WEBVTT 00:01.600 --> 00:05.120 Prof: So let's actually begin today's lecture, 00:05.120 --> 00:10.610 which is titled "Ever At Variance and Foolishly Jealous-- 00:10.610 --> 00:14.340 Intercolonial Relations." 00:14.340 --> 00:17.920 And the quote part of that title, "Ever At Variance 00:17.915 --> 00:21.685 and Foolishly Jealous," actually comes from a colonist 00:21.685 --> 00:25.125 named Joseph Warren who was writing to a friend, 00:25.130 --> 00:28.650 probably 1766, I think--it doesn't matter; 00:28.650 --> 00:31.550 it's--actually the quote's not highly significant for you-- 00:31.550 --> 00:34.540 but the point of it is, he was writing to a friend and 00:34.540 --> 00:37.930 what he says to his friend is: until the passage of the Stamp 00:37.925 --> 00:40.065 Act the colonies had always been, 00:40.070 --> 00:42.400 quote, "ever at variance and foolishly jealous," 00:42.398 --> 00:44.848 which is kind of going to be the point of today's lecture. 00:44.850 --> 00:47.780 "Ever at variance and foolishly jealous"--but now 00:47.776 --> 00:50.046 with the Stamp Act, boy, people seemed to be a 00:50.047 --> 00:51.407 little bit more united. 00:51.410 --> 00:55.530 So today's lecture is the foolishly jealous part and on 00:55.534 --> 00:58.594 Tuesday we plunge into the Stamp Act, 00:58.590 --> 01:02.100 which moves us to the more united part and actually begins 01:02.098 --> 01:05.848 a sort of series of events that are actually going to build up 01:05.853 --> 01:07.643 to a logic of resistance. 01:07.640 --> 01:11.140 So I'm going to be talking today about basically 01:11.144 --> 01:14.334 intercolonial relations, about how people in the 01:14.328 --> 01:16.308 different colonies viewed each other, 01:16.310 --> 01:20.440 about how the colonies as entities interacted with each 01:20.441 --> 01:23.251 other, and towards the end of the 01:23.253 --> 01:28.073 lecture I'm going to talk about colonial attempts before the 01:28.072 --> 01:31.892 1760s for them to unite-- colonial attempts to unite and 01:31.885 --> 01:33.825 act together-- and, as we're going to see 01:33.830 --> 01:36.100 today, they weren't really amazingly successful, 01:36.099 --> 01:38.209 those attempts, so--and there were only three 01:38.209 --> 01:40.129 of them that I'm going to talk about-- 01:40.129 --> 01:42.499 but unity is not taken for granted. 01:42.500 --> 01:44.650 That, I suppose, will be one message of today's 01:44.650 --> 01:46.710 lecture: Don't take unity--colonial unity for 01:46.708 --> 01:47.268 granted. 01:47.269 --> 01:50.189 And that's going to lead us up perfectly to the next lecture on 01:50.188 --> 01:53.048 the Stamp Act crisis, which is then going to have 01:53.045 --> 01:57.065 people shifting a point of view because of the crisis at hand. 01:57.069 --> 01:57.359 Okay. 01:57.364 --> 01:59.794 So basically, in a way, today's lecture is 01:59.785 --> 02:03.325 the third and last in a series of lectures that's really been 02:03.325 --> 02:06.385 laying the groundwork for our immersion into colonial 02:06.394 --> 02:07.344 conflict. 02:07.340 --> 02:10.230 So we've looked at the links between colonists and the mother 02:10.229 --> 02:11.919 country, we've looked at aspects of 02:11.919 --> 02:14.419 colonial life and settlement that were kind of distinctly 02:14.418 --> 02:17.088 colonial American, and now we're sort of laying 02:17.091 --> 02:19.761 the last plank in, of the British-American mindset 02:19.759 --> 02:22.089 at the time, and that's: how the colonies 02:22.085 --> 02:23.925 were relating with each other. 02:23.930 --> 02:24.240 Okay. 02:24.244 --> 02:27.764 And I--again I sort of--in Freeman's Top Five Tips that I 02:27.762 --> 02:31.032 offered in the introductory lecture that I gave, 02:31.030 --> 02:32.470 the Top Five Tips Towards Understanding the Revolution-- 02:32.470 --> 02:34.150 and I said, "remember contingency"-- 02:34.150 --> 02:37.380 and I suppose that's a sort of subtheme of today's lecture, 02:37.378 --> 02:41.748 because we so assume the logic and inevitability of a unified 02:41.752 --> 02:44.452 nation at some point down the pike. 02:44.449 --> 02:46.739 I think it's really easy for us to forget some of the things 02:46.735 --> 02:48.435 that I'm going to be talking about today, 02:48.440 --> 02:51.960 which all add up to: unity did not make sense a lot 02:51.955 --> 02:52.935 of the time. 02:52.940 --> 02:56.450 Now I think to really appreciate ultimately how 02:56.450 --> 03:00.880 significant the first little glimmerings at union were, 03:00.878 --> 03:04.468 we first have to understand the vast differences between the 03:04.468 --> 03:07.388 different colonies and the different regions, 03:07.389 --> 03:09.959 because people at the time definitely did. 03:09.960 --> 03:12.990 They were always complaining and remarking on people from 03:12.990 --> 03:15.800 other regions, about how weird they were, 03:15.799 --> 03:19.469 about their bizarre manners, about the weird way they 03:19.473 --> 03:22.713 dressed, about their strange attitude: constantly, 03:22.710 --> 03:26.090 people from all regions, all colonies sort of remarking 03:26.086 --> 03:29.646 in a not necessarily favorable way about people from other 03:29.651 --> 03:30.341 places. 03:30.340 --> 03:32.450 And I want to start--I want to offer you a couple of examples, 03:32.449 --> 03:35.489 and I want to start with Thomas Jefferson, 03:35.490 --> 03:40.550 who in the 1780s devoted some of his energies to explaining 03:40.553 --> 03:43.263 America to a French audience. 03:43.258 --> 03:45.648 And as you'll hear in some of these quotes, 03:45.651 --> 03:48.841 he's going to definitely be sounding like a Virginian. 03:48.840 --> 03:51.580 And of course what's interesting to note about 03:51.584 --> 03:53.854 Jefferson is-- I'll quote him another time in 03:53.847 --> 03:56.377 today's lecture-- Jefferson's strongest remarks 03:56.384 --> 03:59.734 about America or American character are always made to a 03:59.732 --> 04:00.952 foreign audience. 04:00.949 --> 04:01.319 Right? 04:01.324 --> 04:03.514 He doesn't make them to Americans. 04:03.508 --> 04:04.998 So like, Notes on the State of Virginia, 04:05.000 --> 04:07.150 which has some remarkable passages in it-- 04:07.150 --> 04:09.210 he didn't think that Americans were going to be reading that. 04:09.210 --> 04:11.990 That was actually for a French audience and it sort of came 04:11.989 --> 04:13.139 back across the ocean. 04:13.139 --> 04:16.199 So a lot of what I'm going to be quoting here today, 04:16.204 --> 04:18.314 he was not quoting for Americans. 04:18.310 --> 04:20.820 He's actually speaking to the French, which--You can say a lot 04:20.824 --> 04:23.214 of blunt things to the French that you wouldn't necessarily 04:23.214 --> 04:24.374 say to fellow Americans. 04:24.370 --> 04:24.950 So, okay. 04:24.947 --> 04:28.667 In 1786, he wrote to a French correspondent who clearly had 04:28.665 --> 04:32.185 written to him in some way and said, "Tell me about 04:32.190 --> 04:33.410 America." 04:33.410 --> 04:37.330 So Jefferson writes back, and I'm going to talk a little 04:37.327 --> 04:40.387 bit about his view of all of the states, 04:40.389 --> 04:44.269 but in this particular instance he writes back and says he's 04:44.267 --> 04:47.817 very curious about why Rhode Island is opposed to every 04:47.817 --> 04:49.327 useful proposition. 04:49.329 --> 04:49.509 Okay. 04:49.512 --> 04:50.652 I told you about Rhode Island. 04:50.649 --> 04:52.339 I forewarned you about Rhode Island. 04:52.339 --> 04:56.599 We have to have a Rhode Island moment here because it appears-- 04:56.600 --> 04:58.630 it's going to appear again and I mentioned also that 04:58.627 --> 05:00.257 Connecticut was going to appear again-- 05:00.259 --> 05:03.679 Rhode Island was particularly troublesome. 05:03.680 --> 05:06.720 It was actually the last state to join the Union, 05:06.723 --> 05:10.403 and it actually joined the Union after the Constitution had 05:10.401 --> 05:12.241 already gone into effect. 