WEBVTT 00:01.420 --> 00:04.260 Professor John Merriman: Okay, today we're going to 00:04.255 --> 00:05.195 talk about Paris. 00:05.200 --> 00:07.510 And in order to talk about Paris in the Belle 00:10.555 --> 00:13.305 most people in France, as we heard before, 00:13.313 --> 00:17.943 but the image of that nostalgia infused a vision of Paris in the 00:22.556 --> 00:24.976 created, it's imagined, 00:24.977 --> 00:26.967 after World War I. 00:26.970 --> 00:29.950 But in order to understand sort of the cultural, 00:29.954 --> 00:31.864 and economic, and political, 00:36.148 --> 00:40.908 we have to back up and look at the rebuilding of Paris in the 00:40.912 --> 00:45.362 1850s and '60s by that man dissed by my late friend, 00:45.360 --> 00:48.050 Richard Cobb, as the Alsatian Attila, 00:48.050 --> 00:52.090 that is Baron Haussmann, whose name I should've written 00:52.087 --> 00:54.177 on the board but didn't. 00:54.180 --> 01:01.010 Some of you already know about him, but it's h-a-u-s-s-m-a-n-n, 01:01.008 --> 01:04.758 Georges. And he only went back to Paris 01:04.757 --> 01:09.957 three times after he left in financial scandal at the end of 01:09.962 --> 01:13.312 the 1860s. And he lives until the early 01:13.309 --> 01:17.869 1890s, but the great boulevards that became identified with 01:17.865 --> 01:23.045 modern Paris and on which Emile Henry went on this little walk, 01:23.049 --> 01:25.879 going out to kill, have to be seen in the context 01:25.875 --> 01:28.695 of the rebuilding of Paris during that period. 01:28.700 --> 01:32.470 And it was the largest urban renewal project in, 01:32.470 --> 01:35.760 at that time, in the history of cities. 01:35.760 --> 01:39.630 Really, the only ones comparable were the rebuilding 01:39.628 --> 01:42.888 of Edo, that is Tokyo, after the Great Fire, 01:42.889 --> 01:46.529 and London, at the time of Christopher Wren. 01:46.530 --> 01:51.410 So, we back up even further to look at Paris in 1837, 01:51.412 --> 01:55.452 just to give you a sense of what changed. 01:55.450 --> 01:59.090 And the first thing you notice, particularly if you're 01:59.086 --> 02:03.066 comparing it to London or to Berlin, is how small Paris was 02:03.065 --> 02:05.325 and how small Paris still is. 02:05.329 --> 02:08.349 This is pre-1860, so it's before the inner 02:08.352 --> 02:12.042 suburbs were annexed, which included Montmartre out 02:12.038 --> 02:15.428 there, and Auteuil, and all of the others. 02:15.430 --> 02:18.590 And those of you who've been to Paris or know about Paris will 02:18.592 --> 02:20.512 see the Jardin de Luxembourg there, 02:20.509 --> 02:23.519 which was very, very close to the city limits 02:23.523 --> 02:25.853 at that time, and then there is the 02:25.851 --> 02:29.041 Tuileries, and then the edge of Paris 02:29.043 --> 02:34.033 there, the Arc de Triomphe, which was begun by Napoleon and 02:34.025 --> 02:37.285 completed during the July Monarchy. 02:37.289 --> 02:41.709 So Paris, a tremendously overcrowded place--and the most 02:41.709 --> 02:46.369 densely populated parts of Paris until mid-century were the 02:51.947 --> 02:54.577 c-i-t-e; there's Notre Dame, 02:54.575 --> 02:56.765 and the Marais, m-a-r-a-i-s, 02:56.771 --> 03:00.351 the sort of central Right Bank districts; 03:00.349 --> 03:06.279 and their population density is three times what it is today. 03:06.280 --> 03:12.430 And, so, the population of Paris, which grows so rapidly, 03:12.426 --> 03:18.106 in 1851 is 1,053,000 people; 1861, a year after the 03:18.114 --> 03:23.234 annexation of the inner suburbs, is 1,696,000; 03:23.229 --> 03:27.319 1872 after the Commune 1,825,000, minus the 25,000 03:27.317 --> 03:31.067 people slaughtered in the wake of the Commune, 03:31.071 --> 03:34.851 during bloody week; 1881,2,269,00, 03:34.854 --> 03:40.984 and 1896 about two and a half million people. 03:40.979 --> 03:45.149 And, so, European cities only grow basically in the first 03:45.147 --> 03:49.387 two-thirds of the nineteenth century through migration, 03:49.389 --> 03:53.309 because more people die in cities than are born there--why? 03:53.310 --> 03:55.780 Because of unhealthy quarters… 03:55.783 --> 03:58.603 The life expectancy in Lille, for example, 03:58.601 --> 04:02.931 was about nineteen-years-old, the same thing in Manchester. 04:02.930 --> 04:07.680 That includes infant mortality, so that's a little bit skewed; 04:07.680 --> 04:09.790 but, still, cities are unhealthy places. 04:09.789 --> 04:14.879 Old people, the miserably poor people also go to Paris to try 04:14.877 --> 04:18.267 to find charity and ultimately to die. 04:18.269 --> 04:21.129 Child abandonment, infanticide and all the things 04:21.126 --> 04:23.206 that I mentioned before--disease, 04:23.209 --> 04:28.279 the cholera disease rips through Paris in 1832 and 1849, 04:28.276 --> 04:31.066 again in 1884. So, basically cities, 04:31.065 --> 04:33.875 large cities replenish themselves only through 04:33.884 --> 04:37.334 immigration, through much of the nineteenth century. 04:37.329 --> 04:40.719 And, so, what happens is you've got this sort of super, 04:40.721 --> 04:44.241 hyper overcrowding of the central districts as immigrants 04:44.238 --> 04:47.268 from the north of France, from Normandy, 04:47.270 --> 04:52.030 from the east of France, also seasonal migrants from the 04:52.026 --> 04:56.956 Limousine who finally settle Paris pour into these central 04:56.955 --> 05:02.485 districts and then gradually head for the edge of the city. 05:02.490 --> 05:08.310 It's not until the 1880s that you have the huge wave of Breton 05:08.309 --> 05:12.539 migration from Brittany; and it's not just to Paris, 05:12.541 --> 05:15.981 also, but that comes later than we're talking about. 05:15.980 --> 05:21.080 So, you've got your basic, extraordinarily crowded city, 05:21.079 --> 05:25.069 the ranks of the poor, above all, swollen by 05:25.066 --> 05:27.216 immigration. The difference, 05:27.217 --> 05:30.017 one of the differences between the nineteenth century and now, 05:30.019 --> 05:32.369 for example, is in the nineteenth century 05:32.365 --> 05:35.995 most people, the people coming into Paris were already poor, 05:36.000 --> 05:38.110 were poorer than the people who were already there. 05:38.110 --> 05:41.590 Now, in the 1950s and 1960s that changes, 05:41.587 --> 05:43.497 the 1950s and 1960s. 05:43.500 --> 05:46.030 You have les jeunes couples, you have young 05:46.025 --> 05:47.825 married couples, upwardly mobile, 05:47.829 --> 05:51.279 who come to Paris with enough money that they've put together 05:51.281 --> 05:54.331 to rent and then finally maybe to buy an apartment, 05:54.330 --> 05:56.050 et cetera, et cetera. 05:56.050 --> 06:00.400 But you have a mass of poor people, masses of poor people 06:00.401 --> 06:03.821 coming into Paris, and Paris is unhealthy. 06:05.858 --> 06:08.158 voir avec, but this is--I've said before 06:08.164 --> 06:11.014 about how you just try to imagine what things are like 06:11.007 --> 06:14.057 until you can see actually for the first time--this is the 06:14.064 --> 06:15.624 first photo of Paris. 06:15.620 --> 06:18.240 This is a daguerreotype; it was a primitive kind of 06:18.239 --> 06:21.669 photo. You can identify this as the 06:21.668 --> 06:27.328 Rue--as the Faubourg du Temple on the edge of Paris, 06:27.329 --> 06:29.549 and this is 1837. 06:29.550 --> 06:34.620 But here is your classic sort of image of urban poverty, 06:34.617 --> 06:38.487 urban squalor, the kind of grey images of a 06:38.487 --> 06:43.087 street that no longer exists because of Haussmann's 06:43.093 --> 06:46.043 rebuilding. This is behind the 06:49.557 --> 06:52.917 Latin Quarter, and you see this ditch running 06:52.923 --> 06:54.993 right down the street. 06:54.990 --> 06:56.310 It carried sewage. 