WEBVTT 00:01.360 --> 00:04.000 Prof: So, what I want to do today is 00:04.002 --> 00:08.032 resist the temptation to talk about anarchism the entire time. 00:08.029 --> 00:13.129 I sent around the terms for today of which I only forgot one 00:13.131 --> 00:13.911 or two. 00:13.910 --> 00:17.300 What I think I'll do at the beginning is I'm going to talk 00:17.297 --> 00:20.887 very quickly about socialism, and the difference between 00:20.886 --> 00:23.866 revolutionary socialism and reform socialism. 00:23.870 --> 00:26.560 Add syndicalism to the mix, and these are all terms that I 00:26.555 --> 00:29.185 sent to you, so I'm not going to write them on the board, 00:29.193 --> 00:30.563 because I need the board. 00:30.560 --> 00:32.660 Then for most of the lecture I'm going to talk about 00:32.656 --> 00:33.146 anarchism. 00:33.150 --> 00:36.850 Anarchists didn't want to reform the state. 00:36.850 --> 00:40.600 They didn't want to seize control of the state either by 00:40.598 --> 00:43.118 revolution or by electoral process. 00:43.120 --> 00:46.110 They wanted to destroy the state. 00:46.110 --> 00:49.870 So, I'm going to talk about those guys for a while. 00:49.870 --> 00:52.020 Most anarchists were not terrorists, 00:52.020 --> 00:55.900 but at the end I'm going to talk about a guy that I followed 00:55.902 --> 00:59.392 around for four or five years who was a terrorist, 00:59.390 --> 01:02.410 and arguably--it's a book I just finished--one can find the 01:02.409 --> 01:04.649 origins of modern terrorism in this guy, 01:08.879 --> 01:10.999 This will fit into Paris. 01:11.000 --> 01:13.660 It's obviously sort of a sub-theme in this course, 01:13.659 --> 01:15.669 and so is the state and capitalism. 01:19.962 --> 01:23.032 set out to bomb and to kill. 01:23.030 --> 01:28.300 His targets changed the name of the game for terrorists. 01:28.299 --> 01:32.739 That's obviously what I can't wait to talk about. 01:32.739 --> 01:35.709 But first I'm going to just review briefly for you, 01:35.709 --> 01:38.169 it's getting briefer every second that I think about this, 01:38.170 --> 01:40.580 the socialist stuff, which you can read about. 01:40.580 --> 01:44.830 01:44.830 --> 01:50.540 With the rise of mass politics in Europe in the 1880s and 01:50.536 --> 01:56.036 1890s, there was the rise of mass socialist parties. 01:56.040 --> 01:59.970 Basically just to review: there are two kinds of 01:59.974 --> 02:00.984 socialism. 02:00.980 --> 02:03.650 There were the revolutionary socialists, 02:03.650 --> 02:10.600 of which Marx was an obvious example and his son-in-law Paul 02:10.597 --> 02:12.897 Lafargue, a name you don't have to 02:12.903 --> 02:15.513 retain, who brought Marxist theory to 02:15.514 --> 02:18.544 France, who believed that revolution 02:18.544 --> 02:23.694 would come when the proletariat was class-conscious and after a 02:23.693 --> 02:27.563 bourgeois revolution, of which he basically thought 02:27.555 --> 02:30.505 1848 had been a good example following in 1789. 02:30.508 --> 02:35.478 And the proletariat would rise up and break their chains and 02:35.478 --> 02:37.918 bring this brave new world. 02:37.919 --> 02:41.739 And, so, there were revolutionary socialists in 02:41.742 --> 02:44.242 Italy, in Spain, and in France, 02:44.235 --> 02:46.725 and even a few in Germany. 02:46.729 --> 02:52.469 Reform socialists said, "Look, states are becoming 02:52.471 --> 02:58.001 stronger and stronger, and can break revolutions very 02:58.000 --> 02:59.170 easily. 02:59.169 --> 03:03.219 Look what happened to the Paris Commune of 1871 when about 03:03.221 --> 03:05.781 25,000 people are massacred, men, 03:05.780 --> 03:07.910 women and children are gunned down, 03:07.908 --> 03:13.028 and that the way to bringing social reform and abolishing the 03:13.028 --> 03:17.038 abuses of capitalism is through reform." 03:17.038 --> 03:20.998 This is the reformist tradition in Germany. 03:21.000 --> 03:24.110 It's identified with somebody who's in the book, 03:24.107 --> 03:25.427 Edouard Bernstein. 03:25.430 --> 03:28.810 And you can see this in the growth of the SPD, 03:28.810 --> 03:32.880 the German Socialist Reformist Party, 03:32.878 --> 03:39.418 which was the largest party in the Reichstag in 1914 when war 03:39.422 --> 03:40.842 breaks out. 03:40.840 --> 03:46.170 What you do is if you organize, you can--legislatures, 03:46.169 --> 03:51.119 if you have enough socialists and enough well-meaning other 03:51.119 --> 03:54.939 people in the legislatures, in the Reichstag, 03:56.400 --> 03:59.230 or the other parliaments in places that had parliaments, 03:59.229 --> 04:01.079 then you can vote in laws. 04:01.080 --> 04:05.540 You can vote in mine safety regulations, because mining 04:05.540 --> 04:08.350 accidents killed so many people. 04:08.348 --> 04:10.908 There's one in the Pas de Calais where hundreds and 04:10.907 --> 04:13.467 hundreds of people, a thousand people get killed in 04:13.465 --> 04:15.455 one accident in about 1910 or 1911. 04:15.460 --> 04:20.580 You can pass an eight-hour day or a ten-hour day. 04:20.579 --> 04:23.879 You can pass laws making it harder and harder to employ 04:23.879 --> 04:26.569 children, particularly in dangerous tasks. 04:26.569 --> 04:30.259 You can do things for women. 04:30.259 --> 04:31.789 You could do things for families. 04:31.790 --> 04:35.470 If you elect the right kind of people, you can have a 04:35.471 --> 04:38.871 revolution through reform, through the ballot. 04:38.870 --> 04:41.710 And the great socialist leaders such as Bernstein, 04:41.709 --> 04:43.839 whom I just mentioned, or the great Jean 04:47.564 --> 04:53.594 July in 1914 was really the end of an era and the beginning of 04:53.589 --> 04:57.969 another era, a scary era of the war--people 04:57.966 --> 04:59.456 had that sense. 04:59.459 --> 05:04.759 He was the one who in France unified the reform socialists 05:04.762 --> 05:09.322 and the revolutionary socialists, though there are 05:09.321 --> 05:12.951 still fissures in their approaches. 05:12.949 --> 05:15.729 Of course, the old revolutionary socialists would 05:15.732 --> 05:17.822 become the Communists after 1920, 05:17.819 --> 05:21.519 when the French Communist Party is begun in the wake of the 05:21.524 --> 05:23.734 Russian Revolution, which seemed to be, 05:23.730 --> 05:28.550 even though it was a revolution in a very complex situation, 05:28.550 --> 05:31.230 that seemed to say that you can have a revolution. 05:31.230 --> 05:36.110 But anyway, reform socialists dominate in Germany. 05:36.110 --> 05:37.780 They dominate in France. 05:37.779 --> 05:38.919 They dominate in Belgium. 05:38.920 --> 05:41.970 The Socialist Party is terribly important in Italy; 05:41.970 --> 05:44.570 they become more important in Spain as well. 05:44.569 --> 05:48.799 Those are the two big traditions. 05:48.800 --> 05:52.170 Some of the tensions between revolutionary socialists and 05:52.166 --> 05:55.706 reform socialists can be seen in the fact that revolutionary 05:55.714 --> 05:57.704 socialists said, "Look, 05:57.699 --> 06:01.689 if you are working in the Reichstag and you're trying to 06:01.685 --> 06:05.305 get better insurance plans," ironically it was 06:05.307 --> 06:09.437 Bismarck's Germany that gives really the first substantial 06:09.437 --> 06:13.337 insurance program for workers, "what you're doing is 06:13.341 --> 06:15.221 you're propping up the bourgeois state. 06:15.220 --> 06:16.460 You're buying into it. 06:16.459 --> 06:20.359 You're supporting indirectly their armies that crush workers 06:20.362 --> 06:23.542 and strikes," and they did in the heroic age 06:23.536 --> 06:25.716 of syndicalism, but more about that in a 06:25.718 --> 06:29.338 minute, 1895 to about 1907 in France. 06:29.339 --> 06:30.979 But in other countries it's about the same thing. 06:30.980 --> 06:34.780 "You're propping up the bourgeois state by participating 06:34.779 --> 06:36.679 in electoral politics." 