WEBVTT

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Professor David Blight:
There was trouble in the air.

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I left you the other day with
Henry Clay sloshing down some

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brandy on a late night in
mid-January 1850,

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to try to come up with ways of
solving the great political

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challenges they faced between
the sections and over the

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expansion of slavery.

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They were doing this,
in great part,

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because gold had been
discovered in California.

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This is an original photograph
of panners, gold-miners--white,

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Asian and who knows,
probably somebody mixed black.

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If California wasn't ready for
statehood in 1850,

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it's possible there wouldn't
have needed to be a Compromise

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of 1850;
but it was.

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And already in its inception,
people realized how big

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California was.
And they already realized,

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North and South,
that part of it was north of

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the Missouri Compromise Line and
part it was south.

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Would that vast territory of
California become a free state

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or a slave state?

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The South's greatest spokesman,
its intellectual leader of its

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states' sovereignty and states'
rights position,

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delivered what became known
quickly that year as "The

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Southern Address."

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And in it, Calhoun said many
things, warning the country what

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the South might do,
or at least the Deep South

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might do.
But he captured it in this

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ending of the speech:
"If you," and he's pointing to

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Northerners,
"who represent the stronger

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portion cannot agree to settle
on the broad principle of

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justice and duty,
say so;

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and let the States we both
represent agree to separate and

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part in peace.
If you are unwilling we should

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part in peace,
tell us so;

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and we shall not--and we shall
know what to do when you reduce

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the question to submission or
resistance.

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If you remain silent you will
compel us to infer by your acts

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what you intend.
In that case,

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California will become the test
question.

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If you admit her,
under all the difficulties that

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oppose her admission,
you compel us to infer that you

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intend to exclude us from the
whole of the acquired

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territories of the West,
with the intention of

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destroying irretrievably the
equilibrium between the two

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sections."

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And one of the oldest ideas in
our political culture is that

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great conflict comes when
there's an issue around which

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two sides--let's assume there
are two,

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sometimes there are more than
two--but if there are two sides

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on a great issue of conflict,
when one side or the other

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cannot accept the result;
when a vital interest is

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somehow at stake that they will
not, or cannot,

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or choose not,
to accept a political outcome.

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That's the question in the
1850s: can compromise,

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some kind of coalition and
consensus around this question

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of slavery's future--future in
the West,

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future in the American
political culture,

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future within the
Constitution--can some kind of

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center hold?

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Now, Clay invited Daniel
Webster to deal with this

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because Webster's obviously the
most--at that point in time

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Daniel Webster was the most
famous Northern Whig politician.

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He was from abolitionist
Massachusetts.

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He was anti-slavery,
though never a card-carrying

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abolitionist to say the least.

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He was a great lawyer,
many said the greatest orator

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in the United States--those were
usually the ones that hadn't

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heard Frederick Douglass yet.

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He'd been in Congress since
1823, almost as long as Clay.

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He'd been in the Senate since
1844.

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He was seen in some ways as the
lion and the spokesman of New

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England.
He had been the great voice in

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the Nullification Crisis debates
of 1830.

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He had been a voice of union
but also law enforcement

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then--that famous phrase that he
had become known for,

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"Liberty and union,
now and forever,

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one and inseparable."

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Webster always seemed to be the
union man, at the same time he

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was an anti-slavery man.

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Henry Clay from Kentucky;
founder of the Whig Party;

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candidate for President three
and four times over.

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The organizational genius in
some ways behind the Whig Party

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and its so-called national
system,

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the idea of using government
for economic and social change

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in the lives of immigrants and
everybody else.

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Clay of Kentucky,
slave-holder--he owned about 60

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people--hemp plantation farmer,
original founder of the

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American Colonization Society,
a border state political titan,

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with great influence in the
Congress, pulls in Webster and

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says, "Daniel,
we got to save the union,

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because look what Calhoun and
company in the Deep South are

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threatening.
What will we do?

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How will we solve this?"

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I mentioned the other day that
when Clay introduced his five

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measures, which were known first
as the Clay Measures and then as

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the Compromise Measures,
he stood up in the Senate,

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with great theater,
and held a piece of what he

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said was George Washington's
coffin.

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What were the issues in 1850?

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I hope you've seen enough of
the outline;

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if not--it's gone for the
moment.

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The issues are on the map.

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The issues are that California
in the west is ready for

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statehood, overnight,
because of that vast migration

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of miners, by sea,
by land, and by imagination.

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There'd always been a brewing
issue in the U.S.

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Congress and in the District of
Columbia about the fact that the

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District of Columbia,
the capital of the United

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States, was a slave trading
center.

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Northern congressmen,
of all stripes,

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blocks down the street from the
United States Capitol was a huge

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slave jail.
People said that when the wind

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was right you could smell it,
on the steps of the Capitol.

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Abraham Lincoln in his one term
in the House called it a human

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livery stable.
Foreign visitors would come and

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they would say--they would stand
in awe at that majestic Capitol

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as it was being built and the
dome was being completed,

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and then they would ask,
"Where's the slave jail,

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can we see a slave jail?"

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So there were a lot of
Northerners now who were saying,

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"Okay, there's going to be some
big compromise now about

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California,
about slavery in the West.

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What are we going to do about
this?

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Let's deal with this question
too."

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Thirdly, there was the question
of--and this is what Southerners

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were exercised about--of
fugitive slaves escaping into

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the North in that so-called
Underground Railroad.

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And the term Underground
Railroad appears for the first

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time openly, over and over,
in public debate on the floor

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of the U.S.
Congress.

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Southerners standing up and
saying we need a much stronger

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Federal Fugitive Slave Act
requiring the return of fugitive

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slaves because they are escaping
too much in that Underground

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Railroad.
They didn't have a clue what it

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really was;
didn't matter.

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But Southerners wanted fugitive
slaves retrieved to them by law

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under Federal enforcement,
no questions asked.

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And then there was the problem
of Texas now.

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It doesn't quite show it on
this map properly,

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but the other day you remember
the map of Texas--the boundaries

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of Texas had never been
determined--to the Mexicans,

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much less to the Americans.

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And the idea here now was
to--how would you kind of divide

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up Texas?
There was no New Mexico or

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Arizona yet, it's just this vast
territory called the New Mexico

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Territory.
The idea was if you moved back

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the border of Texas about three
or 400 miles,

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and you placed it where it
actually is today,

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you would open up new
territory,

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lots of it, to the
establishment of at least one

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new, if not two new states,
and those states in the

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Southern imagination would,
in all likelihood,

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be slave states--they were
southern.