06:56.310 --> 06:58.510 There were already sewers in Paris, but it was terribly 06:58.513 --> 07:00.793 unhealthy--and you're thinking, "oh, why?"--he says, 07:00.794 --> 07:02.904 "it's so crowded but where are all the people, 07:02.897 --> 07:04.717 it looks like there's nobody there." 07:04.720 --> 07:07.850 Well, in fact it's because it took so long to expose photos 07:07.846 --> 07:11.346 that they're--as you look very closely you can see some people. 07:11.350 --> 07:14.430 But another reason why there are not a lot of people about or 07:14.430 --> 07:17.460 any signs of life is that this has already been targeted for 07:17.459 --> 07:20.389 demolition, and the people have had to move 07:20.388 --> 07:24.428 out of what was already a poor neighborhood to find an even 07:24.426 --> 07:27.416 poorer one on the margins of urban life. 07:27.420 --> 07:30.570 That was a photograph by Charles Melville. 07:30.569 --> 07:34.819 And here we got the Louis Napoleon, your basic picture of 07:34.818 --> 07:37.848 Louis Napoleon, for once not at the opera 07:37.853 --> 07:41.043 trying to hit on the young ballerinas, 07:41.040 --> 07:44.640 and the man in the middle is Haussmann, who was not born in 07:44.638 --> 07:48.238 Alsace, but his family came from Alsace and he'd been a law 07:48.237 --> 07:51.027 student in Paris, and he was born in the more 07:51.031 --> 07:52.911 prosperous western part of Paris. 07:52.910 --> 07:57.120 Again, that dichotomy between prosperous west and more 07:57.115 --> 08:00.915 impoverished east is as important as increasingly 08:00.924 --> 08:04.524 prosperous center, over the long run of time, 08:04.522 --> 08:08.872 and the impoverished periphery, more about that in a minute. 08:08.870 --> 08:14.150 So, in 1852 Napoleon spreads out a map of a city he really 08:14.154 --> 08:17.314 didn't know very well, Napoleon III does, 08:17.312 --> 08:20.062 and says, "I want you to build me great boulevards." 08:20.060 --> 08:22.620 And, so, Haussmann, who's prefect of the Seine, 08:22.621 --> 08:25.031 does that. And it's a time when the 08:25.025 --> 08:28.275 wealthy got wealthier and the poor did better, 08:28.279 --> 08:30.809 working class people did better, 08:30.810 --> 08:35.380 but the gap between the rich and the poor increased. 08:35.379 --> 08:39.549 So, now, if you're looking later, in 1855 you see that the 08:39.545 --> 08:43.995 city had expanded but you still have the wall around Paris and 08:44.002 --> 08:48.462 you still have these sort of rural areas within the city. 08:48.460 --> 08:51.320 And one of the points of this is that there's a continuing 08:51.322 --> 08:53.182 implosion of population into Paris, 08:53.179 --> 08:56.609 and the eviction by high prices and by demolition, 08:56.610 --> 09:00.580 with the rebuilding of Paris, is going to push people out 09:00.577 --> 09:02.837 into the working class periphery. 09:02.840 --> 09:04.570 Belleville, which I talked about before, 09:04.565 --> 09:07.085 that's where Emile Henry says "it's war between you and me 09:07.086 --> 09:09.526 now, baby"; La Villette; 09:09.529 --> 09:14.919 Montmartre here, which was indeed still at this 09:14.917 --> 09:17.257 time fairly rural. 09:17.259 --> 09:20.829 Oh well, you have to just all move your heads to see, 09:20.831 --> 09:23.511 this is not a very interesting photo, 09:23.509 --> 09:29.319 but--or it's not hardly a photo, but just to see the 09:29.321 --> 09:33.311 difference between 1850 and 1900, 09:33.310 --> 09:36.060 the growth of the suburbs. 09:36.059 --> 09:41.869 And so this all involved the demolition of great hills. 09:41.870 --> 09:47.400 This was a hill at Trocadero, which is right on the Seine, 09:47.398 --> 09:53.408 and it put tens of thousands of workers--gave them something to 09:53.411 --> 09:55.951 do. Now, the principle of this, 09:55.948 --> 09:59.458 of the planning itself, and this impacts this course 09:59.457 --> 10:03.877 and the Paris of this course, is really built upon classical 10:03.882 --> 10:07.292 principles associated with absolute monarchs; 10:07.289 --> 10:10.759 and I call it the imperialism of the straight line, 10:10.761 --> 10:13.401 in that if you think of a city like St. 10:13.400 --> 10:17.220 Petersburg, built by Peter the Great, or if you think of 10:17.219 --> 10:21.009 Madrid, built by Phillip II, or you think of Berlin and 10:21.008 --> 10:23.698 Frederick the Great, or you think of Versailles, 10:23.700 --> 10:28.320 a rather prosperous suburb, they were power alleys down 10:28.320 --> 10:32.300 which you marched troops, and very different than the 10:32.301 --> 10:36.141 kind of organic city that had grown up from medieval origins, 10:36.139 --> 10:38.539 a city like Strasbourg or, for that matter, 10:38.544 --> 10:41.644 Lyon, though Lyon has some classical touches too in the 10:41.635 --> 10:43.705 Place Bellecour, and all of that. 10:43.710 --> 10:46.180 But here, just to give you an obvious and almost banal 10:46.179 --> 10:48.839 example, but I chose it because you already know about the 10:51.993 --> 10:55.483 before, is that this is pure imperialism with a straight 10:55.482 --> 10:56.112 line. The 10:57.935 --> 11:00.415 is how you get--you're going to build this big boulevard, 11:00.419 --> 11:04.039 how do you get from the Seine, basically--here's the Rue de 11:04.036 --> 11:07.436 Rivoli paralleling the Seine, to where you're going to build 11:07.439 --> 11:09.839 this new, magnificent opera that you saw before? 11:09.840 --> 11:12.110 Well, you don't have to be an architectural genius, 11:12.114 --> 11:13.984 or Vincent Scully or someone like that, 11:13.980 --> 11:16.830 you simply take a ruler and then you tip off your friends 11:16.831 --> 11:18.921 about where the building's going to go, 11:18.919 --> 11:21.619 so they make a lot of money, and that's what Haussmann did, 11:23.909 --> 11:28.179 And there are three reasons, three, why Paris is rebuilt. 11:28.179 --> 11:31.439 First, to bring more light and air to Paris, 11:31.443 --> 11:35.773 to make it a healthier place--more sewers and all that; 11:35.769 --> 11:40.919 second, to free the flow of capital, for capital, 11:40.921 --> 11:42.961 to help business. 11:42.960 --> 11:46.290 It's not a coincidence that the big department stores that grow 11:46.289 --> 11:49.619 up in the '50s and '60s are on the grands boulevards, 11:49.620 --> 11:53.010 are on the big boulevards; and third, and I've alluded to 11:53.008 --> 11:56.208 this before, how do you build a barricade across a huge 11:56.209 --> 11:58.689 boulevard, how do you build a barricade 12:00.960 --> 12:05.170 The first barricades in Paris were in the late sixteenth 12:05.165 --> 12:07.165 century. You know about the barricades, 12:07.170 --> 12:09.570 at least some of you do anyway, of the French Revolution. 12:09.570 --> 12:12.690 There are more barricades in 1830, there are more barricades 12:12.691 --> 12:14.931 in 1851. You've seen photos of 12:14.929 --> 12:16.719 barricades from 1871. 12:16.720 --> 12:20.640 And Haussmann says this in his memoirs, "we want to create 12:20.637 --> 12:22.697 barricade-proof boulevards." 12:22.700 --> 12:25.810 In World War II, in August of 1944, 12:25.814 --> 12:31.134 the barricades that are built against the German troops are 12:31.128 --> 12:36.898 built in neighborhoods often where you have narrow streets. 12:36.900 --> 12:39.260 And in 1968 it's the same thing. 12:39.259 --> 12:43.039 It was very hard to build a barricade across the Boulevard 12:43.044 --> 12:45.394 Saint-Michel. So, that's the first thing. 12:45.389 --> 12:50.429 And then you imagine you're looking down--you're looking at 12:50.426 --> 12:54.186 Garnier's Opera, which is going to rise out of 12:54.186 --> 12:58.806 the ground, the most expensive building built in Paris to that 12:58.808 --> 13:00.978 point, and then these houses, 13:00.981 --> 13:04.301 which were actually fairly middle class buildings, 13:04.304 --> 13:06.004 have to be demolished. 