.312 about it a fair amount. 13:53.309 --> 13:54.769 We see this. 13:54.769 --> 13:58.549 The way Roman forums were usually arranged was to have one 13:58.547 --> 14:01.807 general open rectangular space, open to the sky, 14:01.807 --> 14:04.517 surrounded by columns, with a temple, 14:04.515 --> 14:07.675 the key, the most important temple, 14:07.678 --> 14:10.958 the chief temple, pushed up against one of the 14:10.961 --> 14:13.761 short back walls, and dominating the space in 14:13.763 --> 14:14.413 front of it. 14:14.409 --> 14:17.059 This is a Capitolium; we'll talk about what a 14:17.059 --> 14:19.999 Capitolium is in a future lecture, but it is a temple to 14:20.003 --> 14:22.093 Jupiter and others, as we shall see. 14:22.090 --> 14:26.020 Temple of Apollo over here, the basilica or law courts over 14:26.015 --> 14:26.485 here. 14:26.490 --> 14:28.620 And you can see, interestingly enough, 14:28.620 --> 14:32.390 they have essentially the same shape as the central forum 14:32.394 --> 14:35.494 proper, rectangular with a colonnade in 14:35.485 --> 14:39.335 the center, and then something on one side; 14:39.340 --> 14:42.690 it's not another temple but rather a tribunal, 14:42.691 --> 14:47.011 a place from which the judge would try the cases in the law 14:47.009 --> 14:47.829 courts. 14:47.830 --> 14:51.350 We see the Senate House over here, and a series of other 14:51.351 --> 14:54.431 buildings, including a marketplace and some other 14:54.426 --> 14:57.176 buildings here, on the right-hand side. 14:57.178 --> 15:00.898 So a typical Roman forum at its earliest. 15:00.899 --> 15:03.939 This dates very early on, second century B.C., 15:03.936 --> 15:07.846 and is therefore an extremely important building for us. 15:07.850 --> 15:11.280 Just so that you get a sense of what some of these look like in 15:11.279 --> 15:13.749 actuality, this is the basilica or the law 15:13.748 --> 15:17.278 court, which is part of the Forum of 15:17.283 --> 15:18.243 Pompeii. 15:18.240 --> 15:21.690 And we see that tribunal that I mentioned before, 15:21.693 --> 15:26.303 a two-story tribunal from which the judge would try the cases. 15:26.298 --> 15:28.698 The building isn't as well preserved as we'd like, 15:28.697 --> 15:30.507 although there's quite a bit there. 15:30.509 --> 15:33.239 What is there allows us to create this kind of 15:33.235 --> 15:36.805 reconstruction drawing where we can get a very good sense of 15:36.807 --> 15:40.257 what this building actually looked like in antiquity. 15:40.259 --> 15:41.829 You see the tribunal over there. 15:41.830 --> 15:45.660 You see that there are double stories with columns on either 15:45.663 --> 15:46.123 side. 15:46.120 --> 15:49.400 You see these colossal columns along the aisle. 15:49.399 --> 15:51.579 But most importantly, unlike the forum, 15:51.580 --> 15:53.620 which was open to the sky, this is roofed, 15:53.620 --> 15:56.300 and it had a flat roof with what's called a coffered 15:56.301 --> 15:58.171 ceiling-- we'll talk about that later in 15:58.167 --> 16:00.537 the term-- but then a sloping roof from 16:00.538 --> 16:01.418 the outside. 16:01.418 --> 16:03.308 And basilicas were always roofed; 16:03.308 --> 16:06.998 that's what distinguishes them from a lot of other Roman 16:06.995 --> 16:07.795 buildings. 16:07.799 --> 16:09.249 Roman temple architecture. 16:09.250 --> 16:12.860 The Temples of Jupiter and Apollo at Pompeii are not that 16:12.860 --> 16:15.500 well preserved, but some Roman temples are 16:15.504 --> 16:17.314 magnificently preserved. 16:17.308 --> 16:20.188 I mean, look at this one, it's pristine; 16:20.190 --> 16:23.860 it's like it was created yesterday as a duplicate of what 16:23.860 --> 16:26.550 a Roman temple, or a restoration of what a 16:26.548 --> 16:29.168 Roman temple might have looked like. 16:29.168 --> 16:32.468 You could put this in Memphis or somewhere like that, 16:32.469 --> 16:36.149 and think that you had a nice replica of a Roman temple. 16:36.149 --> 16:37.509 That's how well preserved it is. 16:37.509 --> 16:39.119 It's an amazing temple. 16:39.120 --> 16:41.930 It just happens to be well preserved, in part because it 16:41.933 --> 16:44.293 was re-used over time, most recently as a small 16:44.288 --> 16:45.618 archaeological museum. 16:48.080 --> 16:50.680 or Square House, for obvious reasons, 16:56.129 --> 16:57.919 in the south of France. 16:57.918 --> 17:01.438 You see it here in all its glory. 17:01.440 --> 17:05.920 And think as you look at this how many banks were based on 17:05.924 --> 17:06.874 this plan. 17:06.868 --> 17:09.578 I mean, you can go to almost any small city in America and 17:09.579 --> 17:11.719 see a bank that looks something like this, 17:11.720 --> 17:15.220 which just gives you some sense of again how influential Roman 17:15.219 --> 17:17.169 architecture has been over time. 17:17.170 --> 17:18.930 It's a quite traditional temple. 17:18.930 --> 17:22.230 We'll talk about the difference between traditional temple 17:22.226 --> 17:25.576 architecture and more innovative temple architecture in the 17:25.579 --> 17:27.199 course of this semester. 