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What to do with the Texas
boundary?

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Now, Daniel Webster's support
of this came at some price.

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It came at a huge price for his
own career.

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The five measures that came out
of their discussions--they

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weren't alone but they really
did conceive this.

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The five parts of the
Compromise of 1850 will be on

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your citizenship test.

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You shouldn't have U.S.

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citizenship if you can't name
the five parts of the Compromise

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of 1850--I've always believed
that--and the three parts of the

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Kansas-Nebraska Act;
that should be a test of

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citizenship.
No Lithuanian should ever get

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U.S.
citizenship without being able

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to name the five parts of the
Compromise of 1850.

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Never mind.
[laughter]

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California would be admitted as
a free state.

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Clay said there's no way around
this, if they hold a referendum

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in California it's going to be a
free state;

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the people who've gone there
are all, they're all little

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people.
There are all these miners and

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these panners,
they're immigrants,

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they're people from Germany
who've come across the sea,

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all in one year,
to go find gold in California,

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and they're not going to be
slave-holders.

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All right, California will be
admitted as a free state.

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But now, remember what Calhoun
had said--so what are you going

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to give the South?

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In return the South is going to
get a whole new,

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much stronger,
Federal Fugitive Slave Act,

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the most notorious and
controversial aspect of the

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Compromise of 1850.

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Secondly, Clay said to Webster,
"Let's abolish the slave trade

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in the District of Columbia.

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We have Federal jurisdiction
over that;

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the Congress has jurisdiction
over the District,

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let's abolish the slave trade,
let's get the slave jails out

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of Washington.
Northerners will like that."

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Webster said "Yeah.

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Let's move the boundary back
three, 400 miles"--it was really

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about 350 miles--"let's open up
a whole new part of the Mexican

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Session,
with a possible establishment

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of new slave states;
let's let Southerners dream of

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two and three more states,
and four to six more U.S.

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senators in the next three to
five years.

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Let's let them feel secure that
California may come in as a free

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state and get two new senators
and the number will now be 16 to

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15,
free to slave states"--people

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were counting.
The idea was "yes,

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but maybe the South gets two or
three out of the Mexican

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Session."

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And then lastly how would
slavery be determined in that

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southwest;
the big issue,

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how do you do it,
by what principle?

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Clay said popular sovereignty,
let the people have a

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referendum and vote--liberal
democracy.

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So that statehood for any
territory in the Mexican

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Session, except for California
here--this is the stuff of

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compromise,
don't look for hard principles

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here--except for California,
everything else in the Mexican

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Session will be determined on
popular sovereignty.

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The people who settled the
territory at some stage of the

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territorial process--it could be
early,

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it could be late--will vote
whether slavery shall exist.

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So look at the five measures.

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California will be a free state;
slave trade--trade,

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not slavery itself--will be
abolished in the District of

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Columbia.
Two issues the North will like.

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The Texas boundary moved back,
opened a new territory,

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new possible southern states,
and that Fugitive Slave Act.

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Two measures Southerners would
really like.

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And by the way,
when Clay suggested the

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Fugitive Slave Act to Webster,
Webster says "No,

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no, no, I can't take that home
to Massachusetts,

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it won't fly,
you can't do that."

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Clay said, "You have to do
that."

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Webster said, "I can't do that."

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Clay said, "You have to do that;
have some more brandy."

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Webster said, "Okay."

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[Laughter]
I don't know how much brandy

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they drank.
And popular sovereignty of

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course, it's American democracy,
let them vote;

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it's an appeal to both sides,
two for each side and one for

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everybody.

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It is a great compromise,
in a sense, but how is it

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actually passed is crucial;
and of course its substance is

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crucial.
The way it was finally passed

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is that once--and by the way,
there was no certainly

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whatsoever that this would work.

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After Clay initiated the debate
with an emotional appeal for

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union, Daniel Webster spoke in
what became known in his career

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and in American history as the
"7^(th) of March Speech."

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He held forth for three hours
in one of his classic

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philippics.
It began with the famous lines,

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"I wish to speak today not as a
Massachusetts man nor as a

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northern man,
but as an American.

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I speak today for the
preservation of the Union."

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And he appealed to his fellow
Northerners to vote for the

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Fugitive Slave--to vote to make
northern states legally

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complicit in the return of
fugitive slaves in their

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neighborhoods.
He got groans and he got jeers

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and he got cheers.

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Everybody said one of the
greatest speeches ever made in

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the U.S.
Senate;

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and it ruined Webster's career.

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Poets started writing about,
as Wittier did,

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"the Devil and Daniel Webster."

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Calhoun was unable to deliver
his speech--it was the 4^(th) of

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March--he was too sick;
he will be dead by the fall.

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It was delivered by James
Mason, his colleague.

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Calhoun was carried into the
U.S.

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Senate in a chair;
he couldn't walk,

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they literally carried him in,
sat him down.

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He stared at his shoes,
while Mason delivered his

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speech in which Calhoun said
that the South had to stand now

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as one,
for a slave society and for

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states' rights and for the
protection of what he constantly

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argued were minority rights.

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Calhoun's speech--arguably,
I think from an interpretative

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mode now--frightened,
frightened--especially some

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Northerners, into voting for a
compromise they hated.

17:18.960 --> 17:20.090


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It may have even frightened
some border state Democrats and

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Whigs, to vote for this thing,
some of which they hated.

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Like any great compromise--if
any of you have ever been on

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major--political committees,
dorm committees and so on,

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you got to pass something,
but you got two or three things

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on the Bill.
And there are these people who

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hate item number one,
and these people who hate item

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number two, and these people who
hate item number three.

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What happens if you vote on all
three at the same time?

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Everybody's got something to
vote against.

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So the way the Compromise of
1850 was passed--and it was

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passed largely by the young
Stephen A.

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Douglas, who took over the
management.

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He was about 38-years-old at
this point, Senator from

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Illinois, a young titan--small
as he was,

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five foot six--a young titan of
the Democratic Party from

18:17.406 --> 18:21.106
Illinois.
He was really the parliamentary

18:21.106 --> 18:26.026
manager in the midst of the
debates from March into the

18:26.029 --> 18:31.019
summer of 1850.
There were threats of disunion

18:31.022 --> 18:37.512
from Southerners every other
day--brave threats in Southern

18:37.505 --> 18:41.165
newspapers.
So what Douglas did is a

18:41.174 --> 18:43.984
classic parliamentary maneuver.

