WEBVTT 00:01.940 --> 00:06.000 Professor Donald Kagan: We have been looking 00:06.004 --> 00:10.674 at the question of the rise of the polis and the various 00:10.670 --> 00:14.810 significant elements that were part of the making of the 00:14.810 --> 00:20.020 polis, and of course I've emphasized 00:20.021 --> 00:27.461 the notion of this new class of people, the farmer hoplite 00:27.455 --> 00:30.785 citizen, as being the critical element 00:30.791 --> 00:34.661 in shaping the polis and for my money that's what the 00:34.659 --> 00:38.269 polis is about to start with and then it develops 00:38.266 --> 00:41.016 characteristics consistent with that, 00:41.020 --> 00:44.560 and some that challenge that over the centuries. 00:44.560 --> 00:49.250 But now, imagine that we are living in the early years of a 00:49.253 --> 00:53.303 polis sometime in the eighth century B.C. 00:53.300 --> 00:56.220 Again, I want to emphasize these things that I've been 00:56.218 --> 00:59.688 describing don't happen in every place at the same time and they 00:59.686 --> 01:02.436 don't even happen every place in the same way, 01:02.439 --> 01:06.829 but over a stretch of time the concepts and the kind of 01:06.826 --> 01:11.376 characteristics I've been describing appear to spread all 01:11.376 --> 01:15.756 over the place. But one of the ways in which we 01:15.755 --> 01:21.055 can date the time when the polis came into being has 01:21.062 --> 01:26.282 to do with the Greek traditions about the establishment of 01:26.276 --> 01:30.756 colonies throughout the Mediterranean inhabited by 01:30.759 --> 01:34.449 Greeks, and the reason that they are a 01:34.454 --> 01:37.834 clue is because every time we see a colony, 01:37.833 --> 01:43.043 learn anything at all about it, it appears to exist in the form 01:43.041 --> 01:46.871 of a polis, which powerfully suggests that 01:46.867 --> 01:50.687 that was the typical characteristic style of life 01:50.693 --> 01:54.683 that had already been established for Greeks before 01:54.679 --> 02:00.159 they sent out the colonies. So, that's the chronological 02:00.155 --> 02:05.465 significance of it. I should say all of these 02:05.473 --> 02:12.393 dates that I will be giving you are some combination of Greek 02:12.390 --> 02:18.150 tradition--and the Greeks dated these colonies very 02:18.154 --> 02:22.444 specifically. That would be hard to believe, 02:22.439 --> 02:26.049 impossible to believe, I guess, if it weren't that 02:26.047 --> 02:29.947 these dates tend to be confirmed in a general way, 02:29.949 --> 02:33.589 not in a specific way, by the archaeological 02:33.586 --> 02:36.966 discoveries that we find at the sites, 02:36.970 --> 02:40.900 the earliest places where these colonies came into being. 02:40.900 --> 02:44.070 So it's that combination, archaeology plus Greek 02:44.073 --> 02:47.453 tradition that lies behind the date of any city. 02:47.449 --> 02:50.959 But you shouldn't take the date that I give you, 02:50.961 --> 02:53.801 the traditional date, as being firm. 02:53.800 --> 02:56.890 It's a general thing; it's around that time is the 02:56.893 --> 03:00.603 best we can really say. The date that's sort of typical 03:00.599 --> 03:04.389 for the general phenomenon of colonization coming out of the 03:04.385 --> 03:08.745 mother cities of Greece is again that date we keep talking about, 03:08.750 --> 03:11.920 750 roughly. But in fact, 03:11.916 --> 03:16.576 the earliest date according to Greek tradition, 03:16.581 --> 03:21.391 if my memory is correct, was something like 773 where 03:21.387 --> 03:25.667 the Greeks date the foundation of what they thought was the 03:25.671 --> 03:29.881 earliest colony they ever established -- a place that they 03:29.881 --> 03:34.711 called Pithaecusa, which is the island of Ischia 03:34.707 --> 03:38.817 in the Bay of Naples. That's the very first place 03:38.824 --> 03:42.384 where there is a tradition of a Greek colony having been 03:42.379 --> 03:45.599 planted. There's no question that there 03:45.603 --> 03:50.883 was a Greek colony there and as I say the archaeological remains 03:50.882 --> 03:54.822 confirm the general time for this happening. 