13:06.000 --> 13:09.620 So, you are in--you were sitting in a bulldozer looking 13:09.623 --> 13:12.643 through the smoke, and then there is Garnier's 13:12.643 --> 13:17.713 Opera being built, and there is Garnier's Opera, 13:17.706 --> 13:20.116 right here. And, of course, 13:20.120 --> 13:23.530 that square now contains probably the largest population 13:23.531 --> 13:27.011 of pickpockets this side of the Spanish steps as American 13:27.005 --> 13:30.725 tourists get off the metro there looking for American Express 13:30.726 --> 13:34.196 with their wallets about to be soon to disappear. 13:34.200 --> 13:38.300 But, and here you can look down and see--this is reversed but it 13:38.303 --> 13:41.953 doesn't make the slightest bit of difference--you can see 13:47.770 --> 13:52.110 down in 1871 at Courbet's suggestion. 13:52.110 --> 13:56.020 And, so, you end up with this, which you've already seen 13:58.789 --> 14:02.199 and it was down here, the first bomb that Emile Henry 14:02.198 --> 14:04.818 placed was down here at number eleven. 14:04.820 --> 14:07.330 And, so, this is again a photo from 1900. 14:07.330 --> 14:12.160 So, this is basically--there are a few automobiles racing 14:12.163 --> 14:13.723 around; they're not racing, 14:13.715 --> 14:15.385 the speed limit was three miles an hour; 14:15.389 --> 14:19.809 but now, of course, you're a dead duck if you try 14:19.806 --> 14:22.306 to cross there. There was somebody, 14:22.311 --> 14:25.191 some general who was arrested, some scandal and he just had 14:25.185 --> 14:26.875 testified, and then he wasn't thinking, 14:26.883 --> 14:28.923 and he walked out into the street and was run over by a 14:28.916 --> 14:30.516 bus. So, you really kind of have to 14:30.523 --> 14:32.913 watch it there. But here's your pure sort of 14:32.914 --> 14:34.474 Haussmann vista of Paris. 14:34.470 --> 14:36.980 And, of course, the balconies, 14:36.977 --> 14:42.417 the sort of ornate balconies of the Third Republic are something 14:42.424 --> 14:47.444 that one identifies with the grandeur of modern Paris, 14:48.899 --> 14:52.479 Now, what about the people who were chased from the central 14:52.479 --> 14:54.559 districts? This is not a very interesting 14:54.564 --> 14:57.214 print, but it's still--it was sympathetic to those people. 14:57.210 --> 14:59.920 Most people didn't own apartments, they rented, 14:59.923 --> 15:03.173 and if you were kicked out of your apartment in order to 15:03.168 --> 15:05.998 facilitate the building of these boulevards, 15:06.000 --> 15:09.600 you were given the equivalent of about a day's wages and that 15:09.600 --> 15:11.820 was it. And here you have--this is part 15:11.820 --> 15:14.750 two, these are two lithographs, and the first is called 15:14.749 --> 15:17.839 Haussmannization of--that is the bulldozing of, 15:17.840 --> 15:21.290 the Haussmannization of Paris, part one, 15:21.293 --> 15:25.953 where you see these people and they've got everything that they 15:25.949 --> 15:30.829 have--they got their dog and it's a sympathetic look at them; 15:30.830 --> 15:34.800 and this is part two, and this is a pure Haussmann 15:34.801 --> 15:36.551 vista. This is very near the 15:38.333 --> 15:40.273 Saint-Augustine, which I think is just 15:40.273 --> 15:43.333 god-awful, but here again you have again 15:43.328 --> 15:46.298 the imperialism of the straight line. 15:46.299 --> 15:49.499 And this is the big commercial district, this is where the big 15:49.502 --> 15:51.342 department stores are near there, 15:51.340 --> 15:55.240 like the Gallery Lafayette, and at this time the Grand 15:55.240 --> 15:58.920 Magasin d'Louvre, and all these sorts of things. 15:58.919 --> 16:03.429 So that's what--that's the principle of Haussmann. 16:03.430 --> 16:04.310 Well, you can hardly see that. 16:04.310 --> 16:20.520 16:23.920 --> 16:27.020 around up here then, or if you're in a balloon and 16:27.017 --> 16:30.757 you're seeing the results of Haussmann, here again you've got 16:30.757 --> 16:33.087 Notre Dame, which goes from the most 16:33.085 --> 16:35.865 populated part of Paris, along with the Marais, 16:35.874 --> 16:38.304 to the least populated part of Paris. 16:38.300 --> 16:40.930 Why? And we talk a lot about the 16:40.928 --> 16:44.408 State, but these state buildings or state constructions, 16:44.409 --> 16:48.539 including the big hospital, Hotel Dieu, or the Prefecture 16:51.270 --> 16:53.850 and so the population departs. 16:53.850 --> 16:55.960 This over here is the Church of Saint-Sulpice, 16:55.961 --> 16:57.651 which had one of the great organs, 16:57.649 --> 17:01.669 and here this is the famous market of Les Halles which was 17:01.674 --> 17:05.774 built at this time next to the Church of Saint-Eustache, 17:05.769 --> 17:09.829 and it lasted until 1972, and they wouldn't--and they 17:09.834 --> 17:14.684 tore them all down and built this sort of miserable failure, 17:14.680 --> 17:18.980 three floors of crummy electronics stores, 17:18.976 --> 17:25.256 and they didn't even leave one so people--I sound like Scully 17:25.263 --> 17:28.553 but it's true, they didn't leave just one so 17:28.548 --> 17:31.248 people could see what it was like, what was the market. 17:31.250 --> 17:33.660 And I was lucky because the first time I ever was in Paris, 17:33.660 --> 17:35.940 when I was a kid, somebody took me down there in 17:35.941 --> 17:39.021 the middle of the night and you could see the butchers drinking 17:41.109 --> 17:47.219 very prosperous clients eating at a big table next to there. 17:47.220 --> 17:49.150 And it was fantastic, it was the guts of Paris, 17:49.145 --> 17:51.485 it was the heart of Paris, and they just destroyed it. 17:51.490 --> 17:55.560 And they had to move the market out by Orly Airport because 17:55.559 --> 17:58.719 Paris is so big, with eleven million people in 17:58.716 --> 18:01.986 the region now. But it didn't make any sense to 18:01.993 --> 18:04.443 destroy them all, it was such vandalism, 18:04.438 --> 18:07.318 just incredible, and it came at the time of 18:07.317 --> 18:10.817 Pompidou, who said that "we must renounce this outmoded 18:10.821 --> 18:13.041 aesthetic"; that is, anything that was 18:13.040 --> 18:15.710 beautiful and interesting, and he was a patron of art, 18:15.713 --> 18:17.733 of modern art in all its worst forms. 18:19.422 --> 18:20.392 voir avec. 18:20.390 --> 18:24.060 But okay, here's the continuation of the Rue de 18:24.062 --> 18:28.932 Rivoli which had been begun by Napoleon and it gives you major 18:28.931 --> 18:31.161 access, that is west/east, 18:31.161 --> 18:35.441 and as we'll see in a minute he also creates a north/south 18:35.442 --> 18:38.032 access because--or axis, what am I saying?; 18:38.030 --> 18:39.920 well, access, the same thing. 18:39.920 --> 18:42.370 So, that just gives you kind of a view from the top. 18:42.369 --> 18:46.799 And here are these les halles, this is the old 18:46.803 --> 18:48.853 market that was there. 18:48.849 --> 18:51.729 And I was lucky because it was gone about two years later or 18:51.727 --> 18:52.797 something like that. 18:52.799 --> 18:58.539 And I met a person who was kind enough to lodge me, 18:58.544 --> 19:02.454 and to take me down to see that. 19:02.450 --> 19:03.480 And it's just gone. 19:03.480 --> 19:06.620 Now they have yet another plan to do something, 19:06.616 --> 19:09.476 and it's just become this--oh well, ugh. 19:09.480 --> 19:12.840 Okay, so again bringing- freeing the flow of capital, 19:12.843 --> 19:14.463 of commerce, et cetera, 19:14.460 --> 19:17.850 et cetera was a worthy goal indeed, and one of the things 19:17.850 --> 19:21.180 that Napoleon III did was to celebrate France with these 19:21.181 --> 19:23.821 expositions. And of course the idea of 19:23.820 --> 19:27.090 having a big exposition is that of the Victorians, 19:27.093 --> 19:30.103 the big one in 1851 at the Crystal Palace. 