17:27.200 --> 17:30.770 And as innovative as it gets, is one of the key buildings of 17:30.767 --> 17:33.127 Roman architecture, which is, of course, 17:33.125 --> 17:35.055 the famous Pantheon in Rome. 17:35.058 --> 17:37.988 I'm sure there's none of you who's been in Rome who hasn't 17:37.990 --> 17:39.380 been inside the Pantheon. 17:39.380 --> 17:40.480 It's an incredible building. 17:40.480 --> 17:41.830 This is a Google Map. 17:41.828 --> 17:45.188 It was done during--the building was put up during the 17:45.185 --> 17:47.985 reign of the very important, from the architectural 17:47.987 --> 17:49.507 standpoint and many other standpoints, 17:49.509 --> 17:51.759 the very important Emperor Hadrian. 17:51.759 --> 17:55.949 And we see--this is again one of the wonderful things about 17:55.953 --> 17:59.063 Google Earth, because you're seeing here the 17:59.063 --> 18:02.393 modern city, but you're also seeing in 3D. 18:02.390 --> 18:05.560 The building still stands, and it's in incredible 18:05.560 --> 18:07.890 condition-- but you're also seeing the 18:07.890 --> 18:11.000 building almost as it would've been in ancient times, 18:11.000 --> 18:13.980 surrounded by its modern environment. 18:13.980 --> 18:15.910 It's a temple. 18:15.910 --> 18:18.000 It's a very distinctive and innovative temple, 18:18.001 --> 18:19.951 because when you look at it from the front, 18:19.953 --> 18:22.143 you see it has a kind of traditional porch. 18:24.940 --> 18:28.040 columns that support a pediment and looks like earlier Greek or 18:28.038 --> 18:29.338 Etruscan architecture. 18:29.338 --> 18:32.828 But what's very innovative about it is that once you go 18:32.832 --> 18:36.172 into the building, you see that this is not 18:36.169 --> 18:39.879 about--this is all about an interior space, 18:39.880 --> 18:43.980 an extraordinary interior space that is shaped by light, 18:43.980 --> 18:48.010 that is shaped by genius, essentially. 18:48.009 --> 18:51.069 And this image is actually one of those that gives you a sense 18:51.073 --> 18:54.043 of the kind of thing that I've been able to incorporate into 18:54.036 --> 18:56.886 this course, that I didn't always use 18:56.890 --> 19:00.840 before, which includes many, many, many of my own images. 19:00.838 --> 19:02.748 And this one I'm particularly proud of. 19:02.750 --> 19:07.100 It's a very atmospheric view of the dome of the Pantheon, 19:07.098 --> 19:09.908 and I think really gives you, almost more than anything else, 19:09.910 --> 19:12.890 gives you a sense almost more than anything else that I can 19:12.885 --> 19:15.505 show you today, of Rome at its best, 19:15.507 --> 19:20.427 of the power and glory of Rome and of Roman architecture. 19:20.430 --> 19:23.270 I'm very biased, but as far as I'm concerned 19:23.270 --> 19:26.840 this is the greatest building ever conceived by man. 19:26.839 --> 19:27.769 So there you are. 19:27.769 --> 19:31.119 We'll see by the end of the semester whether you agree with 19:31.121 --> 19:34.011 me or you think I'm absolutely wrong about that. 19:34.009 --> 19:37.769 This is another extraordinary structure and one that enables 19:37.773 --> 19:41.733 me to say something that you'll hear me say more than once-- 19:41.730 --> 19:44.310 and I know I'm biased--but say more than once in the course of 19:44.309 --> 19:46.649 this semester, and that is that there isn't 19:46.651 --> 19:48.911 much that the Romans didn't discover, 19:48.910 --> 19:52.260 didn't create, and not just in architecture, 19:52.259 --> 19:53.479 in all kinds of ways. 19:53.480 --> 19:55.410 And this is a good example of that. 19:55.410 --> 19:58.550 This is the so-called, the famous Markets of Trajan in 19:58.553 --> 20:02.233 Rome, part of the great Forum of the emperor Trajan in Rome. 20:02.230 --> 20:05.210 And you can see that what the Romans have done is taken a 20:05.212 --> 20:06.972 hill, one of the famous Seven Hills, 20:06.971 --> 20:09.061 the Quirinal Hill, taken that hill, 20:09.056 --> 20:11.816 cut it back, poured concrete on it and 20:11.820 --> 20:16.830 created this incredible shopping center on the side of the hill. 20:16.828 --> 20:19.888 If this isn't the beginning of mall architecture, 20:19.892 --> 20:22.652 I don't know what is; shopping mall architecture. 20:22.650 --> 20:24.780 It's right here already. 20:24.779 --> 20:26.839 You can shop; there are over 150 shops. 20:26.838 --> 20:29.008 You can shop on a variety of levels. 20:29.009 --> 20:31.689 You can shop in the hemicycle, you can shop along the Via 20:31.688 --> 20:32.308 Biberatica. 20:32.308 --> 20:38.438 You can shop 'til you drop in this incredible mall. 20:38.440 --> 20:42.890 And as one looks at it in detail, one sees amazing things. 20:42.890 --> 20:45.680 This is a view of one of the shopping streets. 20:45.680 --> 20:48.950 You can see the typical polygonal masonry that is so 20:48.952 --> 20:51.842 characteristic of Roman street design here. 20:51.838 --> 20:54.508 Along it, some of the individual shops--think that 20:54.509 --> 20:56.689 away at the top, that was added later. 