03:54.819 --> 03:59.279 Now, the first question I suppose, before I get to 03:59.278 --> 04:03.398 describing what a colony was and how it worked, 04:03.400 --> 04:09.090 we want to ask the question what was it that led Greeks to 04:09.091 --> 04:12.891 sail or walk, mostly to sail very great 04:12.885 --> 04:16.775 distances from their mother cities. 04:16.779 --> 04:22.609 To leave home and to establish a new city for themselves 04:22.611 --> 04:27.701 someplace else is not to be taken for granted. 04:27.699 --> 04:31.239 In the first place, by and until the twentieth 04:31.244 --> 04:34.714 century, I guess, human beings tended to stay 04:34.709 --> 04:36.889 put. They didn't move, 04:36.887 --> 04:39.887 unless they were driven to move. 04:39.889 --> 04:43.369 That was the natural thing to do given the character of life, 04:43.371 --> 04:46.971 which was based upon farming, if you leave you lose your 04:46.973 --> 04:50.793 farm, and based upon the difficulty of transportation. 04:50.790 --> 04:53.870 In the Greek world we know--I think I quoted something from 04:53.867 --> 04:56.237 Hesiod that confirmed it. The Greeks were, 04:56.240 --> 04:59.650 even though they went to sea plenty, they were terrified of 04:59.649 --> 05:02.309 the sea for very good reason. Their ships, 05:02.306 --> 05:04.696 their boats were not very seaworthy; 05:04.699 --> 05:08.199 storms come up in the Mediterranean very suddenly and 05:08.199 --> 05:10.129 terribly; you take your life in your 05:10.128 --> 05:12.578 hands when you travel. So then there's the whole 05:12.583 --> 05:15.953 idea--we've already given you some sense that the Greeks were 05:15.952 --> 05:19.282 ancestor worshippers. I mean, they took special care 05:19.279 --> 05:23.109 of the dead and they thought that the way you buried people 05:23.105 --> 05:25.475 and so on was terribly important. 05:25.480 --> 05:29.110 So, what I'm saying is, when you leave the place you 05:29.107 --> 05:32.377 were born, you leave your ancestors as well. 05:32.379 --> 05:37.419 All of that means we need to explain why these folks do what 05:37.421 --> 05:41.171 they end up doing, and we have some hints, 05:41.171 --> 05:45.881 but of course we do not know with any certainty or any 05:45.877 --> 05:49.817 confidence. If you ask the question why 05:49.824 --> 05:55.154 did many Italians leave their homes, especially south Italians 05:55.145 --> 05:59.415 in the late nineteenth century and come--well, 05:59.420 --> 06:01.980 go all over the world actually, to South America, 06:01.983 --> 06:05.083 Australia, but the largest numbers to the United States. 06:05.080 --> 06:07.750 Why did they do that? Well, we don't have to do a lot 06:07.750 --> 06:11.140 of guessing. We have written evidence from 06:11.136 --> 06:15.936 the people who went and they say why they did it. 06:15.939 --> 06:18.209 We can then supplement that with all sorts of other 06:18.206 --> 06:21.456 information that we have, but we don't have any documents 06:21.456 --> 06:25.506 from some settler explaining why he's going where he's going. 06:25.509 --> 06:30.499 So, we have to reason from the evidence that the establishment 06:30.500 --> 06:35.550 gives us. I suppose the most widely cited 06:35.550 --> 06:42.110 reason is simply the desire to acquire farmland. 