05:12.240 --> 05:15.150 So when Washington becomes President and he goes on his 05:15.151 --> 05:18.481 first grand triumphal tour-- 'I will now go around the 05:18.483 --> 05:22.053 nation showing everyone that I am President"-- 05:22.050 --> 05:24.420 he first swings through the North, and he actually refuses 05:24.423 --> 05:27.003 to cross the border into Rhode Island because Rhode Island is a 05:27.004 --> 05:30.894 foreign country, and he doesn't want to go there. 05:30.889 --> 05:31.069 Okay. 05:31.069 --> 05:32.589 He was making kind of a strong statement. 05:32.589 --> 05:35.049 Rhode Island wasn't really happy about this but it was 05:35.053 --> 05:38.033 their fault because they hadn't ratified the Constitution yet. 05:38.029 --> 05:42.319 A really popular thing to do at the time in taverns was to drink 05:42.322 --> 05:45.422 12 toasts, not 13, as a deliberate insult 05:45.416 --> 05:47.356 to Rhode Island, [laughter] 05:47.362 --> 05:49.482 like -- 'so there, Rhode Island.' 05:49.480 --> 05:51.990 Of course, you also get to drink 12 toasts that day, 05:51.988 --> 05:54.108 and that's the other happy thing about that, 05:54.105 --> 05:55.675 but at any rate--[laughter]. 05:55.680 --> 05:57.340 So Rhode Island is an issue, and it's going to come up again 05:57.343 --> 05:57.713 today even. 05:57.709 --> 06:00.559 So Jefferson was trying to figure out, what is the deal 06:00.560 --> 06:01.670 about Rhode Island? 06:01.670 --> 06:04.300 And here is what he--how he explains it. 06:04.300 --> 06:08.210 Rhode Island's "geography accounts for it with the aid of 06:08.211 --> 06:09.881 one or two observations. 06:09.879 --> 06:11.819 The cultivators of the earth are the most virtuous 06:11.817 --> 06:12.487 citizens." 06:12.490 --> 06:13.830 (It's very Jeffersonian.) 06:13.829 --> 06:16.799 Merchants are the least virtuous. 06:16.800 --> 06:19.610 "The latter reside principally in the seaport 06:19.613 --> 06:22.143 towns, the former in the interior country. 06:22.139 --> 06:24.739 Now, it happened that of the territory constituting Rhode 06:24.740 --> 06:27.290 Island and Connecticut, the part containing the 06:27.290 --> 06:29.970 seaports was erected into a State by itself, 06:29.970 --> 06:32.350 and called Rhode Island, and that containing the 06:32.351 --> 06:35.041 interior country was erected into another State called 06:35.038 --> 06:35.848 Connecticut. 06:35.850 --> 06:38.010 For though it has a little sea-coast, there are no good 06:38.009 --> 06:38.569 ports in it. 06:38.569 --> 06:41.339 Hence it happens that there is scarcely one merchant in the 06:41.343 --> 06:44.423 whole State of Connecticut, while there is not a single man 06:44.416 --> 06:47.526 in Rhode Island who is not a merchant of some sort," 06:47.529 --> 06:49.559 which is probably a little bit of an exaggeration. 06:49.560 --> 06:52.900 "This circumstance has decided the characters of the 06:52.899 --> 06:56.299 two States and the remedies to this evil are hazardous. 06:56.300 --> 06:59.030 One would be to consolidate the two States into one." 06:59.029 --> 06:59.389 Right? 06:59.391 --> 07:01.201 That's a really popular idea. 07:01.199 --> 07:03.379 "Another would be to banish Rhode Island from the 07:03.382 --> 07:03.962 Union." 07:03.959 --> 07:05.809 [laughter] Thank you, Thomas Jefferson. 07:05.810 --> 07:07.190 Is anyone here from Rhode Island? 07:07.189 --> 07:09.289 Are there no Rhode Islanders? 07:09.290 --> 07:10.810 Am I bashing safely? 07:10.810 --> 07:11.080 Wow. 07:11.083 --> 07:13.483 [laughter] No one can come get me. 07:13.480 --> 07:15.010 One time someone did say, 'Excuse me. 07:15.009 --> 07:17.309 [laughter] I'm from Rhode Island.' 07:17.310 --> 07:18.960 [laughter] So [laughs] 07:18.956 --> 07:19.656 I'm safe. 07:19.661 --> 07:21.311 This is dangerous. 07:21.310 --> 07:23.380 So number one, you could consolidate 07:23.377 --> 07:25.207 Connecticut and Rhode Island. 07:25.209 --> 07:27.129 Number two, you could banish Rhode Island from the union. 07:27.129 --> 07:30.659 Number three would be to compel the submission of Rhode Island 07:30.661 --> 07:32.631 to the will of the other states. 07:32.629 --> 07:32.929 Right? 07:32.928 --> 07:35.618 He has an issue with Rhode Island, but Rhode Island has 07:35.620 --> 07:36.120 issues. 07:36.120 --> 07:39.020 He's speaking partly as a southerner but a lot of other 07:39.016 --> 07:41.696 people had questions about Rhode Island as well. 07:41.699 --> 07:44.489 At about the same time, different French correspondent, 07:44.490 --> 07:47.160 once again Jefferson is writing about the character of the 07:47.163 --> 07:49.413 northern states and the character of the southern 07:49.413 --> 07:49.933 states. 07:49.930 --> 07:53.180 And Jefferson writes: "In the North they are 07:53.178 --> 07:55.258 cool, sober, laborious, 07:55.257 --> 07:57.697 persevering, independent, 07:57.699 --> 08:00.869 jealous of their own liberties and just to those of others, 08:00.870 --> 08:04.260 interested, chicaning, (cheating) superstitious and 08:04.262 --> 08:06.912 hypocritical in their religion." 08:06.910 --> 08:08.130 Thank you, Thomas Jefferson. 08:08.129 --> 08:10.439 "In the South they are fiery, 08:10.439 --> 08:13.249 voluptuary, indolent, unsteady, independent, 08:13.250 --> 08:15.900 zealous for their own liberties but trampling on those of 08:15.904 --> 08:17.264 others, generous, candid, 08:17.264 --> 08:19.974 without attachment or pretensions to any religion but 08:19.973 --> 08:21.383 that of the heart." 08:21.379 --> 08:23.129 Spoken like a Virginian. 08:23.129 --> 08:25.189 And according to Jefferson, as he explains to this 08:25.192 --> 08:27.152 Frenchman, "An observing traveler 08:27.146 --> 08:30.266 without the aid of a quadrant may always know his latitude by 08:30.269 --> 08:32.669 the character of the people among whom he finds 08:32.666 --> 08:33.756 himself" -- 08:33.759 --> 08:36.489 like, he really believes that it's very different people in 08:36.491 --> 08:37.671 the different colonies. 08:37.668 --> 08:39.998 And to Jefferson, Pennsylvania was sort of the 08:40.000 --> 08:43.110 perfect happy medium where the two characters kind of met and 08:43.109 --> 08:45.129 blended and formed a people which, 08:45.129 --> 08:46.749 as he put it, were "free from the 08:46.746 --> 08:48.536 extremes both of vice and virtue." 08:48.538 --> 08:51.418 Now, that's Jeffersonian rhetoric. 08:51.418 --> 08:53.178 There's a lot of Jeffersonian rhetoric. 08:53.178 --> 08:56.358 George Washington, a man of much fewer words, 08:56.357 --> 09:00.257 put his views about the North a lot more succinctly. 09:00.259 --> 09:00.609 Okay. 09:00.610 --> 09:03.200 To Washington, New Englanders were, 09:03.200 --> 09:05.900 as he put it in 1777, right when he joined the 09:05.899 --> 09:08.579 continental army, and the continental army is in 09:08.580 --> 09:10.490 Massachusetts-- Washington joins the army, 09:10.488 --> 09:13.018 he heads up to Massachusetts and the army is largely made of 09:13.024 --> 09:15.244 New Englanders; he confronts the army and he 09:15.241 --> 09:18.081 writes to a friend and says, "New Englanders are an 09:18.076 --> 09:20.236 exceeding dirty and nasty people." 09:20.240 --> 09:22.470 [laughs] Okay. That's us. 09:22.470 --> 09:24.710 [laughs] Sorry, father of our country. 09:24.710 --> 09:27.250 We didn't live up to his demands. 09:27.250 --> 09:30.390 Now New Englanders, to be fair, had similar 09:30.389 --> 09:32.409 feelings about the South. 09:32.408 --> 09:32.748 Right? 09:32.748 --> 09:35.568 They thought southerners were snooty, aristocratic, 09:35.571 --> 09:36.081 proud. 09:36.080 --> 09:39.990 I once in a diary came across a passage in which there's a 09:39.985 --> 09:43.885 Pennsylvanian and he's sitting at a dinner table with some 09:43.893 --> 09:46.343 Virginians, and in his diary of course he's 09:46.336 --> 09:49.026 complaining about this because he says all they did through the 09:49.033 --> 09:50.863 entire dinner was talk about gambling, 09:50.860 --> 09:53.990 horse racing, Virginia ham and drinking and 09:53.985 --> 09:56.735 drinking and drinking and drinking. 09:56.740 --> 10:00.310 And apparently to this Pennsylvanian I guess that's 10:00.309 --> 10:03.309 what Virginia is, gambling and drinking. 10:03.309 --> 10:04.709 Virginia. 