20:56.690 --> 20:59.420 But you see some of the individual shops here. 20:59.420 --> 21:04.210 And look how ingenious the Romans have been to provide not 21:04.208 --> 21:09.498 only a ramp but also a series of stairs, flat area stairs and so 21:09.500 --> 21:10.090 on. 21:10.088 --> 21:14.208 And this has all been very, very carefully orchestrated by 21:14.209 --> 21:18.469 the designers in a way that is not only utilitarian but also 21:18.473 --> 21:19.923 very attractive. 21:19.920 --> 21:21.370 And then there's this. 21:21.368 --> 21:27.508 This is the Great Hall of the Markets of Trajan in Rome, 21:27.509 --> 21:30.769 a kind of bazaar, which also has a series of 21:30.766 --> 21:34.956 shops and also attic windows, as you can see, above. 21:34.960 --> 21:39.570 But then the particular marvel of this space is--look what 21:39.570 --> 21:41.270 they've done above. 21:41.269 --> 21:43.979 They have taken, using concrete once again--and 21:43.978 --> 21:47.568 this gives you some sense of the miracle of Roman concrete. 21:47.568 --> 21:50.138 Using concrete, they have created a new kind of 21:50.136 --> 21:51.816 vault, which we call the groin 21:51.823 --> 21:53.973 vault, which is a ribbed vault, 21:53.974 --> 21:56.924 and you can see the ribs very clearly here. 21:56.920 --> 22:01.300 And they have lifted that ribbed vault on top of piers 22:01.301 --> 22:05.771 that have been attenuated, narrowed to the point, 22:05.772 --> 22:10.202 in a very sophisticated way, much more than was true up to 22:10.201 --> 22:10.921 this moment. 22:10.920 --> 22:14.370 So they have been able to lift those groin vaults in a way that 22:14.371 --> 22:17.201 always reminds me-- it's as if you went and opened 22:17.204 --> 22:19.264 a series of umbrellas over a space, 22:19.259 --> 22:23.249 lifted the space up in a truly miraculous way. 22:23.250 --> 22:26.400 And as an example again of the fact that the Romans--there's 22:26.397 --> 22:28.957 nothing the Romans didn't do or didn't invent. 22:28.960 --> 22:32.370 Here you see the well-known marketplace in San Francisco, 22:32.371 --> 22:34.931 where you see essentially the same idea; 22:34.930 --> 22:40.080 a series of shops down below and then this magnificently 22:40.084 --> 22:42.244 lifted ceiling above. 22:42.240 --> 22:44.870 So Roman architecture, as I said in the very 22:44.874 --> 22:48.554 beginning, really had a huge impact on later architecture. 22:48.548 --> 22:52.378 The Markets of Trajan were part of the forum complex, 22:52.377 --> 22:56.057 the Forum of Trajan, which you see part of here. 22:56.058 --> 22:58.998 The forum itself was really quite conventional. 22:59.000 --> 23:02.450 This is an interesting building because we have a fairly 23:02.453 --> 23:04.973 traditional approach to the forum itself, 23:04.965 --> 23:08.165 and then an innovative approach to the markets. 23:08.170 --> 23:11.470 This is a restored view of the basilica or law court of the 23:11.473 --> 23:12.503 Forum of Trajan. 23:12.500 --> 23:16.220 You see that it's very traditional, with columns and 23:16.219 --> 23:19.209 marble and a flat ceiling with coffers. 23:19.210 --> 23:24.900 And that's what most of the forum looks like. 23:24.900 --> 23:27.760 The markets are done in a very different style, 23:27.762 --> 23:28.512 as we saw. 23:28.509 --> 23:32.269 And this particular forum was not only a meeting and a 23:32.266 --> 23:35.476 marketplace, or a place where cases could be 23:35.483 --> 23:38.673 tried, but was also a monument in 23:38.665 --> 23:43.005 stone to the military victories of Trajan. 23:43.009 --> 23:46.569 Trajan was the emperor who extended the borders of the 23:46.565 --> 23:48.975 empire to their furthest reaches, 23:48.980 --> 23:55.640 and the monument is a testament to what his accomplishments were 23:55.644 --> 23:57.024 militarily. 23:57.019 --> 24:00.339 And the famous Column of Trajan, which still stands and 24:00.342 --> 24:03.992 is in magnificent condition, as you can see here, 24:03.994 --> 24:08.714 is a monument that is wrapped with a spiral frieze that 24:08.708 --> 24:12.958 purports to describe, from bottom to top, 24:12.961 --> 24:17.701 all of the exploits, all of the military exploits of 24:17.703 --> 24:20.883 Trajan's two military campaigns in Dacia. 24:20.880 --> 24:23.090 It also served as the emperor's tomb. 24:23.088 --> 24:27.968 There was a burial chamber down below for urns of Trajan and his 24:27.968 --> 24:29.128 wife Plotina. 24:29.130 --> 24:33.070 So it served not only as a commemoration of his military 24:33.065 --> 24:35.905 victory over Dacia-- which by the way is modern 24:35.909 --> 24:39.999 Romania today-- but also to victory over death 24:40.001 --> 24:41.881 for the emperor. 24:41.880 --> 24:44.520 Every Roman city had its bath buildings. 24:44.519 --> 24:47.539 Most of the houses did not have running water, 24:47.537 --> 24:50.687 so baths were extremely important, obviously. 24:50.690 --> 24:53.670 So most of these had more than one, and in fact most cities, 24:53.666 --> 24:56.186 Pompeii, for example, seems to have had about three 24:56.191 --> 24:57.151 bath buildings. 