06:42.110 --> 06:45.540 Remember, I keep emphasizing this. 06:45.540 --> 06:51.460 The vast overwhelming majority of people needed to farm land, 06:51.462 --> 06:55.942 in order to stay alive. And why should there be a 06:55.935 --> 06:58.635 shortage of farmland? One answer, 06:58.637 --> 07:02.137 and it's the one that is most widely believed among Greek 07:02.139 --> 07:04.449 scholars, is that the growth of 07:04.452 --> 07:08.542 population that we have mentioned in connection with the 07:08.544 --> 07:12.194 rise of the polis is still working once the 07:12.190 --> 07:16.760 polis comes into form. So what this means, 07:16.761 --> 07:22.561 if you used to have two children and now you have four, 07:22.562 --> 07:26.862 how do you provide for the extra two? 07:26.860 --> 07:29.700 Well, sometimes you divide up the land equally, 07:29.701 --> 07:33.161 but if that land continues to get smaller and smaller, 07:33.160 --> 07:35.840 it will not sustain an additional person, 07:35.837 --> 07:38.177 not to mention additional family. 07:38.180 --> 07:41.860 If you were to follow the procedure, which the Greeks did 07:41.858 --> 07:45.168 not, of primogenitor, that is, of giving the whole 07:45.166 --> 07:48.756 plot to the eldest son, but what happens to the others? 07:48.759 --> 07:55.169 So that clearly is a problem and the notion that land hunger 07:55.170 --> 07:59.570 is a key explanation, I think, is supported by the 07:59.574 --> 08:02.364 fact that wherever we find a polis, 08:02.362 --> 08:05.152 whatever other characteristics it has, 08:05.149 --> 08:09.069 and they vary, some of them are located at 08:09.071 --> 08:13.951 wonderful places on the sea for trading purposes, 08:13.949 --> 08:19.109 some of them are not, but all of them have a land 08:19.114 --> 08:24.824 supply which permits the citizens to farm successfully 08:24.817 --> 08:30.087 and thereby to make the polis succeed. 08:30.089 --> 08:34.139 But I don't think that's the only answer. 08:34.139 --> 08:38.609 I think the desire for commerce would have been also--I agree 08:38.609 --> 08:43.229 with the traditional view which is that this would have been at 08:43.228 --> 08:47.538 a lesser consideration, but still very important, 08:47.539 --> 08:53.059 because we so often find that the colony is placed right at a 08:53.059 --> 08:57.559 nifty place for trade. They would have had to be damn 08:57.556 --> 09:01.506 fools to have settled there without that being in their 09:01.510 --> 09:03.870 minds, although some of the places 09:03.870 --> 09:07.210 where they settled leave us puzzled, and have left the 09:07.210 --> 09:11.760 ancients puzzled. One of my favorite examples is 09:11.764 --> 09:16.714 the colony on the south shore of the Bosporus, 09:16.705 --> 09:19.885 which is called Chalcedon. 09:23.059 --> 09:26.929 It's right opposite Constantinople--that doesn't 09:26.928 --> 09:29.598 exist, Istanbul. Winston Churchill never, 09:29.602 --> 09:31.442 never conceded that it was Istanbul; 09:31.440 --> 09:35.110 he called it Constantinople till the day he died. 09:35.110 --> 09:39.060 But right opposite that magnificent site, 09:39.062 --> 09:43.752 the golden horn is there. How could you possibly settle 09:43.753 --> 09:47.243 there, because they settled Chalcedon first and the 09:47.240 --> 09:51.220 tradition that the Greeks pass on is the people who settle 09:51.217 --> 09:55.227 Chalcedon were blind men, because you would have to be 09:55.234 --> 09:59.524 blind to make that choice. Well, we don't know why they 09:59.520 --> 10:02.580 did what they did. So nonetheless, 10:02.580 --> 10:06.220 the desire for a good commercial opportunity might 10:06.216 --> 10:10.296 well have been one of the elements that these people who 10:10.298 --> 10:13.488 were leaving their home cities sought. 10:13.490 --> 10:19.130 Then there are less--what's the word I want? 10:19.129 --> 10:22.909 Certainly things that have nothing to do with economics 10:22.913 --> 10:27.053 really--there are politics going on in these states as there 10:27.047 --> 10:29.917 always are in any Greek polis. 