19:30.099 --> 19:34.819 The first public toilets, by the way, as such things 19:34.815 --> 19:37.215 were, in 1851 in London. 19:37.220 --> 19:40.330 And, so, Louis Napoleon has other expositions. 19:40.330 --> 19:41.860 This one is 1854. 19:41.859 --> 19:45.089 And, so, the principle of this is you walk down one of these 19:45.090 --> 19:48.210 exposition halls and you look and you see paintings on the 19:48.212 --> 19:50.502 right, you see the wonders of science 19:50.495 --> 19:52.515 on the left, et cetera, et cetera; 19:52.520 --> 19:54.480 and millions of people go. 19:54.480 --> 19:57.420 And that's the same principle as the department store, 19:57.415 --> 20:00.125 isn't it, except that you can buy what you see. 20:00.130 --> 20:04.030 And the department stores, what they do is they destroy 20:04.034 --> 20:07.224 local commerce, unless-- like boot makers and 20:07.215 --> 20:10.965 very skilled craftsmen are on the boulevards near the 20:10.974 --> 20:14.704 department stores, or provide essential services 20:14.699 --> 20:16.619 in working class districts. 20:16.619 --> 20:20.519 So, the Grand Magasin du Louvre is here, you've all the space, 20:20.521 --> 20:24.231 it becomes as Zola said the "cathedral of modernity," along 20:24.230 --> 20:27.210 with the others. Now, there are the equivalent 20:27.208 --> 20:30.838 of department stores in Paris in some of the arcades already in 20:30.841 --> 20:32.951 the 18--not arcades in our sense, 20:32.950 --> 20:37.140 but the arcades in the Parisian sense--in the 1820s, 20:37.142 --> 20:41.662 and there are even sort of proto department stores exist 20:41.664 --> 20:44.514 before that. But it's the '50s and '60s that 20:44.506 --> 20:46.026 brings to London, and to Vienna, 20:46.032 --> 20:48.392 and to Berlin, and to Paris the department 20:48.390 --> 20:51.770 store, where you could buy forty different kinds of shawls, 20:51.769 --> 20:54.459 cheap shawls to very fancy shawls. 20:54.460 --> 20:58.500 So, it's going to attract not only ordinary people looking 20:58.503 --> 21:00.493 occasionally for bargains. 21:00.490 --> 21:04.160 And, as I said before, it's a form of--it creates jobs 21:04.159 --> 21:08.249 for working class and peasant women who becomes sales clerks 21:08.245 --> 21:12.535 living in terrible conditions in kind of dormitories and almost 21:12.538 --> 21:15.338 prison-like rules; but it also brings the 21:18.048 --> 21:21.218 their carriages and have their drivers await them when they go 21:21.220 --> 21:24.600 in and listen to people sing Christmas carols on the stairs. 21:24.599 --> 21:30.829 And when electricity becomes common in the 1880s and 1890s 21:30.826 --> 21:37.486 you have these dazzling displays that change in the--along the 21:37.489 --> 21:41.789 streets, and so they become really a 21:41.789 --> 21:44.889 site of tourism themselves. 21:44.890 --> 21:48.970 And, so, here your basic idea is to create--the problem is how 21:48.965 --> 21:52.115 do you get from--this is north, this is south, 21:52.124 --> 21:55.404 and this is east, this is west--that there was no 21:55.398 --> 21:57.238 way of getting anywhere. 21:57.240 --> 21:59.610 The two biggest streets in Paris in terms of the most 21:59.610 --> 22:01.890 important ones were the Rue Saint-Denis and the Rue 22:01.889 --> 22:04.259 Saint-Martin--please don't remember these names. 22:04.259 --> 22:07.149 And, so, what they do is they create the Boulevard 22:07.153 --> 22:09.283 Saint-Michel, which is a disaster, 22:09.279 --> 22:12.679 here, and then--because McDonald's and all this stuff, 22:12.682 --> 22:14.932 just awful, just terrible zoning; 22:14.930 --> 22:17.200 and then here, what became the Boulevard 22:17.203 --> 22:20.533 Sebastopol, the Boulevard Saint-Denis that goes out to the 22:20.527 --> 22:21.807 railroad stations. 22:21.809 --> 22:23.899 And, of course, Haussmann is often castigated 22:23.895 --> 22:26.735 for having built the railroad stations next to each other, 22:26.740 --> 22:29.570 without having anticipated the automobile, but how could he 22:29.568 --> 22:32.298 have known about the automobile in the 1850s and '60s? 22:35.089 --> 22:38.949 which is the place, place of the Arc de 22:38.947 --> 22:45.407 Triomphe, and creates--he finishes the Rue de Rivoli here, 22:45.410 --> 22:47.970 and of course it's along that axis, as you saw, 22:47.967 --> 22:50.077 that the troops come in May of 1851, 22:50.079 --> 22:54.919 decimating those who resisted in these neighborhoods. 22:54.920 --> 22:59.740 So, those are basically the plans that he wanted to do. 22:59.740 --> 23:03.830 So, here we go. This is the Rue de Rivoli, 23:03.826 --> 23:07.466 this is down its sort of completion, this is heading 23:07.468 --> 23:10.498 east, and the troops move down this 23:10.503 --> 23:14.243 way, and that, it just parallels the Seine. 23:14.240 --> 23:16.350 This is the tower, the remaining part of the 23:16.350 --> 23:18.560 tour of Saint-Jacques that is there. 23:18.559 --> 23:23.829 And, then, now this is looking north and you're crossing 23:29.009 --> 23:32.669 But the point is that you see in the distance the Station of 23:32.669 --> 23:34.529 the East, the Gare de l'est. 23:34.530 --> 23:36.350 And so he's very successful. 23:36.349 --> 23:39.439 In many ways he's not an interesting man, 23:39.442 --> 23:41.122 Haussmann. I was asked to write a 23:41.119 --> 23:42.479 biography of him once and I didn't do it, 23:42.482 --> 23:43.472 I gave it to someone else. 23:43.470 --> 23:45.950 And of course Paris is the big story. 23:45.950 --> 23:49.460 He was a fonctionnaire, he was a technocrat, 23:49.457 --> 23:53.527 but he was very good at what he did, from repress people to 23:53.526 --> 23:55.206 building boulevards. 23:55.210 --> 23:59.500 And, so, this is a success there, it frees up the flow of 23:59.499 --> 24:03.939 circulation, but it chases people like this--this is a pawn 24:03.941 --> 24:07.311 shop that still exists, it's a municipal pawnshop, 24:07.313 --> 24:10.073 it's exactly the same space where it was at this time. 24:10.069 --> 24:14.269 And anyone who looked at this would know what the image is, 24:14.266 --> 24:18.536 because these people are so poor they are about to sell back 24:18.535 --> 24:21.305 their mattress. Remember what I said in 24:21.314 --> 24:24.924 L'Assommoir that Gervaise dies like a dog on a bed of 24:24.915 --> 24:26.315 straw, more or less. 24:26.319 --> 24:30.249 The last dignity that you had was to still have a mattress, 24:30.249 --> 24:33.299 and when things got so bad that was what went, 24:33.298 --> 24:36.328 the mattress. And so these folks are tearing 24:36.326 --> 24:40.326 out--carrying mattresses to try to get what they can from them. 24:40.329 --> 24:44.479 And then you've got the very poor down-and-out being expelled 24:44.476 --> 24:46.476 to the periphery even more. 24:46.480 --> 24:50.820 This is a place where people could get a little bit of food 24:50.823 --> 24:53.223 from charitable organizations. 24:53.220 --> 24:54.870 This is in Montmartre. 24:54.869 --> 24:58.259 And I just put this in, it's around the corner actually 24:58.256 --> 25:01.266 from our apartment, but this is a classic kind of 25:01.267 --> 25:04.457 Haussmann building, and architects had started to 25:09.470 --> 25:13.410 So, this architect was called David and it has the date there. 25:13.410 --> 25:15.520 And these balconies are more ornate, really, 25:15.517 --> 25:18.107 than the ones that they did in general, at the time of 25:18.114 --> 25:20.184 Haussmann. These are more sort of Third 25:20.180 --> 25:23.020 Republic ones. But these are some very 25:23.018 --> 25:27.578 handsome buildings that lined--this is that line of 25:27.578 --> 25:31.408 boulevard that lines the Rue du Temple. 