06:36.680 --> 06:38.870 But lots of revolutionary socialists, 06:38.870 --> 06:41.300 and this is all in the book so don't worry about this, 06:41.300 --> 06:43.160 but a lot of them say, "Look, 06:43.160 --> 06:44.930 if we don't run candidates and elections, 06:44.930 --> 06:46.570 how are they going to know about us?" 06:46.569 --> 06:48.889 So, they, too, would run candidates and 06:48.894 --> 06:49.634 elections. 06:51.639 --> 06:54.149 They're really sort of stuck between a rock and a hard place, 06:54.151 --> 06:56.451 because they're running candidates in elections in which 06:56.454 --> 06:57.464 they do not believe. 06:57.459 --> 07:01.069 07:01.069 --> 07:02.389 I'm not here talking about Russia, 07:02.389 --> 07:04.229 because that is more complicated with the Bolsheviks, 07:04.230 --> 07:05.920 and the Mensheviks, and the socialist 07:05.918 --> 07:08.098 revolutionaries, and we will come back to them. 07:08.100 --> 07:11.970 I'm talking basically about Western Europe. 07:11.970 --> 07:16.370 You have to imagine that Lenin and the other Russian socialists 07:16.369 --> 07:20.769 are sort of walking around the lakes of Geneva and of Zurich in 07:20.767 --> 07:23.887 exile and trying to imagine this future. 07:23.889 --> 07:27.149 But that's the big difference between socialists, 07:27.153 --> 07:28.993 reform and revolutionary. 07:28.990 --> 07:32.390 Now, to make things even more complicated, you have a group 07:32.394 --> 07:33.924 called the syndicalists. 07:33.920 --> 07:36.000 The word "syndicalist" 07:36.002 --> 07:39.972 is an English word which I sent along on your friendly email 07:39.968 --> 07:41.378 from yours truly. 07:41.379 --> 07:44.339 Syndicalist, the word comes from the French 07:44.339 --> 07:47.579 word for unions, which is a syndicat. 07:47.579 --> 07:50.349 What they said is, "Hang on." 07:50.350 --> 07:52.680 They kind of believed with the revolutionary socialists, 07:52.675 --> 07:54.445 saying, "If you get involved in 07:54.452 --> 07:56.642 electoral process, you are propping up this 07:56.639 --> 07:57.909 corrupt bourgeois state. 07:57.910 --> 08:01.670 You are propping up this dynamic duo of the state and 08:01.673 --> 08:03.053 capitalism." 08:03.050 --> 08:06.630 Syndicalists say, "Look, we will organize 08:06.629 --> 08:10.369 from the ground up, beginning in the shop floor, 08:10.367 --> 08:11.637 the factory. 08:11.639 --> 08:15.859 That will be not only a means to obtain a revolution, 08:15.860 --> 08:19.770 it's a way of seeing what the future world will be like when 08:19.773 --> 08:22.633 everybody tutoies everybody or Dus 08:22.625 --> 08:23.815 everybody. 08:23.819 --> 08:28.649 The kind of relations, the friendly equal relations of 08:28.654 --> 08:32.244 the shop floor become, after the revolution, 08:32.240 --> 08:34.850 the way the world will be organized." 08:34.850 --> 08:37.630 In the South of Europe, in Italy and in Spain, 08:37.634 --> 08:40.914 these folks are called, and I sent this around to you, 08:40.913 --> 08:42.463 anarcho-syndicalists. 08:42.460 --> 08:44.080 You see a transition here. 08:44.080 --> 08:45.850 Anarcho-syndicalists. 08:45.850 --> 08:50.430 Because they're rejecting the state and they're looking in the 08:50.429 --> 08:54.559 future, the decentralized organization is part of it. 08:54.558 --> 08:59.598 Anarcho-syndicalists have considerable influence in Spain 08:59.600 --> 09:00.680 and Italy. 09:00.678 --> 09:03.578 They believe in direct action, and sabotage, 09:03.576 --> 09:06.336 and strikes, but in union organization. 09:06.340 --> 09:11.180 One of the most interesting--I mention him in the book--Fernand 09:11.177 --> 09:12.267 Pelloutier, 09:12.269 --> 09:18.129 09:18.129 --> 09:20.089 who wrote a book called The Dying Society, 09:20.090 --> 09:23.180 was one of the theoreticians of anarcho-syndicalism, 09:23.179 --> 09:24.409 of syndicalism. 09:24.409 --> 09:26.139 He was dying. 09:26.139 --> 09:27.939 He was dying of TB. 09:27.940 --> 09:30.310 Though he was not a worker, tuberculosis was a 09:30.307 --> 09:31.567 working-class disease. 09:31.570 --> 09:32.820 Go to Pennsylvania. 09:32.820 --> 09:34.310 Go to West Virginia. 09:34.308 --> 09:36.768 Tuberculosis, the ravages of the mines in the 09:36.772 --> 09:38.902 United States, were just incredible. 09:38.899 --> 09:42.589 In porcelain factories and all sorts of places, 09:42.585 --> 09:45.545 glass factories all over the place. 09:45.548 --> 09:48.838 Pelloutier creates these things called labor exchanges. 09:48.840 --> 09:52.400 He's one of the people who come to these things called labor 09:52.404 --> 09:55.274 exchanges, bourse de travail, 09:55.269 --> 10:00.029 you call them in French, which were towns where you had 10:00.032 --> 10:04.562 municipal socialists in power at the municipal level--and you 10:04.556 --> 10:06.326 did, in some cities, 10:06.330 --> 10:09.870 are giving municipal funds to start these labor exchanges 10:09.869 --> 10:11.259 which are buildings. 10:11.259 --> 10:12.649 You can still see them. 10:12.649 --> 10:15.869 When I was invited to Limoges to give a big talk by the 10:18.485 --> 10:19.995 Travail, we started the 10:22.528 --> 10:24.778 about noon in the labor exchange, 10:24.779 --> 10:27.259 in the maison du peuple, the house of the people. 10:27.259 --> 10:30.199 They were places where workers coming from other places could 10:30.201 --> 10:32.111 come and get a meal, get some money and, 10:32.113 --> 10:33.833 above all, find out about jobs. 10:33.830 --> 10:37.230 So, syndicalists--the way they imagine the future, 10:37.230 --> 10:41.250 and preparing for this brave new world of post-revolutionary 10:41.250 --> 10:43.680 relationships, that has an important 10:43.683 --> 10:46.663 privileged place in the way they view the world. 10:46.658 --> 10:49.798 There was an engineer called Georges Sorel, 10:49.799 --> 10:53.539 whose name I should have send around, S-O-R-E-L. 10:53.538 --> 10:57.608 He comes to the notion of the general strike. 10:57.610 --> 11:01.180 One day all workers will simply put down their tools and say, 11:01.177 --> 11:03.197 "Hell with you, capitalism. 11:03.200 --> 11:05.400 Hell with you, the State. 11:05.399 --> 11:08.639 And they will bring capitalism to its knees." 11:08.639 --> 11:11.449 It doesn't really ever work out that way, does it? 11:11.450 --> 11:15.110 The capitalists and the State win the day. 11:15.110 --> 11:19.410 So, having rushed through all of that, let me talk about what 11:19.410 --> 11:21.060 I want to talk about. 11:21.058 --> 11:23.808 That is anarchism, of which there is only a couple 11:23.812 --> 11:26.852 short, and I hope sprightly, paragraphs in which you're 11:26.845 --> 11:27.515 reading. 11:27.519 --> 11:29.369 I am not an anarchist. 11:29.370 --> 11:33.660 Sometimes when I give talks at various places--I was at St. 11:33.658 --> 11:36.108 Louis recently, and other places, 11:36.110 --> 11:37.770 people at the end will think--hopefully, 11:37.769 --> 11:38.839 they'll never think I'm a terrorist, 11:38.840 --> 11:41.900 because I'm certainly not, and when I talk about this guy 11:41.898 --> 11:44.668 I do not do so with affection or admiration. 11:44.668 --> 11:46.858 But I know him because I followed him around. 11:46.860 --> 11:48.770 I followed him around. 11:48.769 --> 11:53.829 Most anarchists were not terrorists. 11:53.830 --> 11:55.990 One wants to make that clear. 11:55.990 --> 12:01.550 It's not surprising that the great strengths of anarchism are 12:01.551 --> 12:07.021 in Spain in Catalonia and in Andalusia in the south of Spain 12:07.019 --> 12:09.429 and in southern Italy. 12:09.429 --> 12:10.829 Why? 12:10.830 --> 12:14.330 Because that's where the Italian and the Spanish states 12:14.332 --> 12:18.102 have very limited success in convincing people that they're 12:18.096 --> 12:19.586 Spanish or Italian. 12:19.590 --> 12:21.830 Why should they believe they're Spanish or Italian? 