10:04.710 --> 10:07.440 Now John Adams, with a little bit of a dose of 10:07.438 --> 10:10.038 Puritan guilt, felt that New Englanders were 10:10.042 --> 10:13.302 the best trained in the school of popular government but that 10:13.296 --> 10:16.166 they weren't really skilled in personal relations. 10:16.168 --> 10:18.078 As he put it, "New Englanders are 10:18.081 --> 10:19.921 awkward, bashful, pert, 10:19.923 --> 10:23.473 ostentatious and vain, a mixture which excites 10:23.472 --> 10:25.492 ridicule and gives disgust." 10:25.490 --> 10:27.690 Some part of me thinks he was speaking about himself, 10:27.687 --> 10:28.827 which he could have been. 10:28.830 --> 10:31.380 "Southerners," he claims, 10:31.379 --> 10:34.279 "were skilled at display and gentlemanly manners" 10:34.284 --> 10:36.844 but according to Adams "they were habituated to 10:36.840 --> 10:40.050 higher notions of themselves and the distinction between them and 10:40.046 --> 10:42.146 the common people than we are." 10:42.149 --> 10:44.339 So they're basically snootier according to John Adams. 10:44.340 --> 10:48.500 So comments like all of these are reminders about how very 10:48.499 --> 10:52.439 different these sort of colony-countries were from each 10:52.440 --> 10:53.170 other. 10:53.168 --> 10:56.338 They did each have different distinctive characters and, 10:56.336 --> 10:59.156 maybe equally important, they often distrusted one 10:59.158 --> 10:59.848 another. 10:59.850 --> 11:02.370 So in a sense, colonies often had more of a 11:02.374 --> 11:05.864 connection with the mother country than with each other. 11:05.860 --> 11:09.180 Now this is partly due to pragmatic concerns like bad 11:09.183 --> 11:11.123 roads, like the fact that there 11:11.116 --> 11:14.566 actually was not a huge bustling amount of intercolonial trade 11:14.566 --> 11:17.846 because colonies really did focus their trading energies on 11:17.846 --> 11:21.066 the mother country and not so much with each other, 11:21.070 --> 11:24.670 and then also there were a lot of border conflicts between 11:24.673 --> 11:28.153 colonies which caused distrust and complications between 11:28.150 --> 11:31.250 colonies and also helped to discourage trade. 11:31.250 --> 11:35.270 Now the colonies were hostile to each other because they were 11:35.269 --> 11:39.209 seeing to their own interests, but also, as kind of reflected 11:39.211 --> 11:42.041 in the comments that I opened the lecture with, 11:42.038 --> 11:44.988 there also was just basic cultural distrust. 11:44.990 --> 11:48.060 Now as I head into this, it's worth noting that there 11:48.058 --> 11:51.008 actually were three different types of colonies. 11:51.009 --> 11:55.369 There were three different ways in which colonies were founded, 11:55.370 --> 11:58.790 and these differences could sometimes affect the structure 11:58.788 --> 12:02.268 of the colony and its relations with the mother country. 12:02.269 --> 12:04.599 So this is going to be a very quick and dirty version of these 12:04.604 --> 12:05.604 three kinds of colonies. 12:05.600 --> 12:09.580 Type of colony number one: You had corporate colonies, 12:09.575 --> 12:13.915 like Connecticut and Rhode Island, incorporated by Puritans 12:13.923 --> 12:15.953 who left Massachusetts. 12:15.950 --> 12:18.780 And basically, a corporate colony made its own 12:18.778 --> 12:21.538 constitution, and it was then ratified by the 12:21.543 --> 12:22.113 King. 12:22.110 --> 12:25.430 So these are independently founded colonies. 12:25.428 --> 12:29.828 They're clearly independent in spirit, which makes them 12:29.833 --> 12:34.323 potentially troublesome--not potentially troublesome; 12:34.320 --> 12:35.830 it just makes them troublesome. 12:35.830 --> 12:39.560 So corporate colonies is type of colony number one. 12:39.558 --> 12:43.398 You also had proprietary colonies, like Pennsylvania and 12:43.397 --> 12:47.647 Maryland, where the King would give ownership of the colony to 12:47.652 --> 12:48.492 someone. 12:48.490 --> 12:51.180 So for example, William Penn is the proprietor 12:51.182 --> 12:53.912 in Pennsylvania; Lord Baltimore is the 12:53.907 --> 12:55.787 proprietor in Maryland. 12:55.788 --> 13:00.178 So you have corporate colonies, you have proprietary colonies, 13:00.182 --> 13:03.502 and the third kind of colony is a royal colony, 13:03.496 --> 13:05.726 which is owned by the King. 13:05.730 --> 13:07.700 So royal colonies include New York, 13:07.700 --> 13:09.780 South Carolina, North Carolina, 13:09.778 --> 13:11.348 Georgia, Massachusetts, 13:11.349 --> 13:14.119 just the whole range of colonies that I basically 13:14.124 --> 13:16.614 haven't named in those earlier colonies. 13:16.610 --> 13:18.240 A lot of these colonies were royal colonies; 13:18.240 --> 13:20.580 they were owned by the King. 13:20.580 --> 13:24.100 Now of the three, in some ways corporate colonies 13:24.096 --> 13:28.416 were the closest to what would eventually become states, 13:28.418 --> 13:31.778 because corporate colonies had drawn up their own constitution; 13:31.779 --> 13:32.979 they made their own charter. 13:32.980 --> 13:35.710 And what that actually--and the charter was made by the people 13:35.706 --> 13:36.866 who lived in the colony. 13:36.870 --> 13:40.470 And what that actually means, is once independence is 13:40.472 --> 13:44.142 declared and all of these newly-created states need to 13:44.144 --> 13:48.584 create a new constitution which writes out royal authority, 13:48.580 --> 13:51.520 Connecticut kind of had its own little charter and Rhode Island 13:51.523 --> 13:52.523 too, to begin with. 13:52.519 --> 13:55.079 They kind of were already there as little independent entities. 13:55.080 --> 13:56.450 They were a little ahead of the game. 13:56.450 --> 13:59.070 They sort of had their own constitution that needed a 13:59.071 --> 14:01.191 little tweaking, but really all these other 14:01.188 --> 14:03.608 colonies were sort of starting from scratch. 14:03.610 --> 14:03.910 Okay. 14:03.908 --> 14:06.898 So those are kind of basic structural institutional 14:06.899 --> 14:10.069 differences between these three kinds of colonies. 14:10.070 --> 14:13.890 But beyond their basic structure, there are also things 14:13.893 --> 14:18.003 about the social structure and the culture of the different 14:17.999 --> 14:21.959 regions of the colonies that differentiated them and bred 14:21.964 --> 14:23.384 some distrust. 14:23.379 --> 14:27.169 So let's just look for just a few minutes at the different 14:27.169 --> 14:30.029 regions and let's start with New England. 14:30.028 --> 14:34.228 Now logically enough--this is not a surprise--New England had 14:34.234 --> 14:37.324 the most structured institutional base of the 14:37.317 --> 14:40.257 colonies because of its Puritan roots. 14:40.259 --> 14:42.749 So just think about the whole idea of a New England town, 14:42.748 --> 14:44.568 and that's what I'm talking about here. 14:44.570 --> 14:47.640 In general, New England colonies were divided into 14:47.638 --> 14:50.118 townships; each township was oriented 14:50.116 --> 14:51.376 around the church. 14:51.379 --> 14:54.919 Traditionally speaking, your church fathers were your 14:54.918 --> 14:55.938 town fathers. 14:55.940 --> 14:59.930 The church felt responsible not only for your soul in church but 14:59.928 --> 15:03.538 also for your soul as displayed in your everyday life, 15:03.538 --> 15:06.188 so there actually were church officials who sometimes went 15:06.187 --> 15:09.067 from home to home to be sure that you were living properly, 15:09.070 --> 15:11.390 abiding by godly standards of living-- 15:11.389 --> 15:14.789 and that's a sort of really strong institutional base of 15:14.794 --> 15:15.604 settlement. 15:15.600 --> 15:18.790 Now as commerce boomed in New England, 15:18.788 --> 15:21.158 the sort of pure church-orientation of New 15:21.158 --> 15:23.698 England society got a little bit diluted, 15:23.700 --> 15:26.970 but still, it had an enormous impact on the tone of life in 15:26.966 --> 15:28.316 the northern colonies. 