18:43.980 --> 18:47.020


18:47.019 --> 18:51.759
He voted on each bill
separately and ultimately called

18:51.760 --> 18:56.140
it the Omnibus Bill,
and in each case managed just

18:56.143 --> 18:59.903
enough of a narrow
majority--getting enough

18:59.900 --> 19:04.230
Northerners,
especially Northern Democrats,

19:04.229 --> 19:10.029
to vote for that Fugitive Slave
Act, which they tended to hate,

19:10.029 --> 19:14.049
and then just enough
Southern--what's left of the

19:14.048 --> 19:19.068
Whigs--to vote for the end of
the slave trade in the District

19:19.070 --> 19:25.090
of Columbia.
And it passed in early August

19:25.091 --> 19:27.921
1850.
Henry Clay, ill,

19:27.915 --> 19:33.015
terminally sick,
had gone home to Kentucky.

19:33.019 --> 19:34.899
He'll be out of the picture and
out of American history before

19:34.901 --> 19:35.581
the end of the year.

19:35.579 --> 19:39.479
Calhoun was dying at that very
moment--was dead,

19:39.475 --> 19:41.625
I believe, by September.

19:41.630 --> 19:45.530
Webster was now to be denounced
politically forever in his own

19:45.527 --> 19:48.527
political party and in his own
Massachusetts.

19:48.529 --> 19:52.539
But the Compromise passed and
in some ways the nation

19:52.537 --> 19:54.847
celebrated, or so it seemed.

19:54.850 --> 19:58.060


19:58.059 --> 20:00.979
The Compromise of 1850 did,
in some ways,

20:00.976 --> 20:04.546
save the Union,
at least at that point in time.

20:04.550 --> 20:09.030


20:09.029 --> 20:11.779
But as David Potter,
the best historian of this

20:11.778 --> 20:14.528
we've ever had,
said, it was far more--and it's

20:14.526 --> 20:17.746
the best way to remember it I
think--it was far more an

20:17.752 --> 20:20.622
armistice than it really was a
compromise.

20:20.619 --> 20:23.709
It began to collapse almost as
fast as it passed.

20:23.710 --> 20:27.450
There were huge rallies and
marches in northern cities

20:27.449 --> 20:30.129
celebrating the saving of the
Union.

20:30.130 --> 20:33.180
People were frightened;
I mean, business interests in

20:33.177 --> 20:36.407
the north--not just in New York
City where the banks all were,

20:36.410 --> 20:39.650
but now in this colossus of
Chicago, this burgeoning

20:39.646 --> 20:42.736
railroad center in the West,
in Cincinnati,

20:42.744 --> 20:46.414
Detroit--worried,
what if there is disunion,

20:46.414 --> 20:50.534
what happens to the economy,
what happens to trade?

20:50.530 --> 20:53.580


20:53.580 --> 20:58.040
So there were great rallies.

20:58.039 --> 20:59.769
At the same time,
the State of Georgia met its

20:59.770 --> 21:02.040
legislature by December 1850 and
passed what they called the

21:02.039 --> 21:04.309
Georgia Platform and sent it all
around the rest of the Deep

21:04.308 --> 21:06.478
South.
And it said they--it said the

21:06.476 --> 21:09.946
State of Georgia gave only its
conditional acceptance to the

21:09.946 --> 21:14.156
compromise measures,
waiting to see whether the

21:14.155 --> 21:17.115
North acted in good faith.

21:17.119 --> 21:20.069
In other words,
"we don't trust you."

21:20.069 --> 21:22.589
Some Northern State
legislatures said,

21:22.587 --> 21:24.877
"oh really?"
And they passed resolutions

21:24.882 --> 21:27.122
saying "we don't think we trust
you either."

21:27.120 --> 21:33.530


21:33.529 --> 21:38.039
There were vehement protests
against the Fugitive Slave Act.

21:38.039 --> 21:41.549
The Fugitive Slave Act,
above all else,

21:41.553 --> 21:45.903
in this crisis,
caused much further conflict.

21:45.900 --> 21:49.010


21:49.009 --> 21:52.589
It led directly to an estimated
20,000 African-American free

21:52.588 --> 21:54.828
blacks--well,
free blacks and fugitive

21:54.832 --> 21:57.682
slaves,
so many of them--living in the

21:57.684 --> 22:01.114
northern states--and in some
cases, whole church

22:01.106 --> 22:05.476
congregations from cities like
Philadelphia and Boston--moved

22:05.475 --> 22:11.985
north of the border into Canada,
between 1850 and roughly 1857,

22:11.989 --> 22:19.499
'58, when there was another
small wave, after the Dred Scott

22:19.502 --> 22:22.132
decision.
This will lead now to

22:22.127 --> 22:24.897
the--established in that
Fugitive Slave Act of special

22:24.895 --> 22:29.495
Federal magistrates whose job,
whose sole job it was now--this

22:29.500 --> 22:35.540
is a whole new level of Federal
adjudication of fugitive slaves.

22:35.539 --> 22:39.519
Magistrates were now appointed
to go all over the north to

22:39.523 --> 22:43.843
retrieve fugitive slaves--well,
to set up a police apparatus to

22:43.843 --> 22:47.353
retrieve fugitive slaves,
and then to conduct courts to

22:47.351 --> 22:49.171
determine their identity.

22:49.170 --> 22:52.640
And in the Fugitive Slave Act
itself it determined,

22:52.643 --> 22:56.333
or it said, that those
magistrates would be paid twice

22:56.326 --> 23:00.356
as much money--they actually
would be paid $10.00 for every

23:00.355 --> 23:04.725
fugitive slave they convicted of
being that person and sent them

23:04.732 --> 23:08.242
back to slavery,
and $5.00 for every acquittal.

23:08.240 --> 23:13.010


23:13.009 --> 23:14.919
Now I know $5.00 doesn't seem
like much, but on the face of

23:14.920 --> 23:17.060
that you look at that and think,
"Now wait a second,

23:17.057 --> 23:20.217
this is blind justice--you're
going to give me twice as much

23:20.215 --> 23:22.245
money to convict you as acquit
you?

23:22.250 --> 23:25.820
Hey, I need a meal too."

23:25.820 --> 23:32.020


23:32.019 --> 23:33.639
It led now to famous fugitive
slave rescues,

23:33.644 --> 23:35.424
like the rescue of Jerry
McHenry in Syracuse,

23:35.420 --> 23:38.220
New York in 1851,
in a violent rescue by

23:38.223 --> 23:42.543
abolitionists who spirited--who
killed one of his captors and

23:42.535 --> 23:44.615
carted him off to Canada.