12:21.830 --> 12:25.880 Southern Italians thought that the republic was a monarchy. 12:25.879 --> 12:29.209 But the progressive monarchy, so called, was a plot launched 12:29.206 --> 12:32.526 by tax collectors and industrial capitalists in the North of 12:32.534 --> 12:33.104 Italy. 12:33.100 --> 12:38.500 In Andalusia and in Catalonia were the Civil Guard, 12:38.500 --> 12:42.400 who tended to be from Galicia, a conservative part of Spain 12:42.399 --> 12:46.149 where the odious Franco was from or from Castile, 12:46.149 --> 12:49.659 a huge area around Madrid. 12:49.658 --> 12:52.268 It was easy to see how they associated the state with 12:52.265 --> 12:53.965 something that they didn't want. 12:53.970 --> 12:58.450 In writing about anarchism, I tried to put myself and tried 12:58.452 --> 13:02.012 to think of how anarchists viewed the world. 13:02.009 --> 13:05.149 I want to tell you a story that's a true story. 13:05.149 --> 13:10.009 If you're trying to imagine how anarchists viewed the world, 13:10.009 --> 13:12.479 this story is not a bad one. 13:12.480 --> 13:18.860 It's about a cork worker making corks for bottles of sherry in 13:18.861 --> 13:21.061 the south of Spain. 13:21.059 --> 13:23.069 He's dying. 13:23.070 --> 13:25.520 He'd been an anarchist his entire life. 13:25.519 --> 13:27.499 He hated the state. 13:27.500 --> 13:30.290 He hated capitalism. 13:30.289 --> 13:32.139 He hated the church. 13:32.139 --> 13:34.599 He's dying. 13:34.600 --> 13:36.320 He's on his deathbed. 13:36.320 --> 13:41.820 He had married a woman from a religiously practicing Catholic 13:41.815 --> 13:42.635 family. 13:42.639 --> 13:48.449 In the scene in this room in which he's dying, 13:48.450 --> 13:51.740 in one part of the room is his family, 13:51.740 --> 13:55.810 who hated organized religion, who view it as a prop for 13:55.812 --> 13:57.692 capitalism and the state. 13:57.690 --> 14:01.050 On the other side of the room are people who are not so sure. 14:01.049 --> 14:03.229 They went to church sometimes. 14:03.230 --> 14:04.500 They knew the priest. 14:04.500 --> 14:09.540 When he's lying there, the end is near. 14:09.538 --> 14:13.368 His wife's family says, "Pedro, 14:13.370 --> 14:17.860 don't you want me to bring a lawyer in? 14:17.860 --> 14:23.130 A lawyer who will take your last will." 14:23.129 --> 14:26.579 Anarchists don't have wills and they don't have very much 14:26.581 --> 14:27.261 property. 14:27.259 --> 14:30.729 The other side of the room is just utter terror, 14:30.726 --> 14:31.386 horror. 14:31.389 --> 14:34.759 How can they suggest such a thing, that Pedro is going to 14:34.764 --> 14:35.614 make a will? 14:35.610 --> 14:38.050 That's a bourgeois thing to do, to make a will. 14:38.048 --> 14:41.788 Then somebody else from his wife's family says, 14:41.794 --> 14:44.324 "Pedro, the end is near. 14:44.320 --> 14:48.040 Don't you want us to get a priest for the last 14:48.038 --> 14:49.278 rights?" 14:49.279 --> 14:54.269 He'd never set foot in a church and proudly so. 14:54.269 --> 14:56.839 Consternation on the other side of the room. 14:56.840 --> 14:59.130 How will it all end? 14:59.129 --> 15:00.959 How will Pedro end his life? 15:00.960 --> 15:03.120 With a lawyer and a priest? 15:03.120 --> 15:08.190 So, Pedro looks up and he says, "Go and get me a lawyer. 15:08.190 --> 15:09.560 Bring me a lawyer." 15:09.558 --> 15:13.988 Then he says, "Go and tell father," 15:13.985 --> 15:18.405 the priest, "to come to see me." 15:18.409 --> 15:22.929 Joy--utter consternation. 15:22.928 --> 15:25.618 Pedro's lying in a bed in the middle. 15:25.620 --> 15:29.690 So, pretty soon the lawyer comes dressed in his little 15:29.692 --> 15:30.232 suit. 15:30.230 --> 15:33.940 He doesn't yet have a calculator to tote up the bill, 15:33.940 --> 15:36.010 but he's got his legal pad. 15:36.009 --> 15:38.909 He's never been in that house before. 15:38.908 --> 15:43.198 He comes down by the bed and he says, "Pedro, 15:43.200 --> 15:46.970 you have a few possessions, a fork, a knife, 15:46.966 --> 15:48.976 a couple of plates. 15:48.980 --> 15:51.710 Don't you want to give me your will now?" 15:51.710 --> 15:54.490 Pedro says, "Wait a minute. 15:56.230 --> 15:57.780 Wait a minute." 15:57.779 --> 15:59.469 Then the priest comes. 15:59.470 --> 16:05.170 He has his purple--I remember this from Jesuit high school 16:05.174 --> 16:09.084 days--thing that they wear on Easter. 16:09.080 --> 16:14.140 He has his little case also, which he has the holy oil to 16:14.135 --> 16:18.015 bless Pedro and give him the last rights. 16:18.019 --> 16:21.519 He comes close and he says, "Pedro, 16:21.523 --> 16:23.143 the end is near. 16:23.139 --> 16:27.059 You've led a good life, but I haven't seen you in 16:27.062 --> 16:30.662 church very much or ever, for that matter. 16:30.659 --> 16:32.649 Your children are not baptized. 16:32.649 --> 16:35.689 Don't you want to make a confession? 16:35.690 --> 16:38.000 You're going to meet your maker soon. 16:38.000 --> 16:41.310 Don't you want to make a confession to me right now? 16:41.309 --> 16:42.869 Nobody can hear you. 16:42.870 --> 16:47.550 Don't you have something you want to tell me? 16:47.548 --> 16:54.008 Isn't there something you can tell me?" 16:54.009 --> 17:00.069 Consternation on one side, silent joy on the other. 17:00.070 --> 17:02.940 Pedro says to the lawyer, "Come here, 17:04.480 --> 17:07.590 I want you to stand on the left side of my bed." 17:07.588 --> 17:10.928 He says to the priest, "Father, 17:10.933 --> 17:12.753 come here please. 17:12.750 --> 17:17.820 I want you to stand on the right side of my bed." 17:17.818 --> 17:22.818 Then he smiles a smile of utter contempt. 17:22.818 --> 17:27.268 He says, "Now you can all see both sides of the family. 17:27.269 --> 17:30.529 Like Christ, I am dying between two 17:30.534 --> 17:32.074 thieves." 17:32.069 --> 17:33.929 And he died. 17:33.930 --> 17:40.390 To imagine the kind of hate that anarchists had of soldiers, 17:40.386 --> 17:43.996 and priests, and of officials, 17:44.000 --> 17:49.920 and of Castilian Guardia Civil, that was how anarchism was born. 17:49.920 --> 17:52.160 When was anarchism born? 17:52.160 --> 17:54.420 There's a couple antecedents in the eighteenth century, 17:54.423 --> 17:57.033 but they're terribly irrelevant people that hardly anyone read, 17:57.025 --> 17:58.195 including a British one. 17:58.200 --> 18:02.730 It really starts with Proudhon, a name a sent around. 18:02.730 --> 18:09.070 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. 18:16.710 --> 18:18.630 He believed that if you didn't have the state, 18:18.630 --> 18:22.000 the people could live pretty much as with a little bit of 18:22.002 --> 18:24.932 prosperity that they had, a few chickens, 18:24.930 --> 18:26.260 a little piece of land. 18:26.259 --> 18:29.449 People tended to live like that there. 18:29.450 --> 18:32.430 It was a place where nobody had very much but everybody had 18:32.429 --> 18:33.559 enough to get along. 18:33.559 --> 18:35.459 He writes the following. 18:35.460 --> 18:40.050 It's in my lecture notes. 18:40.048 --> 18:43.868 To be governed is to be watched, inspected, 18:43.874 --> 18:47.104 spied upon, directed, law-driven, numbered, 18:47.104 --> 18:48.794 regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, 18:48.794 --> 18:51.014 preached at, controlled, checked, 18:51.009 --> 18:53.139 estimated, valued, censored, 18:53.140 --> 18:56.710 commanded by creatures who have neither the right nor the wisdom 18:56.713 --> 18:58.193 nor the virtue to do so. 18:58.190 --> 19:01.620 To be governed at every operation at every transaction, 19:01.624 --> 19:04.004 noted, registered, counted, taxed, 19:04.000 --> 19:06.330 stamped, measured, numbered, assessed, 19:06.327 --> 19:08.597 licensed, authorized, admonished, prevented, 19:08.598 --> 19:11.758 forbidden, reformed, corrected, punished, 19:11.759 --> 19:15.099 under the pretext of public utility in the name of the 19:15.104 --> 19:18.264 general interest to be placed under taxes, drilled, 19:18.259 --> 19:20.649 fleeced, exploited, monopolized, 19:20.647 --> 19:24.227 extorted from, squeezed, poached, and robbed. 