25:31.410 --> 25:34.630 Now, and here we've got--this is cracked, I'm sorry--but this 25:34.625 --> 25:36.175 is the Station of the East. 25:36.180 --> 25:39.490 And when I see the station it always gives me a twinge of 25:39.485 --> 25:42.785 sadness because in 1914 all the people charging up to the 25:46.723 --> 25:49.053 to Berlin," and this is one of the, 25:49.047 --> 25:53.027 along with the Station of the North, led the troops to the 25:53.031 --> 25:54.671 fronts, from which many of 25:54.671 --> 25:56.241 them--most--well, many of them, 25:56.240 --> 25:58.280 a million and a half never returned. 25:58.279 --> 26:01.049 And also so many, from these stations, 26:01.052 --> 26:04.502 so many Jews were rounded up by the Germans, 26:04.500 --> 26:09.150 but above all by the French police, in 1942 and 1943 were 26:09.149 --> 26:14.339 sent on their way to Drancy, to the transit camp north of 26:14.343 --> 26:18.113 Paris, and then on to the death camps. 26:18.109 --> 26:25.199 And again one of the themes is that all of this makes this 26:25.199 --> 26:30.049 west/east division even more salient, 26:30.049 --> 26:37.039 and makes the center periphery contrast or juxtaposition even 26:37.039 --> 26:41.109 more important. Louis-Napoleon has spent a lot 26:41.113 --> 26:42.443 of time in London. 26:42.440 --> 26:47.990 He loved parks and so he has them work on the Bois de 26:47.988 --> 26:52.978 Boulogne, to the west of Paris, fancy, feeding the--or 26:52.976 --> 26:55.906 receiving people from the fancier quarters. 27:01.807 --> 27:04.267 again of this east/west dichotomy. 27:04.270 --> 27:11.490 27:11.490 --> 27:14.480 And, then, that's not to say that there weren't parks in the 27:14.484 --> 27:16.844 east. This is the Butte de Chaumont, 27:16.839 --> 27:20.169 which is to the east, and there's--apparently a lot 27:20.173 --> 27:24.443 of real high stakes boule games are still played here. 27:24.440 --> 27:25.730 So, there were places. 27:25.730 --> 27:28.700 Paris has very little green space compared to London and 27:28.703 --> 27:30.713 Berlin. Berlin, twenty-five percent of 27:30.710 --> 27:33.600 Berlin is green space and London's about the same thing; 27:33.600 --> 27:35.210 Paris it's five percent. 27:35.210 --> 27:40.420 And, then, there's the Bois de Vincennes which is out to the 27:40.416 --> 27:43.666 east as well. But here is again--this is your 27:45.779 --> 27:49.339 Here you've got carriages carrying fancy people along, 27:49.343 --> 27:52.103 you have the kiosks selling newspapers, 27:52.099 --> 27:55.509 you have trees, you have these boulevards that 27:55.512 --> 27:57.942 had been created by Haussmann. 27:57.940 --> 28:01.060 Now, to be sure now there were boulevards in European cities 28:01.056 --> 28:02.056 before Haussmann. 28:02.059 --> 28:06.309 They tended to be on the outskirts of cities, 28:06.313 --> 28:11.053 and they were built where there had been walls, 28:11.049 --> 28:14.989 military fortifications, in a way replaced ramparts that 28:14.994 --> 28:16.504 had been torn down. 28:16.500 --> 28:20.620 The best example, and many of you may know this, 28:20.618 --> 28:26.198 is Vienna with the Ringstrasse, which was really a creation of 28:26.202 --> 28:31.052 the liberal period in Viennese history, in the 1850s, 28:31.049 --> 28:34.939 and '60s, and '70s, and which was on where there 28:34.943 --> 28:37.183 had been fortified walls. 28:37.180 --> 28:41.100 And in the case of Paris the best example is Montparnasse. 28:41.099 --> 28:44.769 Boulevard Montparnasse is on where there had been military 28:44.765 --> 28:47.145 fortifications but, as Paris expanded, 28:47.145 --> 28:50.485 the fortifications had to keep being pushed out. 28:50.490 --> 28:56.200 So, this is the Boulevard Montmartre here in 1900, 28:56.203 --> 29:02.973 and then the next one is the slide that--it will be a color 29:02.967 --> 29:10.427 picture--and this is Pissarro's view of that same boulevard. 29:10.430 --> 29:13.810 And my great friend Bob Herbert, the fantastic social 29:13.809 --> 29:16.869 historian of art, actually found the place where 29:16.865 --> 29:20.175 Pissarro was looking out the window to do this. 29:20.180 --> 29:24.570 Here again, it's an obvious theme, but the light and the 29:24.573 --> 29:29.273 movement and the first painting, what strikes you at the first 29:29.267 --> 29:32.807 glance, Paris was really, the Paris of the boulevards 29:32.813 --> 29:36.363 were really made for the Impressionist paintings. 29:36.359 --> 29:39.859 And the only working-class impressionist painter was 29:39.863 --> 29:43.713 Renoir, and it was Renoir whom I quoted the other day. 29:43.710 --> 29:46.390 He started out as a porcelain painter in Limoges, 29:46.389 --> 29:49.009 painting porcelain, and it was he that said that 29:49.012 --> 29:52.192 these boulevards reminded him of the soldiers lined up for 29:52.194 --> 29:54.344 review. Again, that's not a bad 29:54.339 --> 29:57.609 description of the imperialism of the straight line. 29:57.609 --> 30:00.959 But it was these boulevards, and its commerce, 30:00.959 --> 30:05.349 and its wealthy people that the anarchists so much hated. 30:05.349 --> 30:07.629 And again here, this is a place, 30:07.630 --> 30:11.110 and this is--I threw this in for people that know something 30:11.109 --> 30:13.749 about Impressionist paintings--this became an 30:13.750 --> 30:17.900 Impressionist painting, and I didn't get the slide, 30:17.902 --> 30:22.732 kind of an important street or intersection because the 30:22.727 --> 30:27.547 Impressionist collector and painter Caillebotte did his 30:27.551 --> 30:31.181 Paris, the Effect of the 30:31.180 --> 30:35.820 Rain, where he has bourgeois couples crossing the street, 30:35.819 --> 30:39.869 near each other, but having nothing in common 30:39.868 --> 30:44.468 with each other, part of the anomie of the city; 30:44.470 --> 30:50.040 and it was a statement about the sort of self-importance of 30:50.044 --> 30:51.874 the middle class. 30:51.869 --> 30:56.079 And some of Caillebotte's other paintings involve views from 30:56.081 --> 31:00.011 balconies in which the person is--the viewer or the main 31:00.007 --> 31:03.927 subject of the painting is isolated from ordinary people 31:03.933 --> 31:06.363 who might walk around below. 31:06.359 --> 31:10.319 And you can over-emphasize his themes too much but it's still 31:10.324 --> 31:11.914 worth keeping in mind. 31:11.910 --> 31:15.800 But here you have your basic Impressionist landscape, 31:15.804 --> 31:20.304 and it was very much a creation of the rebuilding of Paris in 31:20.297 --> 31:23.267 the 1850s and '60s, urban landscape. 31:23.269 --> 31:27.819 So, again, this is a great example of the way in which not 31:27.815 --> 31:32.755 all boulevards were created by the Alsatian Attila in Paris. 31:32.759 --> 31:36.709 Some, as I suggested a few minutes ago, followed the routes 31:36.705 --> 31:39.695 of the walls, and here's the best example one 31:39.699 --> 31:42.949 could pick. This was, at the time of the 31:42.946 --> 31:45.806 French Revolution, the city limits. 31:45.809 --> 31:57.879 The two gates like this were called the Porte Saint-Denis and 31:57.880 --> 32:02.910 the Porte Saint-Martin. 32:02.910 --> 32:07.030 And it was when Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette tried to 32:07.028 --> 32:11.528 escape, and probably disguised as retainers for some wealthy 32:11.528 --> 32:14.478 baroness, they were able to get through 32:14.478 --> 32:17.378 this particular gate because the guards were 32:21.202 --> 32:22.512 been at a wedding. 32:22.509 --> 32:27.259 And then the tax collected on what you brought into the city 32:27.262 --> 32:29.922 passed right through this gate. 32:29.920 --> 32:32.520 You had to pay a tax on what you brought into the city, 32:32.523 --> 32:33.973 more about that in a minute. 