24:57.150 --> 25:01.210 They're very important, both in terms of their social, 25:01.210 --> 25:05.370 their practical needs, and also as a place for social 25:05.368 --> 25:08.268 interaction, but also because there are some 25:08.269 --> 25:11.559 very interesting architectural experiments that took place in 25:11.560 --> 25:12.000 them. 25:12.000 --> 25:14.800 I'm going to show you in the course of this semester the 25:14.798 --> 25:17.238 development from the simplest bath buildings, 25:17.240 --> 25:20.510 such as the ones in Pompeii, to the most elaborate. 25:20.509 --> 25:23.599 Those of you who've visited the Baths of Caracalla in Rome -- 25:23.604 --> 25:26.654 that's an example of one of the huge and most elaborate bath 25:26.646 --> 25:27.366 buildings. 25:27.368 --> 25:29.928 I show you here on the left-hand side of the screen, 25:29.930 --> 25:33.600 just as an example, a view of one of the rooms of 25:33.596 --> 25:37.576 the Forum Baths in Pompeii, the caldarium or warm 25:37.577 --> 25:37.937 room. 25:37.940 --> 25:41.850 All of these baths had multiple spaces within them. 25:41.848 --> 25:46.928 One of the distinctions of the earlier baths was that the men's 25:46.933 --> 25:51.443 sections and the women's sections were separate from one 25:51.444 --> 25:52.434 another. 25:52.430 --> 25:55.380 And I hate to say it, but the men had all the great 25:55.377 --> 25:55.847 rooms. 25:55.848 --> 25:59.568 They were bigger and they were more ornately decorated, 25:59.569 --> 26:03.979 as this one is -- the warm room of the men's baths at Pompeii. 26:03.980 --> 26:06.440 But you can see here, even in much smaller scale than 26:06.442 --> 26:09.142 a building like the Pantheon, and much earlier than the 26:09.140 --> 26:12.040 Pantheon, they're beginning to explore 26:12.037 --> 26:15.777 the curvatures of the wall, the semi-dome there, 26:15.784 --> 26:19.574 and the way in which you can create light effects by putting 26:19.573 --> 26:22.403 holes or what's called an oculus, 26:22.400 --> 26:26.550 a round hole, in part of the ceiling, 26:26.548 --> 26:31.168 and other rectangular holes in the ceiling to create fantastic 26:31.167 --> 26:32.377 light effects. 26:32.380 --> 26:34.740 So they're already exploring that here in Pompeii. 26:34.740 --> 26:38.470 When we look at some of the larger bathing establishments, 26:38.470 --> 26:43.050 the Baths of Caracalla still look--well they're essentially a 26:43.048 --> 26:46.328 pile of concrete faced with brick today, 26:46.328 --> 26:47.638 as any of you who've seen it know. 26:47.640 --> 26:50.580 But the scale is truly colossal, and one is very 26:50.578 --> 26:54.268 impressed when one wanders around the Baths of Caracalla. 26:54.269 --> 26:55.409 But some of the others, for example, 26:55.410 --> 26:58.820 the Baths of Diocletian have been reused in modern times, 26:58.818 --> 27:01.638 and it's one of the reasons that so many Roman buildings 27:01.644 --> 27:04.834 survive is because of this kind of reuse over the centuries. 27:04.828 --> 27:09.038 This, the Baths of Diocletian, part of which was transformed 27:09.040 --> 27:12.180 into a church, at first, was decorated at one 27:12.182 --> 27:14.612 point in part by Michelangelo. 27:14.608 --> 27:18.108 And what we're looking at here, the Church of Santa Maria degli 27:18.105 --> 27:20.445 Angeli, Saint Mary of the Angels, 27:20.446 --> 27:24.566 what we're looking at here is a view into what was the cold 27:24.569 --> 27:27.459 room, or the frigidarium of 27:27.460 --> 27:31.940 the Baths of Diocletian, but transformed into a church, 27:31.939 --> 27:36.399 used as nave of the church of Saint Mary of the Angels. 27:36.400 --> 27:39.960 But if you look very closely, you'll see those same cross or 27:39.961 --> 27:43.161 groin vaults that we saw in the Markets of Trajan, 27:43.160 --> 27:47.320 that are also used here to lift the ceiling in a very effective 27:47.319 --> 27:48.829 way, and then all these 27:48.832 --> 27:52.192 multi-colored columns that you see are actually the columns 27:52.190 --> 27:53.870 from the ancient building. 27:53.868 --> 27:56.858 So even in this interior of Santa Maria degli Angeli, 27:56.863 --> 28:00.033 we can get a sense of how ornate some of the decorations 28:00.028 --> 28:02.388 of some of these bath buildings were. 28:02.390 --> 28:05.990 We're going to look at Roman theaters this semester. 28:05.990 --> 28:09.670 This is an example of one, the spectacular Roman theater 28:09.667 --> 28:12.007 at Orange in the south of France. 28:12.009 --> 28:13.829 You see it here. 28:13.828 --> 28:16.408 I'm not going to go into the parts of a theater or its 28:16.411 --> 28:19.141 relationship to earlier Greek theatrical architecture. 28:19.140 --> 28:22.850 But you can see the stair, you can see the seats, 28:22.853 --> 28:25.023 you can see the orchestra. 28:25.019 --> 28:28.329 You can see the stage building, a stage building that initially 28:28.334 --> 28:30.584 was decorated with a forest of columns, 28:30.578 --> 28:33.948 only a couple of which survive, as well as a lot of sculptural 28:33.946 --> 28:37.236 decoration, again most of which does not 28:37.240 --> 28:38.050 survive. 