19:24.230 --> 19:27.430 At the slightest resistance or the first word of complaint to 19:27.428 --> 19:28.968 be repressed, fired, vilified, 19:28.972 --> 19:30.562 harassed, hunted down, 19:30.558 --> 19:32.518 abused, clubbed, disarmed, 19:32.519 --> 19:34.839 bound, choked, imprisoned, judged, 19:34.836 --> 19:36.646 condemned, shot, deported, 19:36.650 --> 19:38.390 sacrificed, sold, betrayed, 19:38.390 --> 19:40.840 and to crown all, mocked, ridiculed, 19:40.839 --> 19:43.629 derided, outraged, dishonored. 19:43.630 --> 19:44.470 That is government. 19:44.470 --> 19:46.110 That is its justice. 19:46.109 --> 19:49.519 That is its morality. 19:49.519 --> 19:54.369 He wrote a pamphlet in 1841 called What is Property? 19:54.368 --> 19:58.298 His answer is, "Property is theft." 19:58.298 --> 20:01.218 He didn't mean that all property was theft. 20:01.220 --> 20:03.530 What he meant was too much property was theft, 20:03.532 --> 20:05.232 or unearned property was theft. 20:05.230 --> 20:08.500 Proudhon had lots of influence among some peasants, 20:08.500 --> 20:09.940 but mostly artisans. 20:09.940 --> 20:13.220 In the world, by the way, that the great painter, 20:13.220 --> 20:17.720 Gustave Courbet painted a lot, in the area around 20:21.393 --> 20:24.173 paintings of people at work, the stone breakers and people 20:24.166 --> 20:26.036 just working their guts out for very little. 20:26.038 --> 20:29.748 Proudhon, in 1848, it's said he went down in Paris 20:29.748 --> 20:32.998 and put a brick on a barricade and threw up, 20:33.001 --> 20:37.241 nauseated by the thought of violence, of revolution. 20:37.240 --> 20:41.180 His successors, sort of the leaders of the 20:41.183 --> 20:51.433 anarchist movements, were Mikhail Bakunin, 20:51.430 --> 20:56.660 an enormously tall, bearded, heavy-drinking, heavy-eating, 20:56.660 --> 21:01.740 heavy-sweating Russian noble, a prince who was an anarchist 21:01.744 --> 21:03.594 who said, "The revolution will come. 21:03.588 --> 21:06.818 It will come with a single spark and all the hundreds of 21:06.818 --> 21:09.578 millions of toilers, the serfs will rise up, 21:09.578 --> 21:12.588 and they will slay their social betters, 21:12.588 --> 21:16.248 and create this new brave world based upon their village 21:16.250 --> 21:17.450 harmonies." 21:17.450 --> 21:23.480 He said, "Destruction is a creative passion," 21:23.483 --> 21:26.393 entre guillemets. 21:26.390 --> 21:30.650 Destruction is a creative passion. 21:30.650 --> 21:33.390 In 1848 he led police on a merry chase. 21:33.390 --> 21:36.610 He spent time in the Russian slammer. 21:36.608 --> 21:39.738 He escapes through Japan, goes through the United States 21:39.737 --> 21:42.407 and ends up back in London, terrified people. 21:42.410 --> 21:45.350 His image, this is before photographs or photographs are 21:45.346 --> 21:47.796 just starting out, and there are photographs of 21:47.801 --> 21:48.231 him. 21:48.230 --> 21:50.760 He met Marx, whom he hated, 21:50.758 --> 21:52.798 and Marx hated him. 21:52.798 --> 21:55.948 He thought that Marx was ruining class struggle, 21:55.952 --> 21:59.582 was ruining revolution by preaching over and over again 21:59.576 --> 22:01.786 about waiting for revolution. 22:01.789 --> 22:03.069 Class-conscious workers. 22:03.068 --> 22:06.238 What you need is peasants to rise up as they had in 22:06.238 --> 22:09.278 Pugachev's rebellion, and all the other rebellions in 22:09.280 --> 22:11.540 the early seventeenth and eighteenth century. 22:11.538 --> 22:18.498 He dies in the early 1870s, a phenomenal character. 22:18.500 --> 22:23.400 The other Russian, a gentle man, 22:23.395 --> 22:27.975 a geographer, Peter Kropotkin, 22:27.977 --> 22:33.977 K-R-O-P-O-T-K-I-N, is in the book. 22:33.980 --> 22:37.280 He wrote a pamphlet called The Anarchist Morality. 22:37.279 --> 22:39.359 When you get rid of the state, people are basically good. 22:39.358 --> 22:41.008 Anarchists believe that people are good. 22:41.009 --> 22:43.409 There's a tradition from Rousseau, by the way, 22:43.410 --> 22:44.050 there too. 22:44.048 --> 22:47.128 Rousseau, who lived in the east of France, or what would become 22:50.298 --> 22:52.618 Anarchists believe that primitive social relations and 22:52.624 --> 22:54.514 even primitive ways of producing things, 22:54.509 --> 22:59.569 just associations you enter in because you want to, 22:59.569 --> 23:02.749 were the future. 23:02.750 --> 23:06.490 Kropotkin, who at the end of his life was once toasted by the 23:06.493 --> 23:09.153 king of England, and who had turned against the 23:09.145 --> 23:11.195 Russian Revolution--he died in, I think, 23:11.200 --> 23:12.840 1921 or 1922. 23:12.838 --> 23:16.128 He was terrified, just disgusted by the Russian 23:16.133 --> 23:20.503 Revolution, which was already creating a centralized state. 23:20.500 --> 23:21.500 That's what he hated. 23:21.500 --> 23:22.560 He hated states. 23:22.558 --> 23:24.618 "You must destroy the state." 23:24.619 --> 23:26.579 But he was a gentle man. 23:26.578 --> 23:28.868 Yet he and a guy called Paul Brousse, 23:28.869 --> 23:31.339 you don't have to remember, who became a socialist leader 23:31.342 --> 23:34.392 and then went nuts later--that's not a very clinical term, 23:34.390 --> 23:38.790 but he had big problems later--they create the term 23:38.786 --> 23:42.036 "propaganda by the deed." 23:42.039 --> 23:43.809 What is a deed? 23:43.809 --> 23:45.999 A deed is a bomb. 23:46.000 --> 23:47.880 A deed is an attack. 23:47.880 --> 23:49.320 It's the murder of an official. 23:49.318 --> 23:52.858 The anarchists weren't the only ones doing this stuff. 23:52.858 --> 23:55.268 There was a Russian group, briefly mentioned, 23:55.270 --> 23:57.900 called Narodnaya Volya, who believed in kind of a 23:57.902 --> 24:00.262 hierarchical post-revolutionary system. 24:00.259 --> 24:02.559 What they wanted to do was set out and kill officials. 24:02.558 --> 24:05.528 But so did the anarchist terrorists. 24:05.528 --> 24:09.108 They killed officials, one of which you've heard of 24:09.113 --> 24:09.833 already. 24:09.828 --> 24:11.188 You've probably heard of some of the others. 24:11.190 --> 24:14.730 President McKinley in 1901, Buffalo, New York, 24:14.730 --> 24:18.370 is killed by somebody who received funds from an anarchist 24:18.373 --> 24:21.313 organization in Patterson, New Jersey, I think, 24:21.313 --> 24:22.723 or is that Bresci? 24:22.720 --> 24:26.410 Anyway, Bresci kills King Umberto I of Italy, 24:26.409 --> 24:29.259 another anarchist assassination. 24:29.259 --> 24:33.409 They kill five or six leaders during this period of anarchist 24:33.407 --> 24:36.517 heyday really, the late nineteenth century. 24:36.519 --> 24:41.329 King Umberto I of Italy said that he considered assassination 24:41.327 --> 24:43.087 a professional risk. 24:43.088 --> 24:46.628 There were two attempts on his life and the third one nails 24:46.633 --> 24:47.003 him. 24:47.000 --> 24:50.120 Alexander II, who liberated the serfs, 24:50.117 --> 24:55.007 is killed when he gets out of a sled to look at a bomb that 24:55.007 --> 24:56.437 doesn't work. 24:56.440 --> 24:59.220 Elizabeth, the empress of Austria-Hungary, 24:59.223 --> 25:03.033 who couldn't stand Franz Joseph and lived apart from him, 25:03.028 --> 25:04.928 is assassinated as well. 25:04.930 --> 25:09.130 But most anarchists were not killers. 25:09.130 --> 25:11.100 Now, if you think of American history, 25:11.098 --> 25:12.588 those of you who had Glenda's course, 25:12.589 --> 25:15.049 or David Blight's, other people here, 25:15.049 --> 25:17.989 you might know about Haymarket, the Haymarket affair in the 25:17.990 --> 25:18.400 1880s. 25:18.400 --> 25:20.580 There they hanged four anarchists who were called 25:20.584 --> 25:21.954 les pendus in France. 