10:29.919 --> 10:33.099 There are factions that grow up for one reason or another and 10:33.101 --> 10:36.701 they come into conflict. One side wins the argument and 10:36.701 --> 10:41.001 the battle, and sometimes the ill will is so great that the 10:40.995 --> 10:45.655 losing side feels either that it has to flee for its safety, 10:45.659 --> 10:49.529 or it chooses to flee rather than to live under their 10:49.527 --> 10:52.637 opponents. So, defeated political groups 10:52.640 --> 10:57.230 might well--or individuals who were the heads of those groups 10:57.234 --> 11:00.684 might decide they have to get out of town. 11:00.679 --> 11:03.669 And now that we do have something, namely, 11:03.669 --> 11:07.459 this wave of colonization, they join that as well. 11:07.460 --> 11:11.500 Then there are always things that we might call much 11:11.500 --> 11:16.120 less rational than that. In any group of people there is 11:16.123 --> 11:19.893 a small minority, I want to emphasize small, 11:19.888 --> 11:23.038 who just love to do risky things. 11:23.040 --> 11:27.310 They just love adventure; they're never happy if they're 11:27.305 --> 11:32.035 safe, and so off they go seeking adventure and seeking to make a 11:32.042 --> 11:35.202 fortune however they're going to do it, 11:35.200 --> 11:38.610 so I think that has to be counted into the picture too, 11:38.612 --> 11:42.472 so typically I think it would have been a small part of what's 11:42.468 --> 11:45.148 going on. So, for these reasons and 11:45.152 --> 11:49.102 probably for hundred more that I haven't thought of, 11:49.100 --> 11:53.840 we can understand why these people go against the natural 11:53.841 --> 11:57.991 instinct of staying put and go adventuring out, 11:57.990 --> 12:02.580 seeking a new home someplace in the Mediterranean. 12:02.580 --> 12:06.550 Okay, what are these new settlements like? 12:06.549 --> 12:09.949 First thing is that they're like each other in many 12:09.949 --> 12:12.529 important ways, although obviously with 12:12.532 --> 12:16.782 differences from place to place. But here's how it worked--by 12:16.781 --> 12:20.451 the way, the word I have been using, colony is not a Greek 12:20.448 --> 12:24.628 word and really not appropriate for what the Greeks are up to. 12:24.629 --> 12:28.579 The Greek word for this is, apoikia, 12:28.579 --> 12:32.719 and most literally it would mean a home away, 12:32.716 --> 12:37.226 an away home and that's what they're making. 12:37.230 --> 12:39.900 They are establishing for themselves a household, 12:39.896 --> 12:42.396 a home someplace away from where they started, 12:42.396 --> 12:45.606 and that's the name. Colony is a Latin word 12:45.614 --> 12:50.674 ultimately for colonia and the Roman colonies were, 12:50.669 --> 12:54.059 first of all, garrisons that they planted in 12:54.064 --> 12:58.094 land they had conquered to keep the people quiet. 12:58.090 --> 13:05.050 So, they would be alien bosses in a different territory. 13:05.049 --> 13:08.249 And then later in history, in Roman history, 13:08.252 --> 13:11.532 that was the name given to establishments, 13:11.529 --> 13:16.979 rural establishments, when the civilization was 13:16.983 --> 13:23.743 breaking down and the men who worked on those rural places 13:23.741 --> 13:29.151 really were not free men. They were the antecedents of 13:29.151 --> 13:33.311 the Serfs, which we will see later on in medieval history in 13:33.305 --> 13:35.435 Europe. So, when you see the word 13:35.444 --> 13:38.604 colonia in late Roman history, it's talking about 13:38.598 --> 13:41.178 something very, very different from what we're 13:41.180 --> 13:44.260 talking about. So, I use the word colony 13:44.259 --> 13:49.109 because that's what we have for all such establishments of the 13:49.112 --> 13:52.872 kind we're talking about. Remember that these are 13:52.873 --> 13:55.943 apoikiai from the Greek point of view. 13:55.940 --> 14:01.690 Okay, how does an apoikia happen? 14:01.690 --> 14:08.100 Somebody in one of the old Greek cities has to decide that 14:08.095 --> 14:13.035 he wants to go out and establish a colony. 