28:38.048 --> 28:41.318 But one of the points I want to make today is that the Greeks 28:41.319 --> 28:44.429 tended to build--the Greeks always built their theaters on 28:44.425 --> 28:45.185 hillsides. 28:45.190 --> 28:48.840 They used the natural hill to support the seats. 28:48.838 --> 28:51.508 And that's true at Orange as well. 28:51.509 --> 28:57.579 But the Romans were not content to build their theaters only on 28:57.575 --> 28:58.745 hillsides. 28:58.750 --> 29:00.800 They wanted to build their theaters where they wanted to 29:00.796 --> 29:02.706 build their theaters, and if they wanted to build a 29:02.714 --> 29:05.144 theater in downtown Rome, they wanted to build a theater 29:05.137 --> 29:06.017 in downtown Rome. 29:06.019 --> 29:10.799 So what they did was that they used concrete again to build a 29:10.798 --> 29:15.178 hill, upon which they could support those same seats. 29:15.180 --> 29:17.670 And that's again an innovation that we'll talk about. 29:17.670 --> 29:20.650 This is the Theater of Marcellus in Rome, 29:20.654 --> 29:24.914 the earliest surviving stone theater in Rome that dates to 29:24.907 --> 29:26.697 the Age of Augustus. 29:26.700 --> 29:29.230 But I show it to you again, just to show you the wonders of 29:29.226 --> 29:29.876 Google Earth. 29:29.880 --> 29:32.260 I've looked at this building a zillion times. 29:32.259 --> 29:33.349 I've wandered around it. 29:33.348 --> 29:36.268 Most of the ancient part is over on this side, 29:36.269 --> 29:39.319 and I'll show that to you in another lecture. 29:39.318 --> 29:42.408 But over time this is one of those buildings that was 29:42.407 --> 29:45.787 transformed into all sorts of things, most recently into a 29:45.794 --> 29:47.284 fabulous condominium. 29:47.279 --> 29:50.969 But as you wander around it today, you get a sense of some 29:50.971 --> 29:55.051 of the high-rise apartments that have been added to the original 29:55.051 --> 29:55.831 theater. 29:55.828 --> 29:58.688 But you can't get a full sense of it unless you go up above it. 29:58.690 --> 30:01.530 And so here's where again Google Earth is so helpful, 30:01.528 --> 30:04.118 because we can look down on the entire complex, 30:04.118 --> 30:06.108 see the gardens, see some of the apartments, 30:06.108 --> 30:08.858 see the circular driveway and so on and so forth, 30:08.858 --> 30:12.378 which gives us information that it wouldn't be possible to glean 30:12.384 --> 30:13.284 anywhere else. 30:13.278 --> 30:17.658 And here is--if you let that transformation from modern Rome 30:17.662 --> 30:21.082 to ancient Rome take place on Google Earth, 30:21.078 --> 30:23.508 this is what you're going to get for that same Theater of 30:23.509 --> 30:24.029 Marcellus. 30:24.028 --> 30:26.338 We just saw it and what it looks like today on Google 30:26.344 --> 30:26.704 Earth. 30:26.700 --> 30:30.820 Here's what it looks like when you let it transform completely 30:30.821 --> 30:34.271 into the Theater of Marcellus from ancient times. 30:34.269 --> 30:36.409 The Colosseum, the very icon of Rome. 30:36.410 --> 30:39.830 No Roman city was without its amphitheater, 30:39.830 --> 30:43.420 its place for gladiatorial and animal combat, 30:43.415 --> 30:45.855 and Rome was no exception. 30:45.858 --> 30:50.028 The most famous surviving Roman amphitheater is the Colosseum. 30:50.029 --> 30:52.609 I show it to you here from the inside, 30:52.608 --> 30:55.568 rather than the outside initially, because I can-- 30:55.568 --> 30:59.058 it allows me to illustrate the places where the animals were 30:59.057 --> 31:02.807 kept down below, but also to show you that that 31:02.810 --> 31:05.970 building has been used as a quarry. 31:05.970 --> 31:10.070 It was used by the popes and the princes of later Italy as a 31:10.067 --> 31:11.107 stone quarry. 31:11.108 --> 31:13.528 They would take essentially--well they stripped 31:13.526 --> 31:16.856 it of all its interior marble, to use that in a variety of 31:16.856 --> 31:20.356 buildings in Rome, and some of those we know their 31:20.358 --> 31:22.378 identification even today. 31:22.380 --> 31:26.090 Here's a view of one of the corridors where you can see once 31:26.086 --> 31:29.596 again those groin vaults or ribbed vaults that the Romans 31:29.604 --> 31:30.614 popularized. 31:30.608 --> 31:33.528 Connecting all these cities with one another were the 31:33.532 --> 31:34.772 streets of the city. 31:34.769 --> 31:36.589 We'll look at streets, especially in Pompeii, 31:36.588 --> 31:38.488 where they are extremely well preserved, 31:38.490 --> 31:40.860 and these streets look very modern-- 31:40.858 --> 31:43.438 you see the polygonal stones--but very modern in the 31:43.436 --> 31:44.596 use of the sidewalks. 31:44.599 --> 31:47.189 The sidewalks; there are drains as well along 31:47.185 --> 31:48.055 the sidewalks. 