25:21.950 --> 25:22.930 They had enormous influence. 25:22.930 --> 25:27.060 The les pendus were the hanged, as they're swinging in 25:27.061 --> 25:29.681 the breeze in a Chicago prison yard. 25:29.680 --> 25:32.890 They were anarchists and they inspire someone like Emma 25:32.894 --> 25:35.134 Goldman, who was a Russian-Jewish 25:35.133 --> 25:38.793 immigrant to the United States, who becomes an important 25:38.792 --> 25:40.032 American anarchist. 25:40.029 --> 25:46.239 Anarchists set off to kill policemen, or to kill heads of 25:46.241 --> 25:51.431 state, or to kill generals; propaganda by the deed, 25:51.432 --> 25:55.212 the spark that will ignite this revolution. 25:55.210 --> 25:59.130 But the man you see before you--and I have become today a 25:59.130 --> 26:00.390 very modern man. 26:00.390 --> 26:03.620 I want to tell you, because this is my first try at 26:03.619 --> 26:04.459 PowerPoint. 26:04.460 --> 26:08.050 The person that you see before you is the guy I've been 26:08.047 --> 26:09.307 following around. 26:09.308 --> 26:12.058 I got interested in him for two reasons. 26:12.058 --> 26:17.418 One is that he is the first, really, along with a bombing at 26:17.419 --> 26:21.959 an opera in Barcelona, the Liceo to target ordinary 26:21.960 --> 26:22.960 people. 26:22.960 --> 26:26.580 To say that people of a social class were guilty because they 26:26.582 --> 26:27.852 were who they were. 26:27.848 --> 26:33.428 The spark does not necessarily have to be lit by killing a head 26:33.430 --> 26:34.600 of a state. 26:34.598 --> 26:37.448 Sadi Carnot, who would get his in 1894 on 26:41.950 --> 26:46.680 He takes the decision to kill ordinary people. 26:46.680 --> 26:49.060 Lots of terrorists since then have taken that decision. 26:49.058 --> 26:57.688 A classic example is insurgents in Punjab in India in the 1920s, 26:57.694 --> 27:01.264 bombing officers' clubs. 27:01.259 --> 27:03.569 There's a terrifying scene in that fantastic, 27:03.568 --> 27:05.628 but very difficult movie--because of the torture 27:05.634 --> 27:07.294 scene, I can't even use it in the 27:07.289 --> 27:09.859 French History course--The Battle of Algiers. 27:13.038 --> 27:15.488 and she sees the people who are going to die. 27:15.490 --> 27:18.290 She sees babies with their mothers. 27:18.288 --> 27:21.918 She sees people having a drink in the French community there. 27:21.920 --> 27:23.990 She takes the decision to place the bomb. 27:23.990 --> 27:26.520 I believe that it kind of started with this guy. 27:26.519 --> 27:28.509 This is, again, not somebody I admire. 27:28.509 --> 27:29.719 I know him. 27:29.720 --> 27:32.370 Everywhere he's lived I've been. 27:32.368 --> 27:35.988 I guess if you're going to write a book about somebody as a 27:35.986 --> 27:39.086 prism on something or other, it's good to pick somebody who 27:39.088 --> 27:41.988 only lived to be twenty-one, because it's a shorter book. 27:41.990 --> 27:46.290 He was guillotined in May 1894. 27:46.288 --> 27:50.388 Again, I do not admire him, but I'm going to tell you about 27:50.390 --> 27:51.310 him anyway. 27:51.309 --> 27:54.499 With the help of PowerPoint! 27:54.500 --> 27:56.360 How in the hell do I do this? 27:56.358 --> 27:57.408 I've got to remember how to do this. 27:57.410 --> 27:59.250 All right. 28:00.328 --> 28:02.738 His father was a communard who was 28:02.738 --> 28:05.568 condemned to death, somebody who'd fought in the 28:05.567 --> 28:06.287 Commune. 28:06.289 --> 28:09.159 So, this guy is born in Spain. 28:09.160 --> 28:12.950 His father contracted mercury poisoning in Spain, 28:12.951 --> 28:17.221 and comes back to France after the amnesty and dies. 28:17.220 --> 28:19.780 He has an older brother and a younger brother. 28:19.779 --> 28:25.889 What he does is, on a day in 1894, 28:25.890 --> 28:32.850 he sets out with a bomb and he walks in the fancy boulevards 28:32.845 --> 28:37.255 that, for him, represent all of the class 28:37.255 --> 28:41.505 differences between wealthy and poor people, 28:41.509 --> 28:43.799 center versus periphery and all of that. 28:47.166 --> 28:47.636 right. 28:47.640 --> 28:52.120 It's those awnings there near the Gare Saint-Lazare. 28:52.118 --> 28:54.958 I've had the rather odd experience of twice, 28:54.960 --> 28:57.460 once with friends and once with my son, 28:57.460 --> 29:01.710 having eaten in the restaurant that my book subject blew up, 29:01.710 --> 29:05.440 because it's still there, and sitting at the same table. 29:05.440 --> 29:08.040 He goes to four or five cafes, but there are not enough 29:08.038 --> 29:09.288 innocent people in them. 29:09.288 --> 29:13.038 So, he goes to the Terminus where there is a gypsy orchestra 29:13.035 --> 29:14.935 playing, pays for two beers. 29:14.940 --> 29:17.590 That seems a little odd, anarchist paying for a beer, 29:17.593 --> 29:20.403 because the right to theft was something that they still 29:20.398 --> 29:22.388 believed in, many of them, not all. 29:22.390 --> 29:24.280 Most were not terrorists, remember that. 29:24.279 --> 29:38.789 29:40.160 --> 29:42.110 He gets a cigar. 29:42.109 --> 29:42.999 He lights the fuse. 29:43.000 --> 29:46.250 He throws it toward a chandelier and it blows up, 29:46.250 --> 29:49.570 killing one and wounding about eighteen people. 29:49.569 --> 29:51.239 That's not him. 29:51.240 --> 29:53.320 This anarchist is called Malatesta, who doesn't look 29:53.318 --> 29:54.418 particularly scary there. 30:00.930 --> 30:06.470 His mother had a very pitiful auberge. 30:06.470 --> 30:09.980 This is the era of bomb attacks in the early 1890s. 30:09.980 --> 30:12.980 That's a marmite, as bombs were sometimes called. 30:12.980 --> 30:17.200 He became an anarchist. 30:17.200 --> 30:18.960 His brother had already become an anarchist. 30:18.960 --> 30:23.140 To put yourself into the early 1890s in Paris, 30:23.140 --> 30:27.410 ordinary people, but not so much as the elites, 30:27.413 --> 30:31.133 were terrified of anarchist bombers. 30:31.130 --> 30:34.530 Ravachol, a name I sent around, who was a poor, 30:34.528 --> 30:38.518 pathetic in many ways but extremely poor guy who'd been 30:38.518 --> 30:41.028 sent out to beg by his mother. 30:41.029 --> 30:42.599 They had almost no money. 30:42.598 --> 30:44.238 They're from a place called Saint-Chamond, 30:45.368 --> 30:50.868 Ravachol was a counterfeiter and finally a murderer. 30:50.868 --> 30:55.348 He suffocates to death a hermit who had a mini fortune hidden in 30:58.759 --> 31:01.529 He escapes from the police and he goes to Paris. 31:01.528 --> 31:05.698 In 1891 police beat the hell out of three anarchists in a 31:05.704 --> 31:08.244 march, a rather one-sided brawl. 31:08.240 --> 31:12.080 Two of them are condemned to big-time sentences. 31:12.078 --> 31:17.248 Ravachol decides to go and to kill the prosecuting attorney. 31:17.250 --> 31:20.500 He places a bomb, not knowing where the apartment 31:20.497 --> 31:22.457 was, and the bomb blows up. 31:22.460 --> 31:26.870 Then he set other bombs, too. 31:26.868 --> 31:29.588 After having done this, he goes to a restaurant, 31:29.586 --> 31:32.476 and he eats rather well, and he engages a waiter in 31:32.477 --> 31:33.457 conversation. 31:33.460 --> 31:35.990 He tries to convince the waiter to be an anarchist. 31:35.990 --> 31:39.100 The waiter sees he has a scar on his left hand, 31:39.104 --> 31:40.124 Ravachol did. 31:40.118 --> 31:42.958 Then he stupidly goes back later and eats in the same 31:42.960 --> 31:43.670 restaurant. 31:43.670 --> 31:46.780 Instead of bringing the second course, the waiter brings the 31:46.784 --> 31:47.264 police. 31:47.259 --> 31:51.319 After a tremendous struggle, Ravachol is captured, 31:51.319 --> 31:57.569 put on trial for his life, and he memorably holds up--how 31:57.569 --> 32:06.619 do you work this thing?--anyway, he is guillotined. 32:06.619 --> 32:08.299 He's really kind of a bastard. 