15:28.320 --> 15:32.090 Also, because of New England's Puritan roots and the Puritan 15:32.085 --> 15:35.335 respect for the word as presented in the Bible -- 15:35.340 --> 15:38.130 and you needed to be able to read and understand the Bible 15:38.134 --> 15:41.654 for yourself-- literacy was particularly high 15:41.654 --> 15:44.304 in the New England colonies. 15:44.298 --> 15:47.758 And New England colleges, Harvard and Yale, 15:47.759 --> 15:51.579 were generally superior to most of the other colleges at the 15:51.581 --> 15:53.241 time, although King's College in New 15:53.235 --> 15:54.525 York, which is now Columbia, 15:54.525 --> 15:57.865 and the College of New Jersey, which is now Princeton, 15:57.865 --> 15:59.305 also ranked high. 15:59.308 --> 16:01.198 William and Mary in Virginia was kind of in a different 16:01.197 --> 16:02.767 league and I'm going to come back to that, 16:02.769 --> 16:07.029 and also to UVA, which is where I got my Ph.D., 16:07.029 --> 16:08.789 in a few minutes. 16:08.788 --> 16:14.058 Now New England was mostly composed of small farms 16:14.058 --> 16:17.068 supported by family labor. 16:17.070 --> 16:20.740 And there was some slave labor; it was the least in all of the 16:20.741 --> 16:25.211 colonies, and there were roughly thirty-five white Europeans to 16:25.210 --> 16:26.580 every one slave. 16:26.580 --> 16:31.390 Because of its original Puritan origins-- 16:31.389 --> 16:34.539 so, because of its original focus on excluding all but the 16:34.538 --> 16:37.798 like-minded who shared their religious sense of purpose-- 16:37.798 --> 16:41.618 New England was not really diverse religiously or 16:41.624 --> 16:42.664 ethnically. 16:42.658 --> 16:44.298 And it was this lack of diversity, 16:44.298 --> 16:47.488 the kind of insular nature of New England society, 16:47.490 --> 16:50.090 that made many people think of New Englanders as kind of-- 16:50.090 --> 16:52.100 well, their word for it was unmixed-- 16:52.100 --> 16:54.910 sort of stiff and awkward: they're not used to being out 16:54.910 --> 16:56.860 in the world, they don't know how to have 16:56.859 --> 16:58.909 conversations with people who aren't like them, 16:58.908 --> 17:01.798 they're sort of weird because they only know other New 17:01.799 --> 17:02.509 Englanders. 17:02.509 --> 17:05.719 But, the same sort of relative lack of diversity also allowed 17:05.722 --> 17:09.102 New Englanders to unite quickly and powerfully if they felt that 17:09.096 --> 17:11.396 their rights were being impinged upon, 17:11.400 --> 17:14.630 as we'll see during the first phases of the Revolution, 17:14.630 --> 17:16.650 within the next week or so. 17:16.650 --> 17:18.560 So that's New England. 17:18.558 --> 17:22.268 The middle colonies in at least one way were the precise 17:22.268 --> 17:26.178 opposite of New England because they were actually the most 17:26.179 --> 17:28.539 diverse of all of the colonies. 17:28.538 --> 17:31.578 The middle colonies were flooded by immigrants from 17:31.582 --> 17:33.772 Germany, from Ireland, from Scotland, 17:33.771 --> 17:35.781 to name just a few countries. 17:35.779 --> 17:39.089 And as a matter of fact the middle colonies were considered, 17:39.088 --> 17:42.558 in a phrase used at the time, "the best poor man's 17:42.563 --> 17:44.943 country" because there were ample 17:44.942 --> 17:48.482 supplies of land and there weren't harsh restrictions or 17:48.480 --> 17:50.860 great intolerance of diversity. 17:50.858 --> 17:54.378 And part of the reason why it was so popular for immigrants is 17:54.375 --> 17:57.835 because of the great tolerance of the Quakers who founded the 17:57.835 --> 17:58.465 colony. 17:58.470 --> 18:01.800 Though Pennsylvania, like Massachusetts, 18:01.798 --> 18:05.158 was founded by basically a group of religious dissenters, 18:05.160 --> 18:08.440 the Quaker faith was quite different from Puritanism. 18:08.440 --> 18:12.000 And it was much more focused on regulating society according to 18:11.997 --> 18:14.577 your internal moral spirit rather than through 18:14.578 --> 18:17.808 institutional, sort of church-oriented 18:17.805 --> 18:18.915 structures. 18:18.920 --> 18:21.290 So there were fewer external rules and regulations 18:21.288 --> 18:24.378 controlling Pennsylvania society in the way there would have been 18:24.383 --> 18:26.873 in New England, and it was a lot easier for 18:26.873 --> 18:30.203 people who arrived in the middle colonies to adapt to living 18:30.202 --> 18:30.712 there. 18:30.710 --> 18:33.870 And tolerance was also integral to the Quaker faith, 18:33.872 --> 18:37.402 so again, it's easier for immigrants to deal with arriving 18:37.404 --> 18:39.084 to the middle colonies. 18:39.078 --> 18:42.258 Also the middle colonies, unlike New England and the 18:42.262 --> 18:45.262 South, were kind of less of a coherent region. 18:45.259 --> 18:48.739 And particularly New York and Pennsylvania, 18:48.740 --> 18:51.190 although they're both lumped into middle colony-ness, 18:51.190 --> 18:54.150 they seemed to share fewer similarities, 18:54.150 --> 18:57.200 and it's why at the time you don't really hear people 18:57.199 --> 18:59.309 dividing the colonies into thirds. 18:59.308 --> 19:02.908 They do tend to break it into halves and they do tend to talk 19:02.913 --> 19:06.223 about northern or eastern colonies and southern colonies 19:06.215 --> 19:09.215 and they sort of shove Pennsylvania north and shove 19:09.218 --> 19:12.728 Maryland south, obviously thinking generally 19:12.730 --> 19:16.020 about slavery as a helpful dividing line. 19:16.019 --> 19:19.219 Now that said, to people at the time New York 19:19.221 --> 19:23.081 was particularly problematic, and in some ways some people 19:23.079 --> 19:26.579 actually considered New York to be more southern than northern. 19:26.578 --> 19:28.668 Jefferson actually said that at the time. 19:28.670 --> 19:31.090 He thought that New York was in the wrong place--that somehow 19:31.093 --> 19:33.523 geographically it ended up far more north than it should have 19:33.516 --> 19:33.876 been. 19:33.880 --> 19:35.420 It should be a southern state. 19:35.420 --> 19:38.620 And what he meant by that was: unlike a lot of other states or 19:38.617 --> 19:40.717 colonies actually, not yet states, 19:40.720 --> 19:44.250 colonies, it was organized around great landowners who 19:44.252 --> 19:46.322 owned vast expanses of land. 19:46.318 --> 19:49.428 And although in all of the colonies there were sort of 19:49.425 --> 19:52.825 great families who controlled or who certainly had a lot of 19:52.825 --> 19:55.825 power, in New York politics was really 19:55.828 --> 20:00.398 largely organized around the clash between a handful of great 20:00.395 --> 20:01.305 families. 20:01.308 --> 20:04.608 And the Livingstons are the sort of largest and most 20:04.607 --> 20:07.257 noteworthy political clan in New York, 20:07.259 --> 20:10.369 and I can vouch to you as a historian of this time period 20:10.372 --> 20:13.372 that when you're studying New York politics there are a 20:13.374 --> 20:16.324 million Livingstons and they're all named Philip. 20:16.318 --> 20:17.628 [laughs] Trying to tell which Livingston 20:17.627 --> 20:18.867 is which Livingston is really hard. 20:18.868 --> 20:22.058 There are a lot of Livingstons and they all--a lot of them are 20:22.064 --> 20:22.644 in power. 20:22.640 --> 20:26.910 Other people commented not necessarily that New York seemed 20:26.906 --> 20:29.026 southern, but that it had really 20:29.032 --> 20:31.962 high-toned manners, that the people were really 20:31.961 --> 20:34.351 aristocratic, that they were very interested 20:34.345 --> 20:37.125 in fine living and display than some of the surrounding more 20:37.128 --> 20:38.118 northern colonies. 20:38.118 --> 20:40.918 And some people considered New Yorkers shifty, 20:40.916 --> 20:42.716 self-interested and subtle. 