32:33.970 --> 32:39.680 But you can see that these boulevards become extensions of 32:39.675 --> 32:43.575 these walls that had once been there. 32:43.579 --> 32:46.959 And in the case of the Porte Saint-Martin and the Porte 32:46.963 --> 32:49.223 Saint-Denis, they are still there. 32:49.220 --> 32:52.790 And of course the Porte Saint-Denis is going north to 32:52.789 --> 32:55.259 the cathedral town of Saint-Denis, 32:55.259 --> 32:57.919 or village of Saint-Denis, or small town, 32:57.916 --> 33:01.096 which became an important center of working class 33:01.103 --> 33:04.053 production, and subsequently of anarchism, 33:04.053 --> 33:07.703 socialism, and ultimately communism, more about that in a 33:07.698 --> 33:09.878 minute. Now, you still have traditional 33:09.875 --> 33:12.135 work done in Paris, as I suggested when we were 33:12.139 --> 33:14.009 talking about the garment industry, 33:14.009 --> 33:17.919 and you still had cases where the father is literally the 33:17.918 --> 33:21.058 foreman, and his family is working for him, 33:21.059 --> 33:25.779 through sub-contracting, people working at what was a 33:25.779 --> 33:29.319 rather large--no, this is an atelier, 33:29.319 --> 33:33.649 this is not their home--well, you got pots and things hanging 33:33.653 --> 33:35.173 around, a big roof. 33:35.170 --> 33:37.750 But, anyway, it's in the eastern part of 33:37.752 --> 33:41.792 Paris, and in the northeastern, and in the suburbs that you've 33:41.792 --> 33:45.102 got the conversion of old buildings into industrial 33:45.104 --> 33:49.524 production, and you have new industries 33:49.515 --> 33:53.525 perched on the edge of the city. 33:53.529 --> 33:55.579 And this is the rue, the faubourg of 33:55.576 --> 33:58.446 Saint-Antoine which at the time of the French Revolution was 33:58.450 --> 34:02.580 beyond the Bastille, and it was lots of these people 34:02.578 --> 34:08.208 who were cabinet workers who stormed the Bastille in 1789; 34:08.210 --> 34:12.000 but again the contrast between center and periphery. 34:12.000 --> 34:15.060 This is a somewhat sympathetic but also a little bit 34:15.063 --> 34:18.553 condescending look at popular sociability in these cabarets 34:18.547 --> 34:20.827 that I talked about the other day, 34:20.829 --> 34:25.579 on the edge of--the perception, middle class perception of the 34:25.576 --> 34:29.696 drunken commoner perched on the edge of urban life, 34:29.699 --> 34:34.189 on the margins of urban life, drinking it up. 34:34.190 --> 34:35.730 And these are really great. 34:35.730 --> 34:39.710 I put these next two in simply to show you the difference 34:39.706 --> 34:43.746 between--or give you images of the difference between what 34:43.753 --> 34:47.023 happens to the western districts of Paris, 34:47.019 --> 34:49.479 on the edge, and those of the east. 34:49.480 --> 34:52.990 Now, this is the east, on the very edge, 34:52.993 --> 34:56.783 and these are sort of rural looking houses, 34:56.777 --> 34:59.747 with slanted roofs like that. 34:59.750 --> 35:03.140 This is the laundry of combat, so this is a real kind of 35:03.136 --> 35:06.026 socialist image from the turn of the century. 35:06.030 --> 35:08.620 This has got to be right before World War I. 35:08.620 --> 35:09.730 How do we know that? 35:12.732 --> 35:15.332 and the first metro opened along the Seine, 35:15.329 --> 35:18.669 paralleling the Seine, on July 14th, 35:18.671 --> 35:22.571 1900, for the exhibition; it's now the line that goes to 35:24.688 --> 35:26.608 to the east. And then the lines were 35:26.610 --> 35:28.090 subsequently extended out. 35:28.090 --> 35:32.100 So, this is probably about 1912,1913. 35:32.099 --> 35:37.569 But this is still kind of a--these are industrial suburbs 35:37.568 --> 35:43.618 that have been created by both the industrial conglomeration of 35:43.623 --> 35:47.673 Paris, the availability of land and of 35:47.674 --> 35:52.934 capital on the outside of Paris, and of a workforce, 35:52.929 --> 35:57.319 of a very transient but still massive workforce there. 35:57.320 --> 36:00.010 And then if we go off in the other direction, 36:00.010 --> 36:03.740 on the edge-- and this would be what the equivalent now of the 36:03.739 --> 36:07.219 seventeenth arrondissement--I reversed this but it doesn't 36:07.224 --> 36:10.534 make the slightest bit of difference--you see that this 36:10.525 --> 36:13.455 building is sort of a solidly artisanal, 36:13.460 --> 36:19.150 lower-middle-class building that reflects the fact that in 36:19.153 --> 36:22.953 many ways the western half of Paris, 36:22.949 --> 36:28.929 including even the western periphery, was very different. 36:28.929 --> 36:33.149 I say that with some--once you get the image that all the 36:33.145 --> 36:37.285 suburbs in the west were like Versailles, Argenteuil for 36:37.286 --> 36:39.306 example. Five people broke into the 36:41.898 --> 36:43.678 reason, they're all drunked up, 36:43.679 --> 36:46.559 poked a big hole in Monet's great The Bridge at 36:46.555 --> 36:49.565 Argenteuil painting, which is really kind of amazing 36:49.570 --> 36:51.650 damage. But Argenteuil was a place 36:51.648 --> 36:54.278 where you had leisure, you had sailboats, 36:54.276 --> 36:56.046 you had people of means. 36:56.050 --> 37:00.890 You no longer had vineyards at all but you also had industry. 37:00.889 --> 37:04.769 And Monet, the painter Claude Monet, his depictions of 37:04.774 --> 37:09.174 Argenteuil, you have the smoke stacks become just part of the 37:09.172 --> 37:13.792 scene and it's a very neutral kind of look at smoke stacks, 37:13.789 --> 37:16.919 not clearly differentiated even from these sailboats, 37:16.921 --> 37:19.451 sort of in the regattas and all of that. 37:19.449 --> 37:22.809 But Monet, as my friend Bob Herbert, who pointed this out, 37:22.814 --> 37:24.944 Monet when he lives at Argenteuil, 37:24.940 --> 37:29.770 he gets tired of that, he gets tired of kind of the 37:29.766 --> 37:35.746 contradictions of capitalism and industrialization and he longs 37:35.751 --> 37:39.421 for this non-urban paysage, 37:39.420 --> 37:42.390 this non-urban scenes to paint. 37:42.390 --> 37:43.320 And what does he do? 37:43.320 --> 37:45.180 As you all know he moves to Giverny; 37:45.179 --> 37:50.779 Giverny along the Seine, and a railroad track runs right 37:50.784 --> 37:55.174 through his backyard and he never paints it, 37:55.165 --> 37:59.535 not once. What he does is he creates this 37:59.537 --> 38:04.647 kind of idyllic rural scene of lily pads and ponds. 38:04.650 --> 38:07.450 And it's a wonderful experience to go there, if you're not 38:07.449 --> 38:09.119 trampled by the 40,000 tourists. 38:09.119 --> 38:11.679 You can imagine this is someplace where someone lived, 38:11.677 --> 38:14.017 and ran up and down the stairs, and had fun, 38:14.024 --> 38:17.674 and then went out and got away from the sort of industry of 38:17.670 --> 38:19.500 Argenteuil. But, anyway, 38:19.495 --> 38:22.565 he was moving on to a different stage. 38:22.570 --> 38:28.860 And, so, what you get on the edge of Paris, 38:28.863 --> 38:31.863 the west, is this. 38:33.909 --> 38:37.489 So this is beyond the Arc de Triomphe. 38:37.489 --> 38:41.799 And now this is going out to Neuilly which is a very--right 38:41.803 --> 38:44.633 on the edge of the Bois de Boulogne, 38:44.630 --> 38:47.540 which became a very, very prosperous suburb, 38:47.538 --> 38:50.378 and certainly still is, that's for sure. 38:50.380 --> 38:54.280 And what you had on the other side of the east was very 38:54.278 --> 38:57.888 different, in the north and northeast was extremely 38:57.887 --> 39:00.917 different, it wasn't like that at all. 39:00.920 --> 39:05.790 And, so, what happens when you--the images that I showed 39:05.791 --> 39:11.201 you before of those big arcs of triumph that--in which you--in 39:11.195 --> 39:15.265 which I said the king had escaped through, 39:15.269 --> 39:19.369 trying to get out of France during the French Revolution. 