32:08.298 --> 32:10.818 More than that, and he killed other people too, 32:10.817 --> 32:11.417 probably. 32:11.420 --> 32:13.260 But he finally is guillotined. 32:13.259 --> 32:17.699 Two things happened, not only in Paris but in other 32:17.700 --> 32:18.500 places. 32:18.500 --> 32:21.660 The people of means living in the fancy quarters are extremely 32:21.656 --> 32:22.326 frightened. 32:22.328 --> 32:24.598 There are all sorts of death threats that get sent around. 32:24.598 --> 32:28.888 Ravachol, to those anarchist terrorists, he becomes a martyr. 32:28.890 --> 32:33.880 Look, here his head is framed by the guillotine. 32:33.880 --> 32:37.590 Ravachol, who had been betrayed by an anarchist friend, 32:37.593 --> 32:39.453 dies at age thirty-three. 32:39.450 --> 32:42.700 Christ died at age thirty-three, 32:42.703 --> 32:45.123 betrayed by a friend. 32:45.118 --> 32:48.798 So, he becomes this sort of, for radical anarchists, 32:48.797 --> 32:51.967 he becomes a vision of how life should be. 32:51.970 --> 32:54.470 There are songs called La Ravachol. 32:54.470 --> 32:58.080 There's another one called The Dynamite Polka, 32:58.077 --> 32:58.977 being sung. 32:58.980 --> 33:01.980 Dynamite, from the point of view of anarchists, 33:01.981 --> 33:03.811 leveled the playing field. 33:03.808 --> 33:08.768 They viewed dynamite rather as the way in which muskets helped 33:08.769 --> 33:11.209 end the domain of feudalism. 33:11.210 --> 33:14.110 It levels the playing field. 33:14.108 --> 33:16.258 Dynamite, after all, was invented by whom? 33:16.259 --> 33:18.659 By Nobel, as in the Nobel Prize. 33:18.660 --> 33:22.490 So the people who support dynamite in French are called 33:22.490 --> 33:25.400 the dynamitards, the dynamiters. 33:25.400 --> 33:26.460 The Dynamite Polka. 33:26.460 --> 33:28.280 In Montmartre, where you have a lot of 33:28.282 --> 33:29.862 anarchist writers and artists. 33:29.859 --> 33:33.429 Pizarro is an anarchist. 33:33.430 --> 33:36.160 The literary and art critic, above all art, 33:40.049 --> 33:42.879 is an anarchist as well. 33:46.859 --> 33:47.399 Here you go. 33:47.400 --> 33:48.060 Here's this one. 33:48.058 --> 33:50.288 I've read hundreds of these things that said, 33:50.291 --> 33:52.931 "You've always been hard with your domestics. 33:52.930 --> 33:54.420 You're going to be blown up. 33:54.420 --> 33:56.180 Death to the riches." 33:56.180 --> 33:56.920 There are hundreds of these things. 33:56.920 --> 33:58.900 They're sent all over Paris, not just the fancy 33:58.900 --> 33:59.590 neighborhoods. 33:59.588 --> 34:03.568 There, hundreds and hundreds of times, at the airports you hear 34:03.574 --> 34:07.174 these explosions sometimes as they blow up suitcases that 34:07.173 --> 34:08.783 haven't been claimed. 34:08.780 --> 34:14.170 That's the first known machine that blows up suspect items, 34:14.170 --> 34:16.790 including lots of bad jokes--sardine cans with a 34:16.793 --> 34:18.863 little bit of powder left in them, 34:18.860 --> 34:20.000 and that kind of thing. 34:20.000 --> 34:24.870 It's in this world that Emile Henry learns to hate, 34:24.873 --> 34:27.703 and that he certainly does. 34:27.699 --> 34:30.929 That's where his mom had her auberge. 34:30.929 --> 34:34.419 Ironically, it's near Euro Disney now, but then it was a 34:34.423 --> 34:35.063 village. 34:35.059 --> 34:35.739 That's not the one. 34:35.739 --> 34:36.939 It was up the street a little bit. 34:36.940 --> 34:38.430 I did follow him around, you can see. 34:38.429 --> 34:39.889 There's his mother there. 34:39.889 --> 34:43.889 Up on the right is one of the places he lived, 34:43.889 --> 34:47.269 always around, except for one occasion, 34:47.266 --> 34:48.596 Montmartre. 34:48.599 --> 34:51.249 That's his girlfriend. 34:51.250 --> 34:52.530 He had unrequited love. 34:52.530 --> 34:54.540 She had the disadvantage of being married to another 34:54.536 --> 34:55.006 anarchist. 34:55.010 --> 34:56.850 He writes her clumsy poems. 34:56.849 --> 34:57.839 He falls in love with her. 34:57.840 --> 34:59.000 She blows him off. 34:59.000 --> 35:02.030 But in the end, she wanted to take full credit 35:05.434 --> 35:07.114 after his deeds, his bombs, 35:07.110 --> 35:08.300 but he wasn't. 35:08.300 --> 35:10.110 That's one of the places he worked in Paris. 35:10.110 --> 35:10.740 I love that. 35:10.739 --> 35:13.179 That's a beautiful sign and that company hasn't existed 35:13.177 --> 35:14.077 since World War I. 35:14.079 --> 35:16.249 But you can follow him around. 35:20.603 --> 35:22.783 he had killed before. 35:22.780 --> 35:26.550 There was a strike in the south of France, glassworkers in 35:26.554 --> 35:27.154 Camaux. 35:27.150 --> 35:31.150 The third block on the left is number eleven and that's where 35:31.146 --> 35:32.276 the company is. 35:32.280 --> 35:36.550 They found a bomb there placed about 11:00 in the morning. 35:36.550 --> 35:38.070 Right there. 35:38.070 --> 35:39.550 That's not the way it looked then. 35:39.550 --> 35:43.490 I've gotten in there twice to see where he placed the bomb. 35:43.489 --> 35:45.459 My son gets a little tired. 35:45.460 --> 35:47.240 "Dad, do we have to look at another one of these 35:47.244 --> 35:47.764 places?" 35:47.760 --> 35:51.490 They find the bomb and they carry it down to the police 35:51.489 --> 35:53.699 station, which is still there. 35:53.699 --> 35:57.169 It was a reversible bomb, which means when the chemicals 35:57.172 --> 35:58.502 run together, boom! 35:58.500 --> 36:02.710 It kills five people terribly, five policeman and a secretary 36:02.708 --> 36:03.618 among them. 36:03.619 --> 36:06.109 Body parts all over the place. 36:06.110 --> 36:08.510 Emile Henry, that's one of the places he 36:08.507 --> 36:08.997 lived. 36:09.000 --> 36:12.420 He is eliminated from the list of suspects because they said he 36:12.416 --> 36:15.716 could not have gone on the two errands his boss sent that day 36:15.724 --> 36:17.934 from near the station of the north, 36:17.929 --> 36:19.769 down toward the center of Paris, 36:19.768 --> 36:22.258 then up toward the Arc de Triomphe, 36:22.260 --> 36:24.980 gone back to Montmartre and gotten the bomb, 36:24.980 --> 36:27.030 placed the bomb, and gotten back in two hours 36:27.034 --> 36:27.854 and fifteen minutes. 36:27.849 --> 36:31.779 When he went on trial for his life in 1894, 36:31.780 --> 36:34.680 a detective said, "Yes, he could have done that in two 36:34.684 --> 36:35.664 hours and fifteen minutes." 36:35.659 --> 36:38.439 So, being a bit of an empiricist, I did it. 36:38.440 --> 36:42.730 And I replaced tramway and Omnibus with a bus and with a 36:42.726 --> 36:43.346 Metro. 36:43.349 --> 36:46.239 I never take cabs, but I took, instead of a carriage--of 36:46.239 --> 36:48.639 course I didn't take that--I took a cab and I subtracted 36:48.637 --> 36:51.167 eleven minutes when my cab couldn't turn left on the Avenue 36:52.170 --> 36:54.940 He did it. 36:54.940 --> 36:55.890 There's no question about it. 36:55.889 --> 36:58.449 In fact, when they did the reconstitution of this building, 36:58.452 --> 37:00.442 he knew every single part of this building. 37:00.440 --> 37:01.150 He did it. 37:01.150 --> 37:02.610 There's no question about it. 37:02.610 --> 37:03.940 Why did he hate so? 37:03.940 --> 37:06.620 Part of it again, this is the theme we've talked 37:06.619 --> 37:08.899 about before, was the social geography of 37:08.898 --> 37:09.468 Paris. 37:09.469 --> 37:12.339 Everywhere he lived, with one exception that you 37:12.335 --> 37:14.405 just saw, was in people's Paris. 37:14.409 --> 37:16.209 All of the facades are still there. 37:19.293 --> 37:20.943 on the very top floor. 37:20.940 --> 37:22.050 That's where the poor lived. 37:22.050 --> 37:23.880 He gets the bomb there in 1892. 37:27.980 --> 37:32.230 It was a symbol of penance for the Franco-Prussian War and 37:32.230 --> 37:34.170 penance for the commune. 37:34.170 --> 37:37.040 His father was one of the people condemned to death, 37:37.039 --> 37:40.079 who was lucky enough to get out and not be executed. 