23:44.619 --> 23:48.349
It led to the famous rescue of
Shadrach Minkins in early 1852

23:48.350 --> 23:52.210
in Boston, a fugitive slave from
Virginia who was working in an

23:52.205 --> 23:54.625
abolitionist coffeehouse in
Boston,

23:54.630 --> 23:56.580
retrieved by slave catchers,
taken to a jail,

23:56.578 --> 23:57.728
broken out of that jail.

23:57.730 --> 24:01.500
One of the jailers murdered on
the spot by a mob of

24:01.503 --> 24:04.223
abolitionists led by Lewis
Hayden,

24:04.220 --> 24:08.710
himself a fugitive slave from
Kentucky, who lived in Beacon

24:08.709 --> 24:13.659
Hill in Boston and dared Federal
magistrates to come to his house

24:13.663 --> 24:18.003
and try to retrieve Shadrack
Minkins by putting an entire

24:17.997 --> 24:21.397
posse on the street,
and a keg of gun powder in

24:21.395 --> 24:23.845
front of his door,
which he threatened he would

24:23.845 --> 24:26.025
blow up if any magistrate got
near it.

24:26.029 --> 24:28.589
And that night they spirited
Shadrach off to Concord,

24:28.587 --> 24:31.237
Massachusetts where the
descendents of abolitionists to

24:31.242 --> 24:33.802
this day like to argue which
house he stayed in,

24:33.799 --> 24:38.719
and then off across Route 2,
across northern Massachusetts

24:38.717 --> 24:43.547
and on up into Canada where
Shadrach remained the rest of

24:43.548 --> 24:46.738
his life as a grocer in
Montreal.

24:46.740 --> 24:49.330
And there were many,
many other fugitive slave

24:49.325 --> 24:51.735
rescues now.
There was a fugitive slave

24:51.738 --> 24:54.458
rescue at Christiana,
Pennsylvania in 1851.

24:54.460 --> 24:55.840
It was really at a farm.

24:55.839 --> 25:01.239
A slaveholder named Gorsuch and
a posse of only five or six men

25:01.239 --> 25:05.679
cornered a group of his former
slaves, four of them,

25:05.680 --> 25:08.890
in a barn.
A group of abolitionists,

25:08.893 --> 25:12.723
black and white,
defended them in a gun battle.

25:12.720 --> 25:14.740
One of Gorsuch's sons was
killed.

25:14.740 --> 25:17.630
The fugitive slaves escaped.

25:17.630 --> 25:21.320
They ended up going across
upstate New York.

25:21.319 --> 25:25.419
Two of them ended up in
Frederick Douglass's house in

25:25.416 --> 25:27.146
Rochester, New York.

25:27.150 --> 25:30.290
Douglass drove them personally
in a carriage to the wharf on

25:30.291 --> 25:30.931
Lake Erie.

25:30.930 --> 25:35.040


25:35.039 --> 25:38.989
And when he bid them goodbye,
one of them gave him the

25:38.993 --> 25:43.023
revolver that he had used at
Christiana, a memento that

25:43.021 --> 25:45.931
Douglass kept the rest of his
life.

25:45.930 --> 25:54.580
Resistance to slavery was now
direct, sometimes violent.

25:54.579 --> 25:57.549
The Underground Railroad had
become an over ground railroad.

25:57.549 --> 26:01.459
It was no longer caught up in
the romance of a whole lot of

26:01.459 --> 26:04.559
people spiriting people to
secret hideaways.

26:04.559 --> 26:07.969
It was sometimes now a matter
of gun violence.

26:07.970 --> 26:11.070


26:11.069 --> 26:13.249
And one could argue that the
most important thing to happen

26:13.253 --> 26:14.763
in the wake of the Fugitive
Slave Act,

26:14.759 --> 26:19.729
and therefore the Compromise of
1850, was the publication of

26:19.733 --> 26:22.013
Uncle Tom's Cabin.

26:22.009 --> 26:24.359
Harriet Beecher Stowe,
that brilliant,

26:24.359 --> 26:27.849
very short, little woman,
who had lived for quite awhile

26:27.851 --> 26:31.191
with her husband Calvin Stowe,
who was a theologian teaching

26:31.191 --> 26:32.981
in Cincinnati,
had lived in a house on a hill

26:32.984 --> 26:35.814
in Cincinnati for several years,
where she first met slave

26:35.812 --> 26:38.952
women--where she first met
fugitive slaves coming through

26:38.954 --> 26:40.744
Cincinnati,
and may have hid a few.

26:40.740 --> 26:44.030


26:44.029 --> 26:46.769
Heard their voices,
tried to learn their dialect,

26:46.768 --> 26:50.018
and wrote the greatest novel of
the nineteenth century,

26:50.019 --> 26:52.569
and still on any list,
any short list,

26:52.568 --> 26:56.698
of the best selling works of
literature in the history of the

26:56.701 --> 26:57.391
world.

26:57.390 --> 27:01.010


27:01.009 --> 27:03.809
That sugar-coated,
anti-slavery story of several

27:03.806 --> 27:05.766
characters--Eliza,
young Eliza,

27:05.769 --> 27:09.509
light-skinned with her baby,
escaping across the Ohio,

27:09.507 --> 27:12.677
jumping from iceberg to iceberg
to iceberg.

27:12.680 --> 27:15.760
The Ohio doesn't have icebergs
anymore;

27:15.760 --> 27:20.010
didn't have many then either.

27:20.009 --> 27:23.879
Or Uncle Tom himself,
the most important Christ-like

27:23.880 --> 27:26.840
figure in all of American
literature.

27:26.839 --> 27:31.279
Harriet Stowe wrote a brilliant
book, whatever anyone wants to

27:31.278 --> 27:34.978
say about it.
She made everybody complicitous

27:34.983 --> 27:36.673
in the slave story.

27:36.670 --> 27:40.160
The most despicable character
in the book is Miss Ophelia who

27:40.160 --> 27:42.760
was born in Vermont,
who's racist to the core,

27:42.755 --> 27:45.905
who can't stand black people
and goes down South preaching at

27:45.912 --> 27:48.072
Southerners what's wrong with
slavery,

27:48.069 --> 27:51.569
at the same time she can't get
near black people.

27:51.569 --> 27:55.989
And in some ways the most
admirable character in that book

27:55.985 --> 27:58.305
was a Southern slave holder.