39:19.369 --> 39:23.579 And I said that you paid on what you brought in. 39:23.579 --> 39:26.249 And just in conclusion, for the last seven minutes, 39:26.246 --> 39:29.286 I'm going to talk a little bit about a theme that's rather 39:29.286 --> 39:32.206 interesting, and that's why European suburbs 39:32.207 --> 39:36.137 are so different than American suburbs--more about that in a 39:36.143 --> 39:39.443 minute. But the walls around Paris, 39:39.443 --> 39:45.003 when they lost their military purposes, still had a fiscal 39:45.002 --> 39:50.662 purpose which was to provide a means of collecting taxes on 39:50.659 --> 39:53.779 what you brought into town. 39:53.780 --> 39:57.510 And this wall, or this taxing apparatus, 39:57.510 --> 40:01.050 is called in French the octroi, 40:01.049 --> 40:03.509 o-c-t-r-o-i. And I love these little 40:03.513 --> 40:06.413 buildings. You can see some near Nation, 40:06.413 --> 40:09.973 Place de la Nation, and other--in Thar-cor, 40:09.966 --> 40:12.296 in the Loire, there's a fantastic one, 40:12.296 --> 40:14.246 you see them all over the place, and they're just 40:14.250 --> 40:15.950 beautiful. Sometimes people live in them. 40:15.949 --> 40:18.659 But this lasts, this isn't something that 40:18.664 --> 40:22.604 disappeared in 1850 or 1900, it lasts till World War II. 40:22.599 --> 40:26.319 And thus that's the big way that municipalities were able to 40:26.322 --> 40:29.802 raise any money at all, since basically wealthy people 40:29.801 --> 40:32.591 didn't pay taxes, and that's why--it's a very 40:32.589 --> 40:35.149 regressive tax, it's like a huge sales tax, 40:35.151 --> 40:38.311 and France is nothing if it's not full of regressive taxes, 40:38.309 --> 40:40.789 since the value-added tax is twenty-one percent, 40:40.787 --> 40:43.687 and on electronics and stuff like that it's thirty-three 40:43.687 --> 40:46.007 percent. So, you're taxed on what you 40:46.012 --> 40:49.522 buy, and since poor people have less money to buy things it 40:49.517 --> 40:51.207 really is totally unfair. 40:51.210 --> 40:53.800 But the origins of this system is in the octroi, 40:53.801 --> 40:56.491 and this is one of those actually fairly rare photos that 40:56.488 --> 40:59.058 I know of, of what it was like in your 40:59.061 --> 41:02.091 sort of diligence, your coach here. 41:02.090 --> 41:04.710 This was called an imperial because people 41:04.709 --> 41:07.109 rode on the top, and you're leaving Paris, 41:07.110 --> 41:09.490 or you're entering Paris, it doesn't matter at all, 41:09.487 --> 41:11.577 but the point is that you were controlled, 41:11.579 --> 41:15.579 day or night, when you went through. 41:15.579 --> 41:21.609 And on the edge of Paris are created these working-class 41:21.614 --> 41:27.214 industrial suburbs that are feared by the center, 41:27.210 --> 41:32.600 and during the 1920s and 1930s become major sources of support 41:32.601 --> 41:35.851 for the Communist Party, because people, 41:35.847 --> 41:39.257 most of the people who lived there were extremely badly 41:39.258 --> 41:41.348 lodged, and the Communists do very well 41:41.350 --> 41:44.180 because of the mal-lotis, that is people who are badly 41:44.178 --> 41:46.948 lodged, and they provide services to 41:46.949 --> 41:51.879 poor working families that in other municipalities simply one 41:51.876 --> 41:54.676 did not have. And if you go to something like 41:56.360 --> 41:58.090 which is the big Communist party, 41:58.090 --> 42:02.040 every year, a big boom, a big--which means a big party, 42:02.035 --> 42:04.295 full of speeches and all of that, 42:04.300 --> 42:06.880 you could kind of go from one booth and have your oysters in 42:09.782 --> 42:12.182 Catalan booth, and then have goat's cheese in 42:17.857 --> 42:19.517 et cetera, et cetera. 42:19.519 --> 42:25.199 But the association between working-class people on the edge 42:25.198 --> 42:30.678 of--on the margins of the big city and radical politics is 42:30.684 --> 42:34.924 terribly important in the '20s and '30s, 42:34.920 --> 42:36.450 and even much later than that. 42:36.449 --> 42:40.729 And this is a town called Corbevoie, which is north of 42:40.733 --> 42:45.663 Paris, and they all have streets called something like the Rue 42:45.664 --> 42:48.684 Maurice Thorez, who was a miner who was a 42:48.675 --> 42:51.915 leader of the Communist Party, following the dictates of 42:51.920 --> 42:56.940 Moscow, alas, in the 1930s. 42:59.743 --> 43:00.933 for obvious reasons. 43:00.929 --> 43:06.499 But it's this growth of all of these industrial suburbs that is 43:06.496 --> 43:11.426 one of the important sort of concomitants of large-scale 43:11.434 --> 43:15.484 industrialization, and the identification of the 43:15.478 --> 43:18.188 urban periphery with industrial work. 43:18.190 --> 43:22.100 Many of the so-called dirty industries, chemical production, 43:22.102 --> 43:24.362 soap production, things that smell, 43:24.356 --> 43:28.066 are forced out of the center and onto the periphery. 43:28.070 --> 43:30.040 And so that's where the factories are, 43:30.037 --> 43:33.327 that's where the cheapest labor is to be found--more about this 43:33.333 --> 43:36.633 in just a second, I'll just finish this off with 43:36.629 --> 43:39.519 a Monet of Argenteuil; again, this one does-it's not 43:39.515 --> 43:41.895 the Pont d'Argenteuil, if I'd had time I would have 43:41.904 --> 43:44.484 gone to get that one, the painting was just ripped by 43:44.481 --> 43:45.801 vandals over the weekend. 43:45.800 --> 43:49.740 But, again, the extension of the sort of prosperity to the 43:49.736 --> 43:53.806 west is obviously the Normand coast because the turbo trains 43:53.810 --> 43:56.780 are already going to the Normand coast, 43:56.780 --> 44:00.970 Deauville is not far away, Etretat and these kinds of 44:00.969 --> 44:02.499 places are there. 44:02.500 --> 44:05.900 And so that's an extension of this west/east dichotomy, 44:05.902 --> 44:09.812 that people from eastern Paris or from the northern suburbs are 44:09.808 --> 44:12.098 not going to Deauville, for the weekend, 44:12.098 --> 44:14.308 they're not the kind of people who are going to be painted by 44:14.307 --> 44:16.537 Berthe Morisot. But, so, these spacial 44:16.537 --> 44:20.737 concomitants or aspects even continue to the planting of the 44:20.742 --> 44:23.452 Parisian flag on the Normand coast; 44:23.449 --> 44:27.649 and again, that's a subject for another excellent book by my 44:27.653 --> 44:29.153 friend Bob Herbert. 44:29.150 --> 44:32.420 Now, I want to finish off, I want to get some more light 44:32.421 --> 44:33.791 so I can see you all. 44:33.789 --> 44:38.149 How to do this, how to do this in five minutes? 44:38.150 --> 44:39.330 I'll do this in the following way. 44:39.330 --> 44:43.290 In 1991--was it 1991? 44:43.289 --> 44:45.889 Or 1992, at the time of the Rodney King riots, 44:45.894 --> 44:48.904 was that 1992? Rodney King was an 44:48.898 --> 44:51.438 Afro-American in L.A. 44:51.440 --> 44:56.000 and the police basically just beat the hell out of him, 44:55.995 --> 45:00.095 and they're acquitted, and it led to some very 45:00.104 --> 45:05.634 difficult times in Los Angeles, with lots of riots and lots of 45:05.634 --> 45:07.764 anger. And we were doing, 45:07.762 --> 45:10.612 a bunch of us, an edited book on the Red 45:10.606 --> 45:15.046 suburbs, on precisely this and working class suburbs and their 45:15.054 --> 45:18.704 sort of identification with radical politics. 