37:40.079 --> 37:43.339 In a Zola novel that's very underappreciated called 37:43.344 --> 37:45.664 Paris, published in 1898, 37:45.659 --> 37:49.409 it's about a priest who, to take an REM song, 37:49.409 --> 37:51.129 is "losing his religion." 37:51.130 --> 37:54.270 His brother is an anarchist, Guillaume. 37:54.268 --> 37:57.138 He has fantasies about blowing this place up. 37:57.139 --> 37:59.659 I think it's ugly as hell. 37:59.659 --> 38:03.069 I once went with my wife to see where they cast the huge bell 38:03.070 --> 38:06.880 that would drive people nuts and still does, called la Savoyarde. 38:06.880 --> 38:07.970 But that bell wasn't there. 38:07.969 --> 38:10.139 But as a symbol, you can't walk around 38:10.141 --> 38:12.961 Montmartre and not see it from various places. 38:12.960 --> 38:17.030 He becomes a terrorist because the people that he sees around 38:17.034 --> 38:18.874 him are very, very poor, 38:18.869 --> 38:20.809 and he convinces himself, even though he's an 38:20.811 --> 38:22.591 intellectual, he's a bourgeois. 38:29.250 --> 38:30.660 It's a big engineering school. 38:30.659 --> 38:31.799 He's a great student. 38:31.800 --> 38:32.900 He's an intellectual. 38:32.900 --> 38:33.510 That's the other thing. 38:33.510 --> 38:36.710 Besides picking "innocent people." 38:36.710 --> 38:38.550 All people are innocent, but you know what I mean. 38:38.550 --> 38:43.320 The other thing is he is not a sad sack or a dangerous one like 38:43.322 --> 38:44.172 Ravachol. 38:44.170 --> 38:46.570 He is not a guy called Vaillant, 38:46.570 --> 38:49.410 who places a little, teeny tack bomb and throws it 38:49.405 --> 38:52.535 in the Chamber of Deputies to call attention to the plight of 38:52.539 --> 38:54.279 the poor, and is guillotined. 38:54.280 --> 38:56.640 The first person in the nineteenth century guillotined 38:56.635 --> 38:57.875 who did not kill somebody. 38:57.880 --> 39:00.980 This guy goes out to kill. 39:00.980 --> 39:05.340 There's a scene in an old Balzac novel called--all Balzac 39:05.338 --> 39:09.678 novels by definition are old, obviously--Old Goriot, 39:13.559 --> 39:16.299 who was sort of this down-and-out noble who wants to 39:16.304 --> 39:19.324 make the big time in Paris by sleeping with all the right 39:19.318 --> 39:19.908 people. 39:19.909 --> 39:23.109 After Goriot dies, he's up in the northeast 39:27.159 --> 39:30.619 He waves his hand down toward the fancy quarters, 39:34.880 --> 39:37.190 The fancy quarters, even before there are 39:37.188 --> 39:38.858 boulevards, and he says the equivalent of, 39:38.860 --> 39:40.840 "It's war between you and me now, baby." 39:40.840 --> 39:43.590 That's a rough translation, but that's what he said. 39:46.748 --> 39:49.308 seeing people walk down to be domestics, 39:49.309 --> 39:52.409 because they couldn't afford to take the tramway or the Omnibus, 39:52.409 --> 39:54.039 horse-drawn carriages. 39:54.039 --> 39:57.699 He waves his hand and says, "It's war between you and 39:57.702 --> 40:00.402 me, baby, and I will ignite the spark 40:00.396 --> 40:03.446 that kills you MFs right away." 40:03.449 --> 40:04.719 That's what he does. 40:04.719 --> 40:06.499 When he walked out of his apartment, 40:06.500 --> 40:11.000 he looked down and happily he didn't have to see the Tour 40:11.003 --> 40:13.993 Montparnasse, which hadn't been built after 40:13.992 --> 40:15.932 huge payoffs in the early 1970s. 40:15.929 --> 40:17.589 Disgusting! 40:17.590 --> 40:20.840 But what he could see were these symbols of capitalism, 40:20.842 --> 40:22.532 the state, and the church. 40:22.530 --> 40:23.460 What did he see? 40:23.460 --> 40:26.600 He saw the Eiffel Tower, which was five years old, 40:26.597 --> 40:29.987 a symbol of the republic and the bourgeois revolution, 40:29.990 --> 40:31.080 as he saw it. 40:31.079 --> 40:33.789 He sees the Pantheon, where they buried all these 40:33.791 --> 40:36.731 Napoleonic marshals who basically got a lot of people 40:36.728 --> 40:39.438 killed if they didn't get themselves killed. 40:39.440 --> 40:42.550 And he sees Notre Dame. 40:42.550 --> 40:44.640 He says, "It's war between you and me." 40:46.199 --> 40:47.159 I love this stuff. 40:47.159 --> 40:52.659 The inside building where he lived isn't there anymore. 40:52.659 --> 40:55.269 Now it's kind of an area that's a little bit sketchy. 40:55.269 --> 40:56.609 There's a lot of drug dealing. 40:56.610 --> 40:58.820 When I got myself into there, I had to kind of--;I didn't 40:58.822 --> 41:00.602 want to look like a plainclothes policeman. 41:00.599 --> 41:02.949 Do I risk looking like a plainclothes policeman? 41:02.949 --> 41:03.699 No. 41:03.699 --> 41:07.519 I didn't want to look like a tourist sort of slumming. 41:07.518 --> 41:09.088 I don't look like that much, either. 41:09.090 --> 41:11.090 When I went by these guys who were sort of hanging out there, 41:11.094 --> 41:12.034 I said, "Salut les 41:12.027 --> 41:13.087 gars," or "Hi guys, 41:13.088 --> 41:13.718 what's up?" 41:13.719 --> 41:16.599 I got myself in there to see where he once had lived. 41:16.599 --> 41:20.139 The point of that is that you can see what he saw. 41:20.139 --> 41:24.019 That gate is exactly the same as that day when he walked out 41:24.023 --> 41:26.003 to kill for the second time. 41:26.000 --> 41:31.640 His bomb that he threw into the Terminus--this is back in 1894, 41:31.635 --> 41:34.085 this is where we started. 41:34.090 --> 41:37.310 It hit a chandelier and exploded. 41:37.309 --> 41:40.259 He said at his trial that he threw it too low. 41:40.260 --> 41:42.690 He should have thrown it higher; it would have killed more 41:42.693 --> 41:42.983 people. 41:42.980 --> 41:44.280 Only one died. 41:44.280 --> 41:46.020 He'd already killed five before. 41:46.019 --> 41:47.959 People are terrified. 41:47.960 --> 41:49.050 They run all over the place. 41:49.050 --> 41:53.880 It was speculated that his was sort of an indirect suicide, 41:53.880 --> 41:57.530 because his unrequited love, this lady who lived in the 41:57.530 --> 42:02.910 Boulevard Voltaire, whose name was Elisa. 42:02.909 --> 42:06.199 But no, because he tries to escape in order to kill again. 42:06.199 --> 42:08.009 They chase him and they catch him. 42:08.010 --> 42:09.390 A barber helps catch him. 42:09.389 --> 42:13.269 A controller on the tramway hits him with the control 42:13.271 --> 42:17.131 mechanism that punches tickets, just like in the old days on 42:17.125 --> 42:18.815 those things, not that I ever was in a 42:18.815 --> 42:19.715 horse-drawn carriage. 42:19.719 --> 42:22.039 They get him and they take him. 42:26.532 --> 42:28.782 and is put on trial. 42:28.780 --> 42:31.360 That's where he's writing his mother. 42:31.360 --> 42:34.280 We know a lot about him, because they kept all these 42:34.282 --> 42:34.972 documents. 42:34.969 --> 42:37.139 It was so fun doing this. 42:37.139 --> 42:38.109 I love stuff like that. 42:38.110 --> 42:42.430 His mother was devastated, as you can well imagine. 42:44.958 --> 42:45.278 this. 42:45.280 --> 42:50.140 He was her pride and joy after the death of the father. 42:50.139 --> 42:53.359 Those of you who have been to Paris will recognize this. 42:53.360 --> 42:54.720 This is the Conciergerie. 42:54.719 --> 42:58.889 This is where Louis XVI, Danton, Robespierre, 42:58.889 --> 43:01.199 Marie Antoinette, and others awaited, 43:01.199 --> 43:03.759 they put their head between the little window, 43:03.760 --> 43:05.400 as they used to say, la petite 43:07.518 --> 43:10.908 It's also got one of the three most magnificent gothic halls 43:10.905 --> 43:12.105 anywhere in France. 43:12.110 --> 43:16.320 His guards took notes every single day about what he said 43:16.322 --> 43:18.282 and the anarchist songs. 43:18.280 --> 43:22.840 They want to prove that somebody else was involved in 43:22.835 --> 43:23.445 this. 43:23.449 --> 43:26.429 There probably was somebody else in the 1892 attack who 43:26.432 --> 43:27.982 helped him close the bomb. 43:27.980 --> 43:35.820 So, Emile Henry goes on trial in April of 1894. 