27:58.309 --> 28:01.559
And actually the most evil
character--the most heinous

28:01.562 --> 28:04.882
character is Miss Ophelia--but
the most evil character,

28:04.877 --> 28:06.777
of course, is Simon Legree;

28:06.780 --> 28:10.020


28:10.019 --> 28:13.559
and Simon Legree was himself
from New England.

28:13.559 --> 28:19.079
The whole world was suddenly
reading a work of fiction about

28:19.075 --> 28:23.225
slavery.
It sold 300,000 copies in the

28:23.227 --> 28:29.767
first year, by far broke every
sales record of any book ever

28:29.772 --> 28:32.992
published, ever,
anywhere.

28:32.990 --> 28:36.890
Reprinted into at least 20
languages in its first five

28:36.886 --> 28:38.426
years of existence.

28:38.430 --> 28:40.940
Made into stage plays within
two years.

28:40.940 --> 28:46.870
It brought an awareness to the
slavery problem as never before.

28:46.870 --> 28:51.010


28:51.009 --> 28:55.099
And in the election,
the Congressional off-year

28:55.102 --> 28:58.842
elections of 1852,
for every four votes,

28:58.839 --> 29:04.519
for every four votes cast for
Franklin Pierce--the Democrat,

29:04.520 --> 29:09.720
who will win--one copy of
Uncle Tom's Cabin sold

29:09.720 --> 29:13.090
somewhere in the United States.

29:13.089 --> 29:16.879
I mean, name a book today that
we could even imagine doing

29:16.875 --> 29:17.335
that.

29:17.340 --> 29:21.010


29:21.009 --> 29:23.449
Would that there was a novel
[laughs]

29:23.445 --> 29:27.025
that our electorate was
electrified by in some way.

29:27.030 --> 29:34.020


29:34.019 --> 29:40.819
Now, in the wake of the
Compromise of 1850 the country,

29:40.815 --> 29:45.845
now though, had to face this
question,

29:45.849 --> 29:48.669
not just what you're going to
do with the Mexican Session

29:48.665 --> 29:51.225
territories--that's going to
take a little while.

29:51.230 --> 29:53.520
Northerners,
a lot of Northerners are pissed

29:53.515 --> 29:56.595
off about the nature of the Utah
Territory Bill and the New

29:56.598 --> 30:01.218
Mexico Territory Bill,
because there are--Southerners

30:01.218 --> 30:06.938
immediately propose slave
territories for Utah and New

30:06.940 --> 30:09.620
Mexico.
But the real question,

30:09.624 --> 30:13.424
by 1853 and early 1854,
was all of the territory that

30:13.418 --> 30:16.988
was left of the Louisiana
Purchase--the Kansas and

30:16.993 --> 30:21.793
Nebraska Territories,
which is simply what they were

30:21.788 --> 30:24.008
at that point in time.

30:24.009 --> 30:27.709
Now, it is worth stopping for a
moment to realize that not every

30:27.705 --> 30:32.035
American woke up in 1851,
'52, '53, and worried every

30:32.041 --> 30:37.341
moment of every day about the
expansion of slavery.

30:37.339 --> 30:40.699
They are worried about it,
and it proves to us,

30:40.700 --> 30:43.840
without question,
that there was a political

30:43.841 --> 30:47.641
crisis abrewing that the
electorate cared about.

30:47.640 --> 30:51.010


30:51.009 --> 30:53.899
But it's worth remembering that
a lot of Americans were

30:53.904 --> 30:56.534
preoccupied with the same things
they always were:

30:56.531 --> 31:00.811
price of wheat,
a sick cow, wages at a textile

31:00.811 --> 31:05.921
mill, a son who wants to marry
and needs land,

31:05.920 --> 31:11.080
a daughter who wants to marry
an Irishman, or,

31:11.078 --> 31:16.008
most of all,
all those Catholics arriving in

31:16.007 --> 31:20.017
New York City and Philadelphia.

31:20.019 --> 31:24.189
Huge numbers of Irish
Catholics--they're going to

31:24.189 --> 31:28.269
Catholicize America,
they're going to turn every

31:28.272 --> 31:31.662
small outhouse into a
confessional.

31:31.660 --> 31:34.940
We laugh today,
it's easy to laugh at this,

31:34.943 --> 31:39.793
but nativism caught hold in the
early 1850s--more on this a bit

31:39.790 --> 31:44.560
later with the breakup of the
American party system as we take

31:44.559 --> 31:46.669
it through the 1850s.

31:46.670 --> 31:49.300
But a lot of Americans were
really worried about those

31:49.295 --> 31:49.885
Catholics.

31:49.890 --> 31:53.010


31:53.009 --> 31:56.719
But the Kansas-Nebraska Act--or
the establishment now of the

31:56.715 --> 32:00.035
territories of Kansas and
Nebraska and what to do with

32:00.043 --> 32:03.813
them--was front and center on
the agenda of the United States

32:03.811 --> 32:05.571
Congress by late 1853.

32:05.569 --> 32:09.449
In the wake now of numerous of
these celebrated,

32:09.447 --> 32:12.497
violent rescues of fugitive
slaves,

32:12.500 --> 32:16.520
the attempts to enforce the
Fugitive Slave Act in some parts

32:16.523 --> 32:20.413
of the north where it was very
successfully prosecuted,

32:20.410 --> 32:23.790
and dozens and dozens and
dozens of fugitive slaves were

32:23.786 --> 32:25.256
returned to the south.

32:25.259 --> 32:28.479
But in some celebrated cases
they weren't.

32:28.480 --> 32:31.840


32:31.840 --> 32:36.550
Quickly.
The most celebrated case of all

32:36.546 --> 32:40.056
came in the spring of 1854 at
the very time Congress is

32:40.058 --> 32:43.568
debating this thing called the
Kansas-Nebraska Act,

32:43.569 --> 32:46.869
and people are politically
waiting with baited breath to

32:46.869 --> 32:49.929
find out what are they actually
going to do here?

32:49.930 --> 32:55.080
We had the rescue in Boston of
a fugitive slave named Anthony

32:55.081 --> 32:59.461
Burns, who was a young guy in
his early twenties.

32:59.460 --> 33:04.140
He had escaped out of Virginia,
up to Boston by sea.

33:04.140 --> 33:07.890
He too was working in--actually
a store at one point,

33:07.892 --> 33:10.492
in a coffee shop at another
point.

33:10.490 --> 33:14.240
He was even distributing copies
of William Lloyd Garrison's

33:14.241 --> 33:15.471
Liberator.