14:13.039 --> 14:16.789 He would be an individual of some eminence, 14:16.792 --> 14:21.802 because the job of doing this requires that people should 14:21.796 --> 14:25.686 accept his leadership. He will have to do the 14:25.694 --> 14:29.634 recruiting of people that come with him on the colony; 14:29.629 --> 14:33.369 he will have to do the constitutional discussion and a 14:33.370 --> 14:37.890 political discussion to gain the sanction from the mother city to 14:37.887 --> 14:40.707 allow him to do everything he knows. 14:40.710 --> 14:45.150 So, I think we should imagine that these leaders of colonies, 14:45.145 --> 14:50.425 these founders of colonies, would be probably noblemen and 14:50.433 --> 14:55.153 that they would have a position of eminence, 14:55.149 --> 15:00.659 and yet unlikely to be part of the sort of dominant faction in 15:00.656 --> 15:05.346 that city, because otherwise why would they leave? 15:05.350 --> 15:08.420 Anyway, the Greeks had a name for this individual. 15:08.419 --> 15:11.719 He was called an oikistes; 15:11.720 --> 15:16.580 he is the found of the colony. So, now he has decided to 15:16.581 --> 15:19.261 do it and he's gained recognition from the town 15:19.264 --> 15:21.894 council, let's say, and he can go forward. 15:25.010 --> 15:27.790 Now, he has to have an idea. He can't just say, 15:27.786 --> 15:30.396 I think I'd like to found a colony. 15:30.399 --> 15:34.979 What is more typical, I think, is that he thinks, 15:34.976 --> 15:39.736 I would like to take and have found a colony on the 15:39.743 --> 15:44.553 southeastern coast of Sicily. Why? 15:44.549 --> 15:46.949 Because he knows something about it; 15:46.950 --> 15:51.740 either he has somehow traveled out there himself and said, 15:51.735 --> 15:56.265 the place I'm thinking about has a wonderful harbor, 15:56.269 --> 15:59.569 it has good farmland in the neighborhood, 15:59.569 --> 16:04.189 and a critical element to making this judgment is that it 16:04.188 --> 16:08.228 is not occupied by hostile natives who will resist 16:08.230 --> 16:12.600 vigorously your landing there. Either there will be nobody 16:12.604 --> 16:15.834 there or more likely there will be not a very big population, 16:15.830 --> 16:19.320 and it's not very tough, and they could be easily 16:19.317 --> 16:22.317 brushed aside. Those would have been some of 16:22.317 --> 16:25.487 the considerations, and so what the oikistes 16:25.486 --> 16:29.346 does when he has picked out in his own mind where he wanted to 16:29.352 --> 16:33.562 go, next he goes to Delphi. 16:33.559 --> 16:38.259 Anybody--raise your hand if you've been to Delphi. 16:38.259 --> 16:42.719 When you go to Greece do the obvious, go where the tourists 16:42.718 --> 16:45.868 go and Delphi is one place not to miss. 16:45.870 --> 16:50.680 It's halfway up Mount Parnassus and it was thought by the Greeks 16:50.676 --> 16:54.636 to be the omphalos, the navel of the universe, 16:54.643 --> 16:57.743 the center in every way. Why? 16:57.740 --> 17:04.290 Because there the god Apollo had established an oracle. 17:04.289 --> 17:11.459 There was a place in which from the earth there came--it wasn't 17:11.455 --> 17:16.405 steam, what would it be? Gases would escape through this 17:16.413 --> 17:20.003 gap in the earth and there when things got figured out and 17:20.003 --> 17:21.933 arranged, there were priests who 17:21.930 --> 17:25.230 worshipped Apollo there and who took care of this phenomenon. 17:25.230 --> 17:31.470 They would place a young woman there who would sit as these 17:31.468 --> 17:37.168 gases came up and she would after a while begin to, 17:37.170 --> 17:40.770 I suppose in the biblical languages, she would speak in 17:40.772 --> 17:44.312 tongues, which is to say she would rattle off a lot of 17:44.307 --> 17:48.507 language which nobody could understand what she was saying. 17:48.509 --> 17:53.859 Gibberish, or so it sounded, or Greek but making no sense to 17:53.855 --> 17:59.105 anybody, and then the priest would listen to this stuff and 17:59.109 --> 18:03.089 