31:48.058 --> 31:54.128 And then you can see these very deep rut marks where the wheels 31:54.134 --> 32:00.114 of the carts used to--over time obviously they made these ruts 32:00.109 --> 32:02.069 in the pavement. 32:02.068 --> 32:07.018 And then over here a small fountain, a fountain blessed by 32:07.021 --> 32:08.761 Hermes or Mercury. 32:08.759 --> 32:11.219 You can see him there with his wings and his caduceus. 32:11.220 --> 32:14.790 A small fountain, important obviously again 32:14.791 --> 32:19.641 because most of the houses did not have running water, 32:19.640 --> 32:23.540 and there had to be a place that you could go to collect 32:23.537 --> 32:25.377 water for household use. 32:25.380 --> 32:28.410 One of the great things about Pompeii, of course, 32:28.414 --> 32:32.214 is it gives us a sense of what life was like in ancient Roman 32:32.209 --> 32:34.169 times, daily life was like. 32:34.170 --> 32:39.180 And we'll look at millstones that are part of bakeries, 32:39.180 --> 32:42.040 as well as ovens that look--again, the Romans invented 32:42.035 --> 32:44.105 everything-- look very much like a modern 32:44.105 --> 32:44.665 pizza oven. 32:44.670 --> 32:46.230 You go over to BAR, you'll see one of those. 32:46.230 --> 32:50.220 Over here, wine shops; we have lots of wine shops in 32:50.224 --> 32:52.664 these Roman cities, and they're particularly well 32:52.657 --> 32:54.767 preserved in Herculaneum and in Pompeii, 32:54.769 --> 32:59.309 with these clay amphorae that were used to hold wines, 32:59.308 --> 33:01.418 that were brought to Italy, and also sometimes oils, 33:01.420 --> 33:04.380 that were brought to Italy from different parts of the world. 33:04.380 --> 33:07.780 Every Roman city had its McDonald's, or its Wendy's, 33:07.776 --> 33:11.036 or its Burger King, and I show one of those to you 33:11.039 --> 33:11.639 here. 33:11.640 --> 33:13.030 It's called a thermopolium, 33:13.029 --> 33:15.339 as you can see down below; thermopolium. 33:15.338 --> 33:21.158 A thermopolium was essentially--what it was made up 33:21.159 --> 33:26.669 of is a--it is a series of--a counter, with a series of 33:26.672 --> 33:28.002 recesses. 33:28.000 --> 33:32.590 And each day those who ran this thermopolium put 33:32.586 --> 33:35.706 different food in there, and so when you got 33:35.711 --> 33:37.511 hungry--again, the whole sort of fast food 33:37.506 --> 33:38.756 idea-- you just walk by, 33:38.762 --> 33:41.222 like in a cafeteria, point out what you wanted. 33:41.220 --> 33:43.630 They'd serve it to you and you'd be on your way. 33:43.630 --> 33:47.120 So very much fast food--so we see lots of them in Pompeii and 33:47.124 --> 33:47.944 Herculaneum. 33:47.940 --> 33:49.420 We'll look at Roman houses. 33:49.420 --> 33:52.150 This is one example, the House of the Vettii in 33:52.146 --> 33:54.536 Pompeii, spectacularly preserved house, 33:54.538 --> 33:58.018 where we can see a pool that was actually used for collecting 33:58.019 --> 33:59.729 water, a hole in the ceiling, 33:59.727 --> 34:02.647 but a view from the atrium of the house into the garden. 34:02.650 --> 34:05.790 The garden over here, you get a sense of it -- the 34:05.787 --> 34:08.667 greenery, the marble furniture, the fountains, 34:08.668 --> 34:11.228 and then the paintings on the walls. 34:11.230 --> 34:14.070 I mentioned at the beginning we'll spend a fair amount of 34:14.074 --> 34:16.874 time -- we'll spend a few lectures on Roman painting. 34:16.869 --> 34:19.749 And the reason that I do that is because it's absolutely 34:19.746 --> 34:21.416 gorgeous and it's fascinating. 34:21.420 --> 34:25.500 But it also allows us to get a better understanding of interior 34:25.500 --> 34:29.580 decoration among the Romans, how they decorated their walls. 34:29.579 --> 34:32.319 But also, because as you can see from this one example, 34:32.320 --> 34:35.410 from Boscoreale, now in the Metropolitan Museum, 34:35.409 --> 34:36.989 the famous Met Cubiculum, 34:36.989 --> 34:40.049 which is decorated with Second Style Roman wall painting, 34:40.050 --> 34:41.990 that these paintings often depict buildings. 34:41.989 --> 34:45.439 They are architectural paintings, and they are very 34:45.436 --> 34:48.466 important in that regard because we see -- 34:48.469 --> 34:52.069 we often see -- experimentation in painting before we see it in 34:52.068 --> 34:52.938 architecture. 34:52.940 --> 34:54.860 And so there are going to be some things, 34:54.860 --> 34:56.730 for example, this broken triangular 34:56.730 --> 34:58.690 pediment, that we're going to see first 34:58.688 --> 35:00.658 in painting and then in built architecture. 35:00.659 --> 35:04.109 So painting -- extremely important for us. 35:04.110 --> 35:05.830 We'll also go to the city of Ostia, 35:05.829 --> 35:08.519 the port of Rome, which is a city very different 35:08.516 --> 35:11.606 from Pompeii because it is essentially a second-century 35:11.605 --> 35:13.965 Roman city, rather than a first-century 35:13.965 --> 35:14.605 Roman city. 35:14.610 --> 35:19.990 The construction technique is concrete, faced with brick. 