33:15.470 --> 33:21.800
He hadn't been there even a
year and slave catchers found

33:21.799 --> 33:24.059
him, captured him.

33:24.059 --> 33:27.409
Now, after Shadrach Minkins got
out of Boston in 1852,

33:27.411 --> 33:31.141
the Anthony Burns rendition
case captured the imagination of

33:31.141 --> 33:33.601
the nation,
because Franklin Pierce,

33:33.600 --> 33:37.000
President of the United States,
moved Federal troops,

33:37.000 --> 33:39.830
about 3000 of them,
into the streets of Boston to

33:39.834 --> 33:43.084
guard the courthouse and to
guard the jail and make sure

33:43.082 --> 33:45.152
nobody broke Anthony Burns out.

33:45.150 --> 33:50.320
It became a test case for the
Democratic Party of

33:50.317 --> 33:53.327
Massachusetts.
And on the day Anthony Burns

33:53.330 --> 33:55.680
was marched--he was
convicted--marched from the jail

33:55.681 --> 33:58.121
down to the wharf and put on a
ship back to slavery in

33:58.124 --> 34:00.294
Virginia,
the abolitionist community,

34:00.288 --> 34:02.308
black and white,
of Boston and all of

34:02.313 --> 34:04.523
Massachusetts,
gathered in Boston.

34:04.519 --> 34:08.489
They held an all-night vigil
with candlelight outside of the

34:08.485 --> 34:11.505
jail and they draped the streets
of Boston,

34:11.510 --> 34:15.890
or some of the streets,
in black crepe,

34:15.894 --> 34:19.874
in mourning.
Burns was sent back to Virginia.

34:19.870 --> 34:22.720
His story is amazing though.

34:22.719 --> 34:29.309
His owner then sold him--he was
too famous--sold him to North

34:29.311 --> 34:32.241
Carolina.
And one day a white woman in

34:32.239 --> 34:35.679
North Carolina wrote a letter to
her sister in Amherst,

34:35.679 --> 34:41.319
Massachusetts and said,
"Helen, that slave named Burns

34:41.315 --> 34:46.715
that they captured up in Boston,
he's living on the farm next

34:46.717 --> 34:49.097
door.
Isn't that interesting?"

34:49.099 --> 34:53.159
And her sister wrote from the
First Baptist Church of Amherst,

34:53.163 --> 34:55.963
Massachusetts,
back to her sister and said,

34:55.960 --> 34:59.750
"Really?
What if we could raise some

34:59.746 --> 35:02.286
money to purchase him?

35:02.289 --> 35:03.899
Would you talk to your
neighbors?"

35:03.900 --> 35:04.770
She talked to her neighbors.

35:04.770 --> 35:06.060
One thing led to another.

35:06.059 --> 35:07.869
Abolitionists,
beginning in Amherst,

35:07.873 --> 35:10.933
Massachusetts and then around
the State of Massachusetts,

35:10.929 --> 35:13.919
raised the money,
made the offer,

35:13.919 --> 35:17.469
and Anthony Burns' freedom was
sold.

35:17.470 --> 35:22.900
And he came North, by 1856.

35:22.900 --> 35:25.940
He first arrived in Amherst,
Massachusetts where he was

35:25.938 --> 35:28.308
celebrated.
They took him out on the

35:28.314 --> 35:29.484
road--Exhibit A.

35:29.480 --> 35:33.010


35:33.010 --> 35:37.880
Then he went to Canada,
and he died in 1860 prematurely

35:37.881 --> 35:41.761
of disease--lonely,
lost, almost unknown.

35:41.760 --> 35:46.040


35:46.039 --> 35:48.939
But it was in that environment
now, that Congress has to decide

35:48.935 --> 35:50.705
what to do with Kansas and
Nebraska.

35:50.710 --> 35:52.410
Now here was the situation.

35:52.409 --> 35:57.009
It was in part a big deal
because what was firing the

35:57.014 --> 36:01.094
American imagination now was not
just the west,

36:01.087 --> 36:04.007
but it was the railroad west.

36:04.010 --> 36:06.110
Who would build these
railroads, where would they be

36:06.106 --> 36:08.116
built, and where would its
eastern terminus be?

36:08.119 --> 36:12.539
Would the eastern terminus of
the transcontinental railroad be

36:12.535 --> 36:14.995
in the North,
Chicago--or maybe St.

36:14.996 --> 36:18.826
Louis, in a slave state--or
maybe further south in New

36:18.833 --> 36:21.153
Orleans, or maybe Memphis?

36:21.150 --> 36:23.720
Or maybe there'd be two of
them--maybe you could have a

36:23.716 --> 36:26.516
compromised transcontinental
railroad built--two of them.

36:26.519 --> 36:29.989
Well then people said,
"no, wait, it's going to be

36:29.991 --> 36:34.031
hard enough to build one of them
over those mountains."

36:34.030 --> 36:37.540
The Chairman of the Senate
Territories Committee,

36:37.541 --> 36:41.271
a very powerful position in
these years, was Stephen

36:41.272 --> 36:46.172
Douglas.
He's now about 40-years-old in

36:46.167 --> 36:53.127
1854, a political genius with a
few terrible flaws.

36:53.130 --> 36:57.910
Douglas wanted the terminus of
the transcontinental railroad to

36:57.909 --> 37:02.779
be in Illinois,
in Chicago, and to go across

37:02.783 --> 37:09.533
the north to the northwest into
northern California.

37:09.530 --> 37:13.140
Douglas's approach to slavery
though is terribly important

37:13.137 --> 37:15.677
here.
It is in some ways,

37:15.675 --> 37:17.655
all of the story.

37:17.659 --> 37:21.999
Stephen Douglas believes that
climate would solve the problems

37:22.004 --> 37:24.044
of slavery.
He's famous for all these

37:24.040 --> 37:26.440
speeches he would make where he
would say, "you know,

37:26.440 --> 37:31.490
if the soil is good and the
temperatures are right,

37:31.492 --> 37:35.032
then slavery will probably
exist.

37:35.030 --> 37:37.520
Where the soil is not proper
and the temperatures aren't

37:37.519 --> 37:40.099
right, or if you've got
mountains, slavery won't exist.

37:40.100 --> 37:42.580
Climate will solve the problem."

37:42.580 --> 37:44.430
Now wouldn't that be great?

37:44.429 --> 37:47.339
We'll just lift--all of our
great political troubles are

37:47.336 --> 37:49.816
just lifted off our shoulders by
the weather;

37:49.820 --> 37:53.570
just watch the weather channel,
to hell with MSNBC and CNN and

37:53.573 --> 37:57.453
all those blabbering pundits,
just watch the weather channel.