43:35.820 --> 43:40.530 He makes the famous declaration in which he says, 43:40.534 --> 43:44.364 "You have hung us in Chicago," 43:44.364 --> 43:47.024 Haymarket; "You have garroted 43:47.019 --> 43:49.079 us," that's slowly strangling us, 43:49.079 --> 43:50.639 "in Barcelona." 43:50.639 --> 43:55.089 When Franco was croaking in 1975, they were garroting an 43:55.092 --> 43:59.062 anarchist even at that time, 1975 in Barcelona. 43:59.059 --> 44:00.809 "You have shot us in Germany." 44:00.809 --> 44:02.499 I don't know how they killed them in Italy, 44:02.498 --> 44:04.308 but, "You've killed us in Italy." 44:04.309 --> 44:06.859 He says, "You, the bourgeois, 44:10.880 --> 44:13.140 It's because of you, the petty bourgeois. 44:13.139 --> 44:14.739 You support les gros," 44:14.744 --> 44:16.504 the big ones, "on every possible 44:16.496 --> 44:17.126 occasion. 44:17.130 --> 44:21.670 You forget about us when your factory owners throw us out when 44:21.670 --> 44:24.350 we can no longer work any longer, 44:24.349 --> 44:27.899 or women workers happy not to have had to prostitute 44:27.900 --> 44:32.360 themselves in order to pay their rent and their husbands' rent by 44:32.358 --> 44:34.098 the end of the month. 44:34.099 --> 44:36.659 But what you can never do is destroy anarchism. 44:36.659 --> 44:39.679 Its roots are too deep." 44:39.679 --> 44:43.569 On the 22^(nd) of May 1894--that's what I said about 44:43.572 --> 44:48.152 writing a book about somebody that doesn't live very long--he 44:48.152 --> 44:51.892 is executed at Place Roquette in Paris, which was, 44:51.891 --> 44:55.801 by intent, the place where the state meted 44:55.800 --> 44:58.240 out justice, right in the heart of 44:58.235 --> 44:59.485 working-class Paris. 44:59.489 --> 45:02.519 That was not an idle selection of a space. 45:02.518 --> 45:07.908 We have his notes up to the very end of his life. 45:07.909 --> 45:10.749 This guy, Deibler, is the executioner. 45:10.750 --> 45:14.280 Monsieur de Paris. 45:14.280 --> 45:18.370 This is the executioner meting out, in quotes, 45:18.369 --> 45:20.369 "justice." 45:20.369 --> 45:23.289 Public execution, by the way, in France, 45:23.288 --> 45:27.478 maybe I said this already, was in 1936 at Versailles--the 45:27.478 --> 45:29.798 last execution was in 1974. 45:29.800 --> 45:32.940 I'm constantly asked by people all sorts of political opinions 45:32.940 --> 45:35.560 in France, where executions, 45:35.559 --> 45:38.939 public capital punishment is repudiated by most everybody, 45:38.940 --> 45:40.380 how that we still have it here. 45:40.380 --> 45:42.550 This is not a political diatribe, so I won't say 45:42.545 --> 45:43.555 anything about that. 45:43.559 --> 45:47.019 Anyway, Deibler, his son was the last public 45:47.016 --> 45:51.436 executioner, did the last public execution back when. 45:51.440 --> 45:53.610 There he is. 45:53.610 --> 45:56.740 There's somebody else putting their head through the little 45:56.742 --> 45:57.232 window. 45:57.230 --> 45:59.290 That's what I mean by that. 45:59.289 --> 46:03.949 46:03.949 --> 46:06.179 That's the equivalent of his mug shot. 46:06.179 --> 46:13.329 So, he was wrong about the roots of anarchism being too 46:13.331 --> 46:14.261 deep. 46:14.260 --> 46:18.070 What clearly happens is that there was a trial during that 46:18.070 --> 46:22.150 same summer where they put a lot of intellectuals on trial who 46:22.148 --> 46:25.888 did nothing except to say that they were anarchists or to 46:25.891 --> 46:27.631 criticize the state. 46:27.630 --> 46:30.110 What my book--it's really a book also about state 46:30.108 --> 46:30.778 terrorists. 46:30.780 --> 46:34.680 It's about the overreaction of states. 46:34.679 --> 46:36.359 Our state is a good example of that, 46:36.360 --> 46:39.660 and the tendency to try to denigrate anyone who doesn't 46:39.659 --> 46:41.919 agree with us as being terrorists, 46:41.920 --> 46:43.690 whether they were or not. 46:43.690 --> 46:47.270 The intellectuals, the jury sees through it in 46:47.269 --> 46:51.959 1894 and only a couple thieves are condemned and them not to 46:51.963 --> 46:52.763 death. 46:52.760 --> 46:57.360 There's anarchists in 1968 in Paris. 46:57.360 --> 47:00.970 There's a band of anarchists in about 1909,1910, 47:00.969 --> 47:04.659 1911, that hold up stores with most modern tools, 47:04.657 --> 47:07.267 shotguns and things like that. 47:07.269 --> 47:09.889 The anarchist attacks were over. 47:09.889 --> 47:10.899 There was no question about that. 47:12.760 --> 47:15.720 As an intellectual, the cross-class kind of--you 47:15.724 --> 47:18.504 see this in Middle-Eastern terrorism, too. 47:18.500 --> 47:21.540 My book is also about state terrorists. 47:21.539 --> 47:26.369 What stops anarchist attacks in Spain is the fact that the 47:26.373 --> 47:31.463 public becomes aware that the police were hideously torturing 47:31.460 --> 47:36.550 people who did not agree with the politics of the State. 47:36.550 --> 47:37.550 They were torturing them. 47:37.550 --> 47:41.080 You see where one could go in a political diatribe, 47:41.077 --> 47:42.417 which this isn't. 47:42.420 --> 47:47.730 In Italy when the state overreacts, anarchist attacks 47:47.726 --> 47:49.356 virtually end. 47:49.360 --> 47:51.680 Now, anarchism does not end in Spain. 47:51.679 --> 47:54.429 It does not end also for reasons that are perfectly clear 47:54.425 --> 47:55.695 already in Buenos Aires. 47:55.699 --> 47:59.209 There's still a huge anarchist community of exiles from these 47:59.208 --> 48:02.658 Western European countries from all over the place living in 48:02.657 --> 48:04.927 London, ironically in one of the more 48:04.932 --> 48:07.702 chi-chi parts of London which was then very poor, 48:07.699 --> 48:09.949 around Charlotte Street, where you can't afford to have 48:09.952 --> 48:10.902 a pint of beer anymore. 48:10.900 --> 48:12.770 That's where they live. 48:12.769 --> 48:14.729 So, he was wrong about that. 48:14.730 --> 48:17.670 The roots of anarchism were too great. 48:17.670 --> 48:20.290 But the connection that I want to make, obviously, 48:20.289 --> 48:22.629 especially since this is being filmed it's not the place to do 48:22.628 --> 48:23.698 it, but when states, 48:23.699 --> 48:28.749 including our own, overreact, what they tend to do is to lash 48:28.750 --> 48:31.550 out in ways, and imprison unjustly, 48:31.545 --> 48:33.605 and torture, and don't give legal rights. 48:33.610 --> 48:38.300 What they do is tend to increase the number of those 48:38.302 --> 48:40.512 people who despise us. 48:40.510 --> 48:43.210 If you look back, and again the commune is not a 48:43.208 --> 48:46.188 bad way of thinking about this, somebody figured out that of 48:46.193 --> 48:48.653 all the victims of terrorist attacks, 48:48.650 --> 48:52.020 no matter how you define them, the ratio between victims of 48:52.021 --> 48:55.531 overreaction by states to victims of anarchist terror--and 48:55.525 --> 48:58.225 I'm not apologizing for anarchist terror. 48:58.230 --> 48:58.960 I hate it. 48:58.960 --> 49:01.290 I'm not apologizing for terror of any kind. 49:01.289 --> 49:02.389 I hate it. 49:02.389 --> 49:05.699 But the ratio was 260:1. 49:05.699 --> 49:09.339 I suppose there's a lesson to be learned there somewhere. 49:09.340 --> 49:13.060 But it was fun to follow Emile Henry around, 49:13.059 --> 49:17.109 even though I don't admire him, and to try to give you a sense 49:17.106 --> 49:21.556 of how people felt when they hated in the 1890s. 49:21.559 --> 49:25.429 Their answer was not the same answer as socialists, 49:25.429 --> 49:28.989 which are to take power mostly through electoral processes, 49:28.989 --> 49:32.289 but to smash the state by blowing it up. 49:32.289 --> 49:33.679 See you on Monday. 49:33.679 --> 49:39.999