45:18.699 --> 45:23.259 And people in France kept asking me, they couldn't 45:23.264 --> 45:28.584 understand the concept of wealthy suburbs and impoverished 45:28.575 --> 45:32.045 people, minorities living in the center 45:32.050 --> 45:34.260 of cities. And finally they stopped--even 45:34.256 --> 45:36.746 press, well I could write something--not because of me, 45:36.750 --> 45:38.750 but I just wrote something, an epilogue, 45:38.751 --> 45:41.421 trying to explain why it is that in Europe things are 45:41.421 --> 45:45.191 different. Now, and it's not entirely so. 45:45.190 --> 45:47.590 After all, Versailles was a suburb. 45:47.590 --> 45:51.090 In the early 1830s one of the ministers of Louis-Philippe went 45:51.087 --> 45:53.597 to him and said, "Sir, these factories that 45:53.597 --> 45:57.007 you're allowing the prefect of police to tolerate on the edge 45:57.007 --> 45:59.487 of the city, will be the cord that wrings 45:59.492 --> 46:00.602 our neck one day." 46:00.599 --> 46:05.359 Fear of the periphery, not fear of the center. 46:05.360 --> 46:08.440 In 1831 and 1834, Lyon, the suburb of the 46:08.442 --> 46:10.752 Croix-Rousse, the silk workers, 46:10.753 --> 46:14.173 poured down the hill, defending their rights, 46:14.167 --> 46:17.847 with signs that said "Live Free and Die Fighting," and the 46:17.853 --> 46:21.803 middle-class National Guard set up their guns to--right at the 46:21.797 --> 46:24.827 edge of the city, to keep the suburban people 46:24.829 --> 46:26.379 from invading the center. 46:26.380 --> 46:28.020 That's very, very different, 46:28.021 --> 46:29.851 isn't it? Limoges the same thing, 46:29.852 --> 46:32.382 they put up barricades, the workers in the suburbs, 46:32.381 --> 46:34.961 that differentiated their space with the center. 46:34.960 --> 46:38.720 It is amazing, amazing kinds of continuity, 46:38.722 --> 46:41.322 these sort of mutual fears. 46:41.320 --> 46:44.170 In Detroit, in 1968, when I was a kid, 46:44.167 --> 46:47.547 or was it 1967, I went to a Tiger game and we 46:47.554 --> 46:52.114 came out of the Tiger game, double-header with the Yankees, 46:52.110 --> 46:55.470 and the city was on fire, and it was the riots of 46:55.469 --> 46:57.569 Detroit. And much of Detroit is still 46:57.570 --> 46:59.900 decimated, has never recovered from that, never, 46:59.900 --> 47:02.680 despite the Renaissance Center, and the occasional success of 47:02.680 --> 47:04.720 the Tigers, and all good things like that. 47:04.719 --> 47:08.889 And one of the suburbs of Detroit tried at one point to 47:08.888 --> 47:12.128 change the street patterns so that they, 47:12.130 --> 47:15.350 that is the poor people from the center, could not come out 47:15.353 --> 47:17.503 to Grosse Pointe, or Farmington Hills, 47:17.498 --> 47:19.238 or one of those elegant places. 47:19.239 --> 47:21.909 And I remember that very, very vividly. 47:21.909 --> 47:23.559 Now, why did that all happen, why? 47:23.559 --> 47:27.339 And we talk--and two years ago we had these big riots in France 47:27.338 --> 47:29.168 in the suburbs, and it began in 47:29.167 --> 47:31.907 Clichy-sous-Bois, and all over the place; 47:31.909 --> 47:35.129 some were exaggerated and all of that, and Sarkozy spun it out 47:35.133 --> 47:38.643 of control by calling them scum, the people that live on the 47:38.644 --> 47:40.994 periphery, they're scum, "racaille, 47:40.994 --> 47:43.594 ils existent, la racaille," and all this 47:43.591 --> 47:45.841 stuff. It was just pas possible. 47:45.840 --> 47:47.120 How did this happen? 47:47.119 --> 47:51.109 What happened is that the people unwanted by the center 47:51.106 --> 47:55.236 were--and Haussmann was part of this--rejected toward the 47:55.241 --> 47:58.301 outside where, with the dilapidation of 47:58.302 --> 48:02.132 American center cities--a good part of Philadelphia, 48:02.130 --> 48:04.110 most of Detroit, New Orleans, 48:04.107 --> 48:08.277 San Francisco and Beacon Hill, and we can find exceptions to 48:08.275 --> 48:12.155 that--but the pattern is just completely different. 48:12.159 --> 48:16.159 You had the Viennese Army firing large shells at the 48:16.162 --> 48:20.322 working class suburbs, at the working-class housing on 48:20.322 --> 48:22.522 the outside of the city. 48:22.520 --> 48:23.450 It's just the opposite. 48:23.449 --> 48:26.329 When you think of suburbs you don't just think of Darien or 48:26.332 --> 48:28.322 you don't just think of Grosse Pointe, 48:28.320 --> 48:32.400 or Hillsborough, California, or very fancy 48:32.401 --> 48:34.891 places in other places. 48:34.889 --> 48:38.089 But it's very different, and the pattern is just the 48:38.092 --> 48:40.732 opposite, just an incredible difference. 48:40.730 --> 48:44.790 One can exaggerate this too much, but these spatial tensions 48:44.794 --> 48:48.554 count for something, and the margins of urban life 48:48.553 --> 48:52.893 in France, and particularly around Paris were really--the 48:52.886 --> 48:57.216 periphery became the domain of people who really couldn't 48:57.219 --> 48:59.849 afford to live in the center. 48:59.849 --> 49:02.629 And that's an increasing problem in Paris today is one 49:02.625 --> 49:05.815 neighborhood after another becomes more and more expensive. 49:05.820 --> 49:08.090 Now it's the^( )eleventh and twelfth are out of control, 49:08.090 --> 49:09.660 the^( )thirteenth is out of control. 49:09.659 --> 49:12.119 And three million people may live in Paris, 49:12.115 --> 49:15.505 but you've got another eight thousand people living in this 49:15.506 --> 49:18.546 urban agglomeration, and creating these attempted 49:18.546 --> 49:21.466 cities that are going to be magnets of their own; 49:21.469 --> 49:23.249 it's been an utter, utter failure. 49:23.250 --> 49:25.410 But Haussmann was really part of that. 49:25.409 --> 49:28.249 And people building factories seek a labor force, 49:28.254 --> 49:30.864 they seek more space, they want to have their 49:30.862 --> 49:33.532 factories outside of the customs barrier, 49:33.530 --> 49:36.990 so they're not paying taxes on what they bring in to use in 49:36.986 --> 49:39.866 their factory. So, that's just a very short 49:39.872 --> 49:43.942 explanation for why European cities, and European suburbs in 49:43.943 --> 49:46.293 particular, the whole sense of a 49:46.288 --> 49:49.388 suburb--despite the kind of pavillon of 49:49.391 --> 49:53.461 Saint-Remy-les-Chevreuse and places like that in the sort of 49:53.459 --> 49:56.699 wealthier parts of the Parisian periphery, 49:56.700 --> 49:58.740 there's still a contrast there. 49:58.739 --> 50:01.059 And even the image when you say, in French you say, 50:01.064 --> 50:03.254 you come from the quatre-vingt-treize, 50:03.250 --> 50:06.050 you come from ninety-three, that means Seine-Saint-Denis, 50:06.046 --> 50:08.736 and that--for them that's the image of the ninety-three 50:08.742 --> 50:10.892 license plate is that of the periphery, 50:10.889 --> 50:14.799 of people who are thought to be marginal by the center. 50:14.800 --> 50:18.400 But, as I've argued in other places, including some of my own 50:18.403 --> 50:21.773 writing, the sense of not belonging to the center creates 50:21.766 --> 50:25.546 a type of solidarity that helped the communists in the 1920s and 50:25.549 --> 50:27.909 '30s, and hopefully helped people, 50:27.910 --> 50:31.610 as the government has undercut the attempts of suburban people 50:31.614 --> 50:35.204 to create voluntary associations that will offer hope to all 50:35.196 --> 50:37.636 these people. Wait till you watch La 50:37.642 --> 50:40.242 Haine, the film, later on, it's incredible. 50:40.239 --> 50:42.179 Well, some of this starts with Haussmann. 50:42.179 --> 50:45.809 We went a long way today, from the Alsatian Attila all 50:45.808 --> 50:48.888 the way to Clichy-sous-Bois, two years ago. 50:48.889 --> 50:50.869 But I hope that the larger points were clear. 50:50.869 --> 50:54.939 And from that we move on to imperialism on Monday, 50:54.938 --> 50:57.178 have a fantastic weekend. 50:57.180 --> 50:59.000 See ya.