37:57.449 --> 38:02.669
[Laughter]
He really believed that though,

38:02.666 --> 38:08.006
and there was some reason to
believe it.

38:08.010 --> 38:10.400
Now, the problem was,
Southerners wanted one thing

38:10.401 --> 38:12.841
out of this and a lot of
Northerners wanted another

38:12.841 --> 38:15.471
thing.
But here was the question,

38:15.472 --> 38:20.502
which principal will you apply
about slavery in the Kansas and

38:20.497 --> 38:22.307
Nebraska Territory?

38:22.310 --> 38:27.050
Think now of the recent past;
think of the distant past--in

38:27.054 --> 38:28.844
American terms--to the
Compromise of 1850.

38:28.840 --> 38:32.010


38:32.010 --> 38:35.160
One, had the Compromise of 1850
already superseded the Missouri

38:35.159 --> 38:37.049
Compromise?
Think about that.

38:40.997 --> 38:44.937
parallel line dividing free
territory from slave territory

38:44.944 --> 38:47.234
forever, passed back in 1820.

38:47.230 --> 38:51.030
That was that vow that
Northerners concerned about the

38:51.026 --> 38:54.536
expansion of slavery could
always assume the great

38:54.536 --> 38:57.326
northwest would be free of
slavery.

38:57.329 --> 39:03.719
But half of California is below
it and half of it's above it.

39:03.720 --> 39:07.010


39:07.010 --> 39:10.190
Had the Compromise of 1850--and
half the Mexican Session is

39:10.193 --> 39:13.103
above it, and now you've said
popular sovereignty will

39:13.102 --> 39:16.672
determine the Utah Territory and
not the Missouri Compromise.

39:16.670 --> 39:18.790
So which rule is in play?

39:18.790 --> 39:24.290


39:24.290 --> 39:26.170
Which principle do you apply?

39:26.170 --> 39:29.050
Do you apply the oldest
principle of the Northwest

39:29.047 --> 39:30.337
Ordinance from 1787?

39:30.340 --> 39:34.160
The Northwest Ordinance,
folks, had said slavery shall

39:34.162 --> 39:37.122
never exist in the Northwest
Territory;

39:37.119 --> 39:40.229
which became those five states
of Michigan, Ohio,

39:40.232 --> 39:43.022
Indiana, Illinois,
and Wisconsin--will never

39:43.021 --> 39:45.341
exist.
Explicit territorial

39:45.341 --> 39:48.101
exclusion--that's one principle.

39:48.099 --> 39:50.149
The second principle,
geographical division,

39:50.145 --> 39:52.135
Missouri Compromise,
draw a line across the

39:52.143 --> 39:54.043
continent.
Do you go back to that one?

39:54.040 --> 39:56.990
Or do you use the third one now?

39:56.990 --> 40:00.040


40:00.039 --> 40:02.539
The third one that's in
play--popular sovereignty--just

40:02.539 --> 40:03.649
let the people choose.

40:03.650 --> 40:07.360
Forget geography,
forget old laws,

40:07.355 --> 40:10.045
and have a referendum.

40:10.050 --> 40:15.010


40:15.010 --> 40:19.260
In other words--and this is the
great question of the 1850s and

40:19.261 --> 40:21.871
the terrible tragedy,
that, in the end,

40:21.867 --> 40:24.937
nothing worked.
Would the American pragmatic

40:24.935 --> 40:27.765
tradition now--yes,
we've got this-- we've got

40:27.771 --> 40:29.601
principle A, B and C here.

40:29.599 --> 40:32.149
We all want principled
politicians don't we?

40:32.150 --> 40:34.960
We want principled professors
and principled politicians and

40:34.961 --> 40:36.201
principled stockbrokers.

40:36.199 --> 40:38.829
But, at the end of the day,
sometimes there are three

40:38.828 --> 40:39.888
principles in play.

40:39.890 --> 40:43.030


40:43.030 --> 40:45.860
Would American pragmatism
continue to solve this one?

40:45.860 --> 40:50.680
Well maybe that principle is
best now, but that principle is

40:50.676 --> 40:54.706
better then.
Douglas wrote the bill,

40:54.705 --> 40:59.975
the Kansas-Nebraska Bill,
as it was called,

40:59.975 --> 41:07.505
or Act.
Now, in this case,

41:07.512 --> 41:15.542
folks, numbers matter.

41:15.540 --> 41:17.670
We're going to look at a vote.

41:17.670 --> 41:20.600
But first of all,
he wrote three different

41:20.602 --> 41:25.042
versions of the Kansas-Nebraska
Act--this is important--he went

41:25.037 --> 41:29.697
from vaguest to most specific,
because Southerners put his

41:29.697 --> 41:32.747
feet to the fire and made him do
it.

41:32.750 --> 41:36.690
He first introduced a bill in
December 1853--this is for the

41:36.694 --> 41:39.974
establishment of Kansas and
Nebraska Territory.

41:39.969 --> 41:42.839
Everybody said,
"that's nice for establishing

41:42.839 --> 41:45.449
these millions of acres and
square miles,

41:45.447 --> 41:47.727
but is slavery going to exist?"

41:47.730 --> 41:51.740
The first version that he put
before Congress on January

41:51.735 --> 41:55.585
4,1854, said that a state shall
be admitted from those

41:55.594 --> 41:59.454
territories,
quote, "with or without slavery

41:59.447 --> 42:03.697
as their Constitution may
prescribe at the time of

42:03.696 --> 42:09.016
admission."
Note the vagueness.

42:09.019 --> 42:13.389
And you all know that in
politics sometimes the vaguer

42:13.389 --> 42:16.109
you are, the more you get done.

42:16.110 --> 42:19.780
"With or without slavery as
their Constitution may prescribe

42:19.783 --> 42:21.903
at the time of their admission."

42:21.900 --> 42:27.010
How that's to be done was not
mentioned.

42:27.010 --> 42:32.970
Douglas said leave it to time,
climate, and good sense.

42:32.969 --> 42:36.919
It was silent about the old
Missouri Compromise Line.

42:36.920 --> 42:40.070


42:40.070 --> 42:43.420
Southerners quickly reacted and
said, "Stephen"--his own fellow

42:43.423 --> 42:46.783
Democrats in the south who were
now dominant in the South said,

42:46.776 --> 42:48.016
"nope, not enough."