35:19.989 --> 35:21.859 I show you one example of that. 35:21.860 --> 35:25.510 But what's most interesting about the houses in Ostia has to 35:25.510 --> 35:29.100 do with the kind of city it was -- again, the port of Rome, 35:29.097 --> 35:30.457 a commercial city. 35:30.460 --> 35:31.700 It was very congested. 35:31.699 --> 35:34.849 People were not as wealthy as those in the resort town of 35:34.851 --> 35:36.741 Pompeii, and consequently they 35:36.739 --> 35:39.699 needed--people didn't have single-story houses, 35:39.699 --> 35:42.839 like the one in Pompeii that I just showed you before -- 35:42.840 --> 35:45.820 but rather apartment houses with multi-stories; 35:45.820 --> 35:48.580 a kind of condominium idea. 35:48.579 --> 35:52.159 And these are fascinating in their difference from those in 35:52.155 --> 35:56.035 Pompeii, and that's a difference that we will surely explore. 35:56.039 --> 35:59.109 The very well-to-do lived in--the very well-to-do had 35:59.108 --> 35:59.638 villas. 35:59.639 --> 36:03.289 The emperors had villas all along what is now the Amalfi 36:03.289 --> 36:03.819 Coast. 36:03.820 --> 36:05.290 Capri, the island of Capri. 36:05.289 --> 36:09.119 The emperor Augustus and Tiberius had twelve villas on 36:09.119 --> 36:10.709 the Island of Capri. 36:10.710 --> 36:13.730 The most extraordinary villa, Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, 36:13.728 --> 36:15.758 which I show you here from the air. 36:15.760 --> 36:20.380 A kind of microcosm of the empire at that particular time, 36:20.380 --> 36:23.260 with extraordinary buildings, with pools, 36:23.260 --> 36:27.000 decorated with sculpture that show the eclectic taste of the 36:26.996 --> 36:29.846 emperor who liked things Roman, liked things Greek, 36:29.851 --> 36:33.671 liked things Egyptian, and statues of--he was married, 36:33.668 --> 36:39.428 but he also had a beloved young boy whom he met in Bithynia. 36:39.429 --> 36:42.539 Antinous, the famous Antinous that he met in Bithynia and who 36:42.536 --> 36:44.086 became the love of his life. 36:44.090 --> 36:47.730 And when Antinous died he created all kinds of shrines for 36:47.726 --> 36:48.426 Antinous. 36:48.429 --> 36:50.799 This is very important architecturally because all 36:50.800 --> 36:52.350 these are interesting shrines. 36:52.349 --> 36:55.849 But in each of those shrines he created statues of Antinous, 36:55.849 --> 36:59.669 and this is one showing Antinous as an Egyptian pharaoh, 36:59.670 --> 37:03.540 which was perfect for this particular locale because it was 37:03.543 --> 37:06.153 meant to conjure up a canal in Egypt. 37:06.150 --> 37:07.710 We're going to look at tomb architecture-- 37:07.710 --> 37:09.260 I want to show you this very quickly-- 37:09.260 --> 37:11.390 but we're going to look at a lot of tomb architecture, 37:11.389 --> 37:13.959 because tomb architecture is particularly interesting, 37:13.960 --> 37:16.660 because the only practical consideration for a tomb, 37:16.659 --> 37:18.649 is that it had to house the remains of the deceased, 37:18.650 --> 37:19.610 that's it. 37:19.610 --> 37:23.390 So you could be very whimsical and personal about the kind of 37:23.387 --> 37:25.527 tomb you wanted to be buried in. 37:25.530 --> 37:28.680 This is a series at Pompeii, but we're going to look at 37:28.677 --> 37:32.057 those of the emperor Augustus who was buried in a mausoleum 37:32.061 --> 37:35.211 that went back to those of the earlier Etruscans, 37:35.210 --> 37:40.940 kings, who ruled Rome before the emperors did, 37:40.940 --> 37:44.380 and he built a round tomb with an earthen mound, 37:44.380 --> 37:47.200 very similar to that of the Etruscans. 37:47.199 --> 37:49.849 Hadrian, the famous emperor Hadrian, 37:49.849 --> 37:53.229 was also buried in a round tomb, at the well-known Castel 37:53.233 --> 37:55.063 Sant' Angelo, in Rome today, 37:55.056 --> 37:57.256 with its beautiful Bernini bridge, 37:57.260 --> 38:00.470 the angels, Bernini's angels on the bridge -- 38:00.469 --> 38:02.159 also a round tomb. 38:02.159 --> 38:04.879 In its current form, transformed into a fortress, 38:04.878 --> 38:08.218 it was used by the popes when they needed to hide out during 38:08.219 --> 38:09.409 times of trouble. 38:09.409 --> 38:13.659 Very whimsical tombs, including this pyramid of a man 38:13.655 --> 38:18.675 by the name of Cestius, and he built this tomb during a 38:18.682 --> 38:22.082 time of-- when a wave of things Egyptian 38:22.083 --> 38:26.483 came into Rome, at the time that Augustus 38:26.483 --> 38:30.213 defeated Cleopatra and Antony. 38:30.210 --> 38:34.420 And then even these communal tombs, communal burial places 38:34.416 --> 38:38.466 for the less well-to-do, where their remains were placed 38:38.474 --> 38:39.364 in urns. 38:39.360 --> 38:43.990 We'll also look at tombs in other parts of the Roman world. 38:43.989 --> 38:47.429 This is a famous tomb, a rock-cut tomb in Petra, 38:47.431 --> 38:49.191 in what is now Jordan. 