20:42.720 --> 20:46.260 There's one account I came across in which this fellows 20:46.263 --> 20:48.443 says-- basically he says he thinks New 20:48.441 --> 20:51.221 Yorkers are all liars, but the way he puts it is 20:51.221 --> 20:53.871 something like: New Yorkers are all guilty of 20:53.866 --> 20:55.986 telling great thumpers, [laughs] 20:55.994 --> 20:58.654 and I guess a great thumper is a big lie. 20:58.650 --> 21:00.940 And actually that same diary--Okay. 21:00.940 --> 21:02.660 This really surprised me. 21:02.660 --> 21:04.970 I suppose -- you know, very often--this is true with 21:04.970 --> 21:07.300 slang too-- you consider slang or other 21:07.304 --> 21:09.584 things as being really, really modern, 21:09.578 --> 21:12.168 and then you discover it actually isn't really modern; 21:12.170 --> 21:13.450 it dates all the way back. 21:13.450 --> 21:15.900 I found a letter once from this time period in which someone 21:15.897 --> 21:17.057 said, "I wanted to give 21:17.055 --> 21:18.775 So-and-So a good swift kick in the can." 21:18.778 --> 21:19.058 Right? 21:19.056 --> 21:19.286 Okay. 21:19.286 --> 21:21.216 I don't expect someone to say that in 1799, 21:21.219 --> 21:23.289 "a good swift kick in the can." 21:23.288 --> 21:26.388 The can?--they're saying that--I don't know. 21:26.390 --> 21:29.860 It's a little sort of more cas than I thought they would be in 21:29.861 --> 21:30.261 1799. 21:30.259 --> 21:33.989 But so in this diary account this person is talking about New 21:33.993 --> 21:34.433 York. 21:34.430 --> 21:38.110 He's a Pennsylvanian and he says New Yorkers talk really 21:38.106 --> 21:41.646 fast, walk really fast, they do everything really fast 21:41.650 --> 21:42.720 in New York. 21:42.720 --> 21:45.120 They're sort of really businesslike and abrupt. 21:45.118 --> 21:47.178 It actually just doesn't sound very different from what someone 21:47.182 --> 21:49.182 today would say visiting New York City for the first time. 21:49.180 --> 21:52.490 But he also describes--and now I'm going to embarrass myself 21:52.493 --> 21:54.763 fully-- he also describes what he calls 21:54.756 --> 21:57.306 the New York walk, which in his mind--He thinks 21:57.307 --> 22:01.377 all New Yorkers walk this way, which I guess is kind of bent 22:01.380 --> 22:05.130 over and walking very fast, so in his--and he does a little 22:05.134 --> 22:05.854 imitation of it. 22:05.848 --> 22:07.438 Apparently, in his diary he talks about it. 22:07.440 --> 22:09.230 So he is looking at New York. 22:09.230 --> 22:13.330 Basically his impression--you almost could read someone today 22:13.326 --> 22:16.806 making a very similar observation about New York. 22:16.808 --> 22:18.508 So New York, Pennsylvania, 22:18.509 --> 22:20.889 middle colonies: a bit different. 22:20.890 --> 22:23.990 Considering though, these differences between New 22:23.992 --> 22:26.352 York and Pennsylvania, years later, 22:26.353 --> 22:28.463 after the Constitution kicks in, 22:28.460 --> 22:31.070 they actually become an enormous issue because they 22:31.066 --> 22:34.186 begin to play into the question of where the national capital 22:34.192 --> 22:35.342 should be located. 22:35.338 --> 22:38.108 Because the general belief at the time was, 22:38.108 --> 22:41.398 wherever the capital ended up being located would determine 22:41.404 --> 22:44.244 the manners of the national office-holders and thus 22:44.243 --> 22:47.713 determine the sort of manner and character of the nation. 22:47.710 --> 22:47.970 Right? 22:47.965 --> 22:50.485 So, wherever you're living is going to shape how you act-- 22:50.490 --> 22:53.020 so the national office holders are going to act-- 22:53.019 --> 22:54.799 if they're in New York--kind of snooty, 22:54.798 --> 22:56.868 and then the American public's going to look at these snooty 22:56.865 --> 22:59.135 people and they're going to try to act like the snooty people, 22:59.140 --> 23:01.480 and thus all of America will become aristocratic and corrupt 23:01.480 --> 23:03.420 and that's the end of the republican experiment in 23:03.423 --> 23:04.023 government. 23:04.019 --> 23:04.299 Darn. 23:04.295 --> 23:04.625 Right? 23:04.625 --> 23:07.935 So that was kind of the logic at the time so people had a lot 23:07.936 --> 23:11.356 of attitudes about whether the capital should be in New York or 23:11.358 --> 23:15.248 should be in Philadelphia, actually in Pennsylvania. 23:15.250 --> 23:17.510 The idea being that Pennsylvania seemed more ideal 23:17.513 --> 23:19.273 because it's sort of in the middle, 23:19.269 --> 23:21.679 it seems kind of balanced, people said it seemed the most 23:21.683 --> 23:23.153 small "r" republican, 23:23.150 --> 23:27.110 meaning sort of virtuous and straightforward and uncorrupted. 23:27.108 --> 23:29.768 So it's not as though these issues die out when we get 23:29.766 --> 23:30.916 states and a country. 23:30.920 --> 23:33.670 But now southerners might disagree and might say, 23:33.665 --> 23:34.005 'No. 23:34.009 --> 23:36.329 Pennsylvania is of course not the most republican. 23:36.328 --> 23:41.868 We in the South are the most republican, the most virtuous of 23:41.874 --> 23:43.264 all regions.' 23:43.259 --> 23:45.819 Of course, other colonists from other regions would have 23:45.821 --> 23:47.501 disagreed and would have claimed, 23:47.500 --> 23:49.650 as many did, that the South was aristocratic 23:49.650 --> 23:52.660 in the extreme, that they had a true haughty 23:52.663 --> 23:56.253 aristocratic elite, plantation owners and then a 23:56.250 --> 23:58.110 glut of poor common folk. 23:58.108 --> 24:01.188 Not surprisingly--this is not going to be a surprise to 24:01.189 --> 24:03.869 anyone-- southern society was structured 24:03.865 --> 24:07.395 around widely-scattered plantations which essentially 24:07.397 --> 24:11.607 functioned like small villages owned and controlled by southern 24:11.609 --> 24:12.629 gentlemen. 24:12.630 --> 24:16.270 And it was these gentlemen who controlled and regulated 24:16.268 --> 24:18.248 affairs, who did things like take 24:18.250 --> 24:21.460 responsibility for fixing roads or tending to local affairs, 24:21.460 --> 24:25.080 rather than having some kind of formal institution tending to 24:25.075 --> 24:27.075 those things, as might have happened in a 24:27.075 --> 24:29.135 place that was more structured-- institutionally 24:29.143 --> 24:30.753 structured--like New England. 24:30.750 --> 24:34.590 And these southern gentlemen really did enjoy great display 24:34.592 --> 24:36.782 in their homes, in their clothing, 24:36.778 --> 24:38.698 in their style of living. 24:38.700 --> 24:42.720 They spent their leisure time gambling, cock fighting, 24:42.723 --> 24:45.913 horse racing and, as that diarist suggests, 24:45.912 --> 24:46.902 drinking. 24:46.900 --> 24:49.870 Now generally speaking, education was not as important 24:49.873 --> 24:53.133 in the South as in the North, which is not to say gentlemen 24:53.127 --> 24:54.977 were expected to be educated. 24:54.980 --> 24:57.680 They were in the South, but going to school at William 24:57.680 --> 25:00.080 and Mary was sometimes more social training than 25:00.075 --> 25:01.395 intellectual training. 25:01.400 --> 25:02.590 I'm sorry, William and Mary. 25:02.587 --> 25:03.817 I do not mean to insult you. 25:03.818 --> 25:05.938 But for one, Thomas Jefferson was really not 25:05.942 --> 25:08.512 impressed with his education at William and Mary, 25:08.509 --> 25:10.909 and ultimately, he created in his old age the 25:10.913 --> 25:14.033 University of Virginia because he wanted to create what he 25:14.027 --> 25:16.867 considered to be a better academic institution in the 25:16.866 --> 25:20.196 state of Virginia where people would be truly learning. 25:20.200 --> 25:22.790 This will be a temple of learning, the University of 25:22.790 --> 25:23.350 Virginia. 25:23.348 --> 25:23.608 Okay. 25:23.607 --> 25:26.557 Things didn't work out the way he planned initially at the 25:26.555 --> 25:27.895 University of Virginia. 25:27.900 --> 25:33.390 There was a lot of drinking, a lot of gambling. 25:33.390 --> 25:35.480 I think--I can't remember whether Edgar Allan Poe was 25:35.482 --> 25:37.622 thrown out for drinking or gambling or both but he was 25:37.616 --> 25:40.066 expelled from the University of Virginia for doing one or both 25:40.073 --> 25:41.123 of those two things. 