42:48.019 --> 42:50.529
And there were a lot of
powerful Southerners in the

42:50.528 --> 42:53.868
Senate.
So he drafted six days later,

42:53.866 --> 42:57.946
January 10 of '54,
a second version of the

42:57.946 --> 43:02.916
Kansas-Nebraska Act,
and he gave a direct statement

43:02.923 --> 43:05.713
of popular sovereignty.

43:05.710 --> 43:11.840
Quote: "The decision on slavery
shall be left to the people

43:11.837 --> 43:13.947
residing therein."

43:13.949 --> 43:17.909
Now he's moved one step further
and said there's going to be a

43:17.907 --> 43:20.757
vote out there,
and however they vote that'll

43:20.761 --> 43:25.161
determine.
Again, his fellow Southerners

43:25.155 --> 43:28.035
said, "No, not enough."

43:28.039 --> 43:33.409
And there's a famous episode
where as a kind of spokesman for

43:33.413 --> 43:37.543
the Southern point-of-view,
a Kentucky Whig from the other

43:37.541 --> 43:40.761
party named Archibald Dixon took
Stephen Douglas for a ride in a

43:40.758 --> 43:41.778
carriage one day,

43:41.780 --> 43:45.030


43:45.030 --> 43:47.590
in March of 1854 after
these--excuse me,

43:47.587 --> 43:51.127
in late January--they were
going to vote on it later in

43:51.127 --> 43:58.117
March--but in late January,
took him for a carriage ride.

43:58.119 --> 44:00.669
And Dixon in no uncertain terms
told Douglas,

44:00.667 --> 44:04.137
"no, no, what you have to do is
you have to draft an explicit

44:04.140 --> 44:06.630
repeal of the Missouri
Compromise Line,

44:06.630 --> 44:11.860
a specific repeal of any
geographic division between

44:11.856 --> 44:15.336
slavery and freedom in the West.

44:15.340 --> 44:19.160
In other words Stephen,
you have to open up the entire

44:19.158 --> 44:22.398
West to the possible expansion
of slavery."

44:22.400 --> 44:26.410
Douglas didn't want to do
that--he knew this was going to

44:26.407 --> 44:30.337
cause a bad time in the
north--and he is alleged to have

44:30.343 --> 44:33.513
said back to Dixon,
quote, "By God,

44:33.511 --> 44:35.541
sir, you are right.

44:35.539 --> 44:39.869
I will incorporate it in my
bill though I know it will raise

44:39.869 --> 44:41.409
a hell of a storm."

44:41.410 --> 44:45.590
And he was right.

44:45.590 --> 44:50.690
It may seem a bit odd to us
today that Americans could care

44:50.691 --> 44:55.091
this much about what was to be
done to Nebraska,

44:55.090 --> 44:58.610
[laughter]
or for that matter with Kansas.

44:58.610 --> 45:01.560
We didn't even know about
Dorothy yet, and the Yellow

45:01.561 --> 45:02.301
Brick Road.

45:02.300 --> 45:06.490


45:06.489 --> 45:09.599
But Northerners really did
care, because think back again

45:09.601 --> 45:12.711
to this idea of free labor
ideology--and we'll bring this

45:12.712 --> 45:15.492
up again and again in the next
three lectures.

45:15.489 --> 45:20.229
The American Dream to the
average Northerner,

45:20.229 --> 45:24.429
immigrant or not,
was land--free land if

45:24.429 --> 45:28.119
possible,
cheap land if not--a place to

45:28.123 --> 45:32.793
move to, mobility where you
would never have to compete with

45:32.789 --> 45:37.059
any kind of oligarchy that could
control that land.

45:37.060 --> 45:41.030


45:41.030 --> 45:44.010
The bill that he finally
brought forth and that actually

45:44.010 --> 45:45.420
passed had two measures.

45:45.420 --> 45:47.360
And I'm going to leave you here.

45:47.360 --> 45:52.260
The two measures were the
explicit repeal of the Missouri

45:52.258 --> 45:56.018
Compromise Line and the
principle of popular

45:56.020 --> 46:00.490
sovereignty,
the formula for the settlement

46:00.492 --> 46:02.952
of Kansas and Nebraska.

46:02.949 --> 46:06.919
The Kansas-Nebraska Act is,
arguably, the pivotal event

46:06.923 --> 46:10.893
politically of the 1850s,
that will now sectionalize

46:10.887 --> 46:14.387
American politics,
break apart forever the Whig

46:14.385 --> 46:18.485
Party--what was left of it--and
give birth to the first

46:18.491 --> 46:22.451
successful third party coalition
movement in American

46:22.446 --> 46:27.306
History--the Republican Party,
immediately--which comes into

46:27.312 --> 46:31.772
existence immediately--in the
wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

46:31.769 --> 46:34.909
And if you want to understand
how sectional that vote was,

46:34.913 --> 46:37.233
write down that vote count in
the House.

46:37.230 --> 46:42.350
Note, Northern Democrats split
right in half--that's Douglas's

46:42.349 --> 46:47.129
party--but nearly half of his
own party in the House voted

46:47.133 --> 46:48.983
against this bill.

46:48.980 --> 46:51.910
Southern Democrats,
57 to 2--I can't explain those

46:51.914 --> 46:54.434
two, I don't know what happened
to them.

46:54.429 --> 46:58.869
Northern Whigs,
45 to 0 against this.

46:58.870 --> 47:01.670
This is a polarization, folks.

47:01.670 --> 47:03.780
We've heard a lot about that
recently.

47:03.780 --> 47:06.350
Southern Whigs, 12 to 7.

47:06.349 --> 47:10.489
The Whig Party is diminishing,
it's all but--it will be dead

47:10.486 --> 47:12.796
in the wake of Kansas-Nebraska.

47:12.800 --> 47:16.210
And the four Free Soilers,
elected in 1852,

47:16.212 --> 47:20.192
on a platform that opposed the
Fugitive Slave Act,

47:20.192 --> 47:23.932
voted, of course,
against Kansas-Nebraska.

47:23.929 --> 47:30.029
That vote, 113 to 10,
got the Kansas-Nebraska Act

47:30.029 --> 47:36.509
passed but in the long run with
terrible results.

47:36.510 --> 47:40.140
It will break apart the
American political party system.

47:40.139 --> 47:44.229
It will bring about for the
first time a genuine

47:44.229 --> 47:49.359
anti-slavery political coalition
that will elect a president

47:49.362 --> 47:51.192
within six years.

47:51.190 --> 47:54.000
See you on Thursday.