38:49.190 --> 38:53.740 And you can see that the tomb is essentially the rock; 38:53.739 --> 38:56.479 in fact, the burial chamber is inside the rock and the 38:58.969 --> 39:02.079 We're going to talk about aqueducts in the course of the 39:02.077 --> 39:04.527 semester; just fleetingly show you two, 39:04.525 --> 39:06.975 the ways in which the Romans brought-- 39:06.980 --> 39:09.490 for those they conquered, they provided amenities, 39:09.489 --> 39:11.729 including water, that was brought from a great 39:11.731 --> 39:12.281 distance. 39:14.739 --> 39:18.389 And this is the one I showed you before on Google Earth, 39:18.391 --> 39:21.841 the fabulous aqueduct at Segovia that marches its way 39:21.844 --> 39:23.244 through the city. 39:23.239 --> 39:26.689 I have just a couple of minutes, and I basically wanted 39:26.688 --> 39:29.948 to close just making two very quick points about the 39:29.947 --> 39:33.267 difference between traditional Roman architecture and 39:33.269 --> 39:35.569 innovative Roman architecture. 39:35.570 --> 39:37.870 I'm not going to go into that in any detail here. 39:37.869 --> 39:41.319 It's going to be the topic of one of our lectures very soon. 39:41.320 --> 39:44.470 But this transformation from temples that are based on Greek 39:44.472 --> 39:46.772 and Etruscan prototypes, like that one here, 39:46.768 --> 39:48.638 to something like the Pantheon. 39:48.639 --> 39:52.069 I also want to mention from the start that unlike other courses 39:52.074 --> 39:55.344 in architecture where you may have been studying Frank Lloyd 39:55.344 --> 39:58.384 Wright or Borromini, Francesco Borromini, 39:58.384 --> 40:01.164 or Frank Gehry, we have very few names of 40:01.159 --> 40:03.349 architects preserved from Roman times, 40:03.349 --> 40:05.699 because it was the patron who was all, 40:05.699 --> 40:08.029 not the architect, and I'll explain that in a 40:08.028 --> 40:08.928 future lecture. 40:08.929 --> 40:11.859 But we have some, and we'll talk about them when 40:11.860 --> 40:12.360 we do. 40:12.360 --> 40:17.040 We will also see--and I just want to end up where I began, 40:17.039 --> 40:20.499 which is to say again that Roman architecture had a huge 40:20.498 --> 40:23.578 impact on architecture of post-classical times. 40:23.579 --> 40:26.459 The Roman basilica became the Christian church. 40:26.460 --> 40:31.270 The round tomb of Rome became the round church in the early 40:31.271 --> 40:34.011 Medieval and Byzantine periods. 40:34.010 --> 40:37.760 Tombs like the one in Jordan, that I showed you just before, 40:37.760 --> 40:41.030 which form what I call kind of a baroque phase of Roman 40:41.030 --> 40:43.380 architecture, were the models for 40:43.380 --> 40:47.090 seventeenth-century Baroque architecture in Rome, 40:47.090 --> 40:49.240 for example, Borromini's San Carlino. 40:49.239 --> 40:53.319 The Pantheon had--you all know what this is, 40:53.320 --> 40:53.890 UVA. 40:53.889 --> 40:56.049 The Pantheon had a huge impact. 40:56.050 --> 40:58.530 There are many 'Pantheons' everywhere, including in this 40:58.525 --> 40:59.825 country banks and the like. 40:59.829 --> 41:03.499 Thomas Jefferson looked to the Pantheon to design his rotunda 41:03.498 --> 41:07.288 at the University of Virginia, and the lawn that lay beyond. 41:07.289 --> 41:10.799 But for us, in this classroom, at this particular time, 41:10.800 --> 41:13.280 the most important impact, as far as I'm concerned, 41:13.280 --> 41:17.140 of Roman architecture on more modern architecture has to do 41:17.135 --> 41:19.525 with the amphitheater at Pompeii, 41:19.530 --> 41:22.010 which you see here; my favorite amphitheater. 41:22.010 --> 41:24.500 The Colosseum is more famous. 41:24.500 --> 41:28.580 The amphitheater at Pompeii is earlier in date. 41:28.579 --> 41:31.199 And what's significant for us, in this classroom, 41:31.199 --> 41:34.419 at this particular time, is that the amphitheater at 41:34.416 --> 41:38.006 Pompeii-- and I kid you not--is the model 41:38.005 --> 41:42.475 for our own amphitheater, and that is the Yale Bowl -- it 41:42.478 --> 41:43.358 is the model. 41:43.360 --> 41:46.720 This is the building--and you see it here from the air, 41:46.717 --> 41:50.697 the amphitheater in Pompeii--on which the Yale Bowl was based. 41:50.699 --> 41:54.909 So again, the Romans have clearly had a huge impact on 41:54.905 --> 41:58.345 architecture worldwide; on our own architecture. 41:58.349 --> 42:00.469 And we think we live on a Gothic campus, 42:00.467 --> 42:03.127 but I'll show you, in the course of this semester, 42:03.130 --> 42:05.250 how many Roman buildings there are. 42:05.250 --> 42:07.260 In fact, we had a post--and just to get you inspired-- 42:07.260 --> 42:11.270 we had a post in an earlier year in which people went around 42:11.268 --> 42:14.998 the campus to take pictures and then post them online of 42:15.003 --> 42:19.353 buildings that they thought were influenced by those of the Roman 42:19.351 --> 42:20.101 past. 42:20.099 --> 42:21.609 At any rate, that's it for today. 42:21.610 --> 42:24.360 Great to see you, meet you all. 42:24.360 --> 42:26.820 If any of you have any questions at all, 42:26.822 --> 42:30.362 I'm happy to answer them, as are the teaching fellows. 42:30.360 --> 42:36.000