25:41.118 --> 25:44.318 Students really liked, at UVA--I don't know if any of 25:44.323 --> 25:46.703 you have been there, but there is sort of this 25:46.702 --> 25:48.282 beautiful lawn at the center of campus-- 25:48.279 --> 25:50.949 students really liked to ride up and down the lawn on their 25:50.952 --> 25:52.752 horses and shoot guns off in the air. 25:52.750 --> 25:54.350 This was a popular hobby. 25:54.348 --> 25:56.648 Things got really bad apparently with the guns and the 25:56.645 --> 25:58.755 horses, so Thomas Jefferson in 1825 25:58.760 --> 26:02.500 called a meeting of the faculty and students so that he could 26:02.498 --> 26:03.618 reprimand them. 26:03.618 --> 26:06.778 This is the hobby and delight of his old age, 26:06.778 --> 26:09.648 his--what he's going to give to his own colony or state of 26:09.653 --> 26:11.373 Virginia, and now just wacky people 26:11.365 --> 26:13.885 riding around shooting guns and not really going to class, 26:13.886 --> 26:14.326 per se. 26:14.328 --> 26:18.268 So he calls this meeting of students and faculty and he 26:18.269 --> 26:21.699 invites along James Monroe and James Madison. 26:21.700 --> 26:21.980 Okay. 26:21.982 --> 26:24.702 So we've got three ex-Presidents who are standing 26:24.702 --> 26:28.162 over the Virginia student body who are going to reprimand them 26:28.160 --> 26:30.030 for shooting off their guns. 26:30.028 --> 26:32.978 And supposedly--I always find this sort of touching. 26:32.977 --> 26:33.437 Right? 26:33.440 --> 26:36.520 Supposedly, Thomas Jefferson stood up to yell at the students 26:36.518 --> 26:39.748 but he was so upset at what was happening at the university that 26:39.750 --> 26:42.060 he started to cry and he had to sit down. 26:42.058 --> 26:45.468 [laughter] So okay, crying Founders. 26:45.470 --> 26:48.650 So he was very upset and then one of the Jameses--I don't know 26:48.650 --> 26:51.100 if it was Madison or Monroe--sort of had to take 26:51.099 --> 26:51.569 over. 26:51.568 --> 26:54.718 Now you would think that a crying Founder might help the 26:54.715 --> 26:58.315 student body at Virginia to kind of shape up, but it did not. 26:58.318 --> 27:03.008 And years later when faculty told the still-rioting, 27:03.009 --> 27:05.529 gun-shooting students that they needed to actually give up their 27:05.528 --> 27:07.768 guns now because they apparently just didn't want to stop 27:07.769 --> 27:10.739 shooting them, there was some kind of a gun 27:10.738 --> 27:12.788 riot, [laughter] a riot, 27:12.788 --> 27:15.898 like crashing windows and--I don't know the details but it 27:15.895 --> 27:17.935 was ugly, and seventy students were 27:17.942 --> 27:18.502 expelled. 27:18.500 --> 27:22.350 Four years after the amazing gun riot, 27:22.348 --> 27:26.288 when students were celebrating the anniversary of the gun riot, 27:26.288 --> 27:28.488 [laughter] which kind of tells you that 27:28.492 --> 27:31.512 people being expelled really didn't do a lot for-- 27:31.509 --> 27:32.849 [laughter] This gets really unfortunate. 27:32.848 --> 27:35.338 They were celebrating the anniversary of the gun riot and 27:35.339 --> 27:37.429 a professor was accidentally shot and killed. 27:37.430 --> 27:40.630 [laughter] So, [laughter] 27:40.631 --> 27:42.901 it's a problem. 27:42.900 --> 27:45.910 It's UVA, the early years. 27:45.910 --> 27:46.320 Right? 27:46.323 --> 27:49.843 It's a problem--unfortunate problem with the guns. 27:49.838 --> 27:50.158 Okay. 27:50.155 --> 27:52.625 [laughs] Virginia education in the early 27:52.628 --> 27:53.198 years. 27:53.200 --> 27:55.330 So, as with the other regions, southern 27:55.328 --> 27:58.408 colonists--colonies--were distinctive in many ways other 27:58.412 --> 28:00.432 than crazy, gun-toting students. 28:00.430 --> 28:04.870 Of course, slavery had an enormous impact on the tone of 28:04.874 --> 28:06.494 life in the South. 28:06.490 --> 28:10.470 There were between 1.3 and 1.7 white Europeans to every slave 28:10.468 --> 28:13.918 in the South and in some colonies like South Carolina 28:13.916 --> 28:16.566 there actually was a black majority. 28:16.568 --> 28:20.848 To Jefferson, slavery corrupted the morals of 28:20.854 --> 28:22.894 the South, and once again, 28:22.893 --> 28:25.943 he says this in Notes on the State of Virginia to his 28:25.938 --> 28:28.178 French audience, so he certainly writes things 28:28.176 --> 28:30.546 there that he would not have said to a fellow Virginian. 28:30.548 --> 28:33.278 And in this case this is what he writes in Notes: 28:35.066 --> 28:37.826 an unhappy influence on the manners of our people produced 28:37.829 --> 28:39.769 by the existence of slavery among us. 28:39.769 --> 28:42.949 The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual 28:42.952 --> 28:45.412 exercise of the most boisterous passions, 28:45.410 --> 28:48.620 the most unremitting deposition on the one part and degrading 28:48.615 --> 28:50.055 submissions on the other. 28:50.058 --> 28:53.458 Our children see this and learn to imitate it for man is an 28:53.463 --> 28:54.583 imitative animal. 28:54.578 --> 28:57.408 The parent storms, the child looks on, 28:57.410 --> 29:00.240 puts on the same airs in the circle of smaller slaves, 29:00.240 --> 29:02.560 gives a loose to his worst of passions, 29:02.558 --> 29:05.438 and thus nursed, educated and daily exercised in 29:05.439 --> 29:09.359 tyranny cannot but be stamped by it with odious peculiarities. 29:09.358 --> 29:13.158 The man must be a prodigy who can retain his manners and 29:13.161 --> 29:16.481 morals undepraved by such circumstances." 29:16.480 --> 29:18.250 So that's Jefferson, Notes on the State of 29:18.247 --> 29:20.257 Virginia, in a really strong passage 29:20.256 --> 29:23.206 about the influence of slavery on the morals and manners of 29:23.205 --> 29:23.965 southerners. 29:23.970 --> 29:27.460 So clearly the South is based on the mastery, 29:27.461 --> 29:31.271 literally and figuratively, of a ruling elite. 29:31.269 --> 29:35.679 And it's this spirit of entitlement and independence and 29:35.684 --> 29:40.744 mastery that would inspire some of the emotional response in the 29:40.743 --> 29:45.163 South to Britain's actions in the 1760s and 1770s, 29:45.160 --> 29:47.700 particularly in Virginia, which was the colony that 29:47.701 --> 29:50.651 really believed itself to be at the top of the hierarchy of 29:50.650 --> 29:53.700 southern colonies, the leader of the South. 29:53.700 --> 29:56.800 The response of Virginia to what they perceived to be the 29:56.798 --> 29:59.728 impingement of Britain upon their rights was second in 29:59.730 --> 30:01.780 intensity, as we're going to see, 30:01.776 --> 30:04.866 only to what took place in Massachusetts and particularly 30:04.871 --> 30:05.591 in Boston. 30:05.588 --> 30:09.568 So you can now begin to see how really diverse these different 30:09.574 --> 30:13.364 regions and colonies were and you can also begin to see why 30:13.362 --> 30:16.892 when different men from different regions came together 30:16.888 --> 30:20.808 in something like ultimately a continental congress they were 30:20.807 --> 30:24.267 pretty quick to pick up on those differences. 30:24.269 --> 30:26.959 And New Englanders picked apart the southerners as being 30:26.963 --> 30:29.813 arrogant and wearing flashy clothes and southerners thought 30:29.805 --> 30:32.545 the New Englanders were strange and awkward and everybody 30:32.548 --> 30:35.138 distrusted the New Yorkers and everybody smiled at the 30:35.144 --> 30:38.084 Pennsylvanians, but all of these [laughter] 30:38.078 --> 30:41.728 things were pretty prominent in any kind of a continental 30:41.727 --> 30:42.767 organization. 30:42.769 --> 30:46.029 So with all of these big differences you can begin to see 30:46.028 --> 30:49.688 how truly amazing and noteworthy would have been any attempts at 30:49.693 --> 30:50.803 colonial unity. 30:50.798 --> 30:54.278 And what I'm going to do right now is just talk very briefly 30:54.280 --> 30:57.820 about these three attempts at colonial unity that I mentioned 30:57.821 --> 30:59.771 at the outset of the lecture. 30:59.769 --> 31:01.839 Two of them, as we'll see, 31:01.835 --> 31:06.705 were inspired by the colonies as a means of self-defense. 31:06.710 --> 31:10.430 One of them was basically created by the British, 31:10.432 --> 31:15.012 not surprisingly as a means of asserting British control. 31:15.009 --> 31:17.309 But what's really most important to note in these 31:17.309 --> 31:20.569 examples that I'm going to offer you here is: generally speaking, 31:20.568 --> 31:24.108 when American colonists considered colonial union on 31:24.107 --> 31:27.367 their own it was for reasons of self-defense. 31:27.368 --> 31:30.738 It was for reasons of self-interest and not because of 31:30.736 --> 31:32.956 some greater ideological calling; 31:32.960 --> 31:35.670 it was really for basic self-defense. 31:35.670 --> 31:39.840 So let's look at the first attempt at colonial union, 31:39.843 --> 31:42.013 which took place in 1643. 31:42.009 --> 31:42.369 Okay. 31:42.365 --> 31:46.565 So in 1643, representatives of the colonies of Massachusetts 31:46.566 --> 31:48.416 Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, 31:48.416 --> 31:52.756 and New Haven -- New Haven is its own little settlement. 31:52.759 --> 31:55.039 I--It happens several times in this course that New Haven just 31:55.036 --> 31:57.046 appears all by itself, which I always kind of love 31:57.045 --> 31:59.395 because you just don't expect it to sort of sit there all by 31:59.395 --> 32:00.985 itself having historical prominence, 32:00.990 --> 32:02.010 but here it is. 32:02.009 --> 32:04.939 So Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, 32:04.940 --> 32:08.800 and New Haven decided that they wanted to form a confederation 32:08.803 --> 32:12.293 to defend themselves against Dutch expansion and hostile 32:12.286 --> 32:15.056 Indian tribes, and to create some kind of 32:15.057 --> 32:17.767 forum for resolving intercolonial disputes, 32:17.769 --> 32:20.019 which happened all the time. 32:20.019 --> 32:23.129 Rhode Island tried to join the forum [laughs] 32:23.125 --> 32:27.215 but it was excluded [laughter] because nobody trusted Rhode 32:27.218 --> 32:30.318 Island [laughter] so they were not invited to 32:30.323 --> 32:31.103 join. 32:31.098 --> 32:35.958 The union, known as the United Colonies of New England, 32:35.960 --> 32:38.510 or the New England Confederation, 32:38.512 --> 32:43.782 didn't have any sanction in the charters of its member colonies. 32:43.779 --> 32:47.529 Instead it was just a kind of joint advisory council and it 32:47.531 --> 32:51.481 was made up of two members from each participating colony, 32:51.480 --> 32:54.960 so basically it had eight people in it, 32:54.957 --> 32:55.687 right? 32:55.690 --> 32:58.730 And six of the eight had to vote for something for it to 32:58.726 --> 32:59.496 take effect. 32:59.500 --> 33:05.880 So between 1643 and 1664, the United Colonies of New 33:05.883 --> 33:08.683 England, or the New England 33:08.681 --> 33:10.341 Confederation, met-- 33:10.338 --> 33:13.398 between those years, 1643 and 1664-- 33:13.400 --> 33:17.620 until Connecticut annexed New Haven and the number of members 33:17.619 --> 33:21.769 decreased and went down to six and this became a problem. 33:21.769 --> 33:24.399 So after 1664, when New Haven sort of merged 33:24.403 --> 33:27.133 with Connecticut, it didn't meet very often and 33:27.131 --> 33:29.981 then ultimately in 1684 it kind of drifted to an end, 33:29.980 --> 33:32.650 the end of the United Colonies of New England. 33:32.650 --> 33:35.250 So that's amazing first attempt at union. 33:35.250 --> 33:36.630 It was an attempt. 33:36.630 --> 33:40.760 The second union of a sort was spurred by the British 33:40.758 --> 33:43.648 government, which in the 1680s became 33:43.654 --> 33:47.724 worried that the New England colonies were not sympathetic 33:47.723 --> 33:51.083 and loyal to the British monarch and we're-- 33:51.078 --> 33:52.638 basically we're creeping up here on-- 33:52.640 --> 33:54.610 I'm not going to go into it in any detail but-- 33:54.608 --> 33:57.018 on what comes to be known as the Glorious Revolution, 33:57.019 --> 33:59.549 when the monarchy falls, so there's a reason why they're 33:59.550 --> 34:02.360 wondering how loyal the New Englanders are to the monarchy. 34:02.358 --> 34:04.918 But British authorities wanted to be sure that the New England 34:04.923 --> 34:07.323 colonies were going to be loyal to the British monarch. 34:07.318 --> 34:10.838 So in 1686, the British government formed what they 34:10.836 --> 34:13.506 called the Dominion of New England, 34:13.510 --> 34:16.270 which to me sounds like sort of Darth Vader, 34:16.268 --> 34:18.248 "Star Wars"-- the "Dominion." 34:18.250 --> 34:20.670 So they formed the Dominion of New England, 34:20.670 --> 34:25.140 1686, which fused all of the New England colonies plus New 34:25.144 --> 34:29.864 York plus New Jersey into one colony to be ruled by one royal 34:29.856 --> 34:32.836 governor and an appointed council. 34:32.840 --> 34:34.470 That's a dramatic gesture. 34:34.469 --> 34:38.459 The resulting mass that was made by merging all of that into 34:38.463 --> 34:41.513 one colony was larger in size than England. 34:41.510 --> 34:41.910 Okay. 34:41.905 --> 34:44.825 That's a lot of land, a lot of land. 34:44.829 --> 34:49.129 The newly-installed royal governor was named Edmund 34:49.128 --> 34:51.018 Andros, A-n-d-r-o-s. 34:51.018 --> 34:54.538 Andros ruled over the Dominion without a legislature, 34:54.541 --> 34:58.401 passing laws after they were approved by a majority of his 34:58.402 --> 34:59.422 councilors. 34:59.420 --> 35:01.350 You can see how happy this is going to make the New 35:01.347 --> 35:01.847 Englanders. 35:01.849 --> 35:04.169 Not surprisingly, a lot of New Englanders 35:04.170 --> 35:07.590 resented the dominion and the way it just sort of supplanted 35:07.592 --> 35:09.102 colonial legislatures. 35:09.099 --> 35:11.999 Even more unfortunate, Andros was not a very 35:12.001 --> 35:15.651 diplomatic politician and he really had no reason to be 35:15.646 --> 35:16.656 diplomatic. 35:16.659 --> 35:19.249 He was sent to New England on royal authority, 35:19.251 --> 35:22.531 his job was to assert royal authority, so he really didn't 35:22.532 --> 35:25.012 need to please anybody except the King. 35:25.010 --> 35:28.150 Even so, he somehow seemed intent on really proving his 35:28.146 --> 35:31.046 authority by flaunting it before New Englanders. 35:31.050 --> 35:33.070 So for example, not long after he arrived, 35:33.070 --> 35:35.830 Andros took over a Puritan meeting house and converted it 35:35.829 --> 35:37.209 into an Anglican church. 35:37.210 --> 35:37.580 Right? 35:37.581 --> 35:39.991 Nothing like a little 'ha, you Puritans, 35:39.992 --> 35:43.212 you think you control the Dominion, but I control the 35:43.208 --> 35:45.248 Dominion,' dramatic gesture. 35:45.250 --> 35:49.230 He also put the colonial militia under the direct control 35:49.231 --> 35:51.081 of the governor himself. 35:51.079 --> 35:54.469 And there were a number of other highly unpopular things 35:54.467 --> 35:55.327 that he did. 35:55.329 --> 35:58.839 But in 1689 when the Stuart monarchy fell in England because 35:58.842 --> 36:01.932 of the Glorious Revolution, American colonists also 36:01.934 --> 36:04.834 revolted and they toppled the Dominion government; 36:04.829 --> 36:07.949 they jailed its officers including Andros, 36:07.952 --> 36:11.992 who supposedly tried to escape in women's clothing. 36:11.989 --> 36:12.609 [laughter] Okay. 36:12.614 --> 36:13.994 So that's somewhat humiliating. 36:13.989 --> 36:16.229 Even more humiliating, he was caught, 36:16.231 --> 36:17.481 [laughs] poor Andros, 36:17.478 --> 36:21.338 and he is eventually freed and not surprisingly fled right back 36:21.340 --> 36:22.400 to England. 36:22.400 --> 36:24.540 And soon after, Britain just let the colonies 36:24.543 --> 36:27.223 resume their former status so end of the Dominion of New 36:27.224 --> 36:27.814 England. 36:27.809 --> 36:30.439 That's a really obviously whopping big success. 36:30.440 --> 36:34.010 The third and last attempt at union is in 1754, 36:34.012 --> 36:37.892 and like the first one, it was largely because of a 36:37.894 --> 36:38.754 threat. 36:38.750 --> 36:42.100 And this time, colonies were afraid of threats 36:42.096 --> 36:45.216 coming from the French and from Indians. 36:45.219 --> 36:48.799 And here we have the not really promising entry of George 36:48.802 --> 36:51.812 Washington on to the colonial military scene. 36:51.809 --> 36:53.989 I'm going to draw a little picture to you of George 36:53.992 --> 36:56.352 Washington's moment of glory at this moment in time. 36:56.349 --> 36:56.739 Okay. 36:56.740 --> 37:00.270 So in 1753,1754, there were some skirmishes on 37:00.266 --> 37:04.256 the Pennsylvania frontier because French forces were 37:04.260 --> 37:06.610 moving south from Quebec. 37:06.610 --> 37:10.040 And Virginia militia under the command of George Washington-- 37:10.039 --> 37:12.069 a young and, as we will hear, 37:12.072 --> 37:15.322 inexperienced officer-- he's sent out by the governor 37:15.318 --> 37:18.318 of Virginia to investigate and see what's happening with these 37:18.322 --> 37:20.492 sort of French movements on the frontier. 37:20.489 --> 37:23.279 So Washington and his men apparently tramp around the 37:23.280 --> 37:26.070 frontier for a while and ultimately they find a small 37:26.072 --> 37:29.402 party of French soldiers in an encampment and they open fire on 37:29.400 --> 37:32.960 them and kill a lot of them, and then discover unfortunately 37:32.960 --> 37:36.380 after the fact that actually it was a neutral ambassador holding 37:36.376 --> 37:40.326 papers for a negotiation, and his diplomatic escort. 37:40.329 --> 37:40.669 Okay. 37:40.670 --> 37:43.190 [laughter] So Washington just killed a 37:43.190 --> 37:46.660 bunch of diplomats and their escort and the diplomat 37:46.664 --> 37:50.414 literally died clutching papers to negotiate Okay. 37:50.409 --> 37:52.269 [laughter] Thank you, George Washington. 37:52.268 --> 37:54.448 So Washington, after this glorious moment, 37:54.447 --> 37:57.577 decides he's going to pull back and he's going to encamp his 37:57.579 --> 37:59.969 troops in a fort that he will have built. 37:59.969 --> 38:00.299 Right? 38:00.295 --> 38:03.545 So he has troops build a fort and he names it Fort Necessity, 38:03.550 --> 38:04.800 which it really was. 38:04.800 --> 38:05.020 Right? 38:05.018 --> 38:06.988 He just killed people he shouldn't have been killing; 38:06.989 --> 38:10.319 now he'd better create a fort, so he creates Fort Necessity, 38:10.318 --> 38:12.748 but unfortunately for Washington he built it 38:12.746 --> 38:14.436 in--basically in a valley. 38:14.440 --> 38:18.460 Okay, fort in valley, just not good. 38:18.460 --> 38:21.650 He didn't really think very hard about the places up above 38:21.646 --> 38:24.996 the fort where the French could perch and fire down in to the 38:25.000 --> 38:26.960 fort, which of course they did. Right? 38:26.960 --> 38:28.590 [laughter] He also didn't think about the 38:28.585 --> 38:31.055 fact that if it's in a valley if it rains, it's really bad for 38:31.063 --> 38:32.083 people in the valley. 38:32.079 --> 38:34.879 So sure enough the French attack, there is a big rain 38:34.876 --> 38:36.816 storm, the French are shooting down 38:36.824 --> 38:39.634 from the heights, and Washington and his little 38:39.632 --> 38:42.072 troop are down in this sort of soggy, 38:42.070 --> 38:45.180 increasingly puddled fort in which their powder is all 38:45.181 --> 38:48.881 getting soaked in these huge puddles as it continues to rain. 38:48.880 --> 38:50.840 This did not end well for Washington and basically he 38:50.838 --> 38:51.968 ultimately had to surrender. 38:51.969 --> 38:54.609 Not only did he have to surrender, 38:54.610 --> 38:57.280 but because of a document that was really badly translated, 38:57.280 --> 39:01.490 he signed his name to terms of surrender which announced that 39:01.494 --> 39:04.664 Washington had, quote, "assassinated" 39:04.663 --> 39:05.833 a French diplomat. 39:05.829 --> 39:09.289 Yes, I assassinated a--This was all bad. 39:09.289 --> 39:11.099 [laughter] This is just--This is George 39:11.097 --> 39:11.997 Washington's entry. 39:12.001 --> 39:12.431 Right? 39:12.429 --> 39:13.859 Let's give the command to him. 39:13.860 --> 39:15.590 This is not a good moment for George. 39:15.590 --> 39:18.160 And in addition to that, supposedly in this moment, 39:18.164 --> 39:20.384 Washington wrote a letter to his brother. 39:20.380 --> 39:22.800 He was still kind of cheery about this whole thing, 39:22.797 --> 39:24.247 throughout this whole thing. 39:24.250 --> 39:26.180 He wrote a letter to his brother and he said-- 39:26.179 --> 39:29.309 I have to quote it precisely here--"I heard bullets 39:29.306 --> 39:31.646 whistle and, believe me, there was something 39:31.648 --> 39:32.988 charming in the sound." 39:32.994 --> 39:33.384 Right? 39:33.380 --> 39:35.510 He's so excited about getting a chance to fight. 39:35.510 --> 39:37.570 It's like--the charming sound of bullets. 39:37.570 --> 39:40.470 Supposedly, that quote made its way back to King George the 39:40.469 --> 39:42.469 Second, who thought it was a really 39:42.465 --> 39:45.065 stupidly ridiculous thing for anybody to say, 39:45.070 --> 39:47.830 and I think what the king said was something along the lines 39:47.829 --> 39:50.779 of: 'He wouldn't think so if he heard very many of those bullets 39:50.775 --> 39:51.425 whistling. 39:51.429 --> 39:53.409 They would not be charming anymore.' 39:53.409 --> 39:55.999 So, not a good moment for George. 39:56.000 --> 39:58.630 He's not helping matters, but in addition to that the 39:58.628 --> 40:01.558 British really were worried that Indian relations generally 40:01.561 --> 40:04.341 speaking were deteriorating largely due to complications 40:04.342 --> 40:07.582 between colonies that weren't cooperating with each other. 40:07.579 --> 40:10.919 So the governors of Massachusetts and New York 40:10.916 --> 40:13.806 persuade the British Lords of Trade-- 40:13.809 --> 40:16.499 they're the guys who regulate trade in the colonies-- 40:16.500 --> 40:20.440 to issue a call for a conference to meet in Albany in 40:20.440 --> 40:24.230 June of 1754 to negotiate with the Six Nations, 40:24.230 --> 40:26.510 with the Iroquois Confederation, 40:26.507 --> 40:30.837 and to talk about other ways of coordinating defense for the 40:30.844 --> 40:31.804 colonies. 40:31.800 --> 40:34.830 So in 1754, there is this meeting called to figure out a 40:34.831 --> 40:38.251 way for the colonies to jointly work things out with the Native 40:38.250 --> 40:39.960 Americans, the Six Nations. 40:39.960 --> 40:44.560 Invitations went to nine colonies: Massachusetts, 40:44.559 --> 40:47.749 New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, 40:47.750 --> 40:50.580 Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, 40:50.576 --> 40:53.896 Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 40:53.900 --> 40:55.630 I'll repeat that one more time: Massachusetts, 40:55.630 --> 40:56.970 New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, 40:56.974 --> 40:58.204 Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, 40:58.204 --> 40:59.594 Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 40:59.590 --> 41:00.900 North Carolina, South Carolina, 41:00.900 --> 41:03.520 and Georgia were not included because they were probably just 41:03.523 --> 41:06.103 too far away from where people thought there was going to be 41:06.103 --> 41:06.763 conflict. 41:06.760 --> 41:09.780 New Jersey and Virginia declined because it was too 41:09.782 --> 41:10.872 expensive to go. 41:10.869 --> 41:13.359 So even here when you--people are afraid, there's an Indian 41:13.356 --> 41:15.796 threat--some colonies just say, 'Oh, it costs too much. 41:15.800 --> 41:17.820 I don't think I'm going to bother.' 41:17.820 --> 41:20.340 But this meeting--I'll end here and I'll pick up with this 41:20.335 --> 41:21.745 little end passage on Tuesday. 41:21.750 --> 41:26.200 This meeting came to be known as the Albany Congress--the 41:26.195 --> 41:28.255 Albany Congress in 1754. 41:28.260 --> 41:30.820 And I'll talk briefly on Tuesday about the Albany 41:30.815 --> 41:33.155 Congress and what it was and what it did, 41:33.159 --> 41:36.089 and then I'll segue from that,--which also doesn't end 41:36.088 --> 41:38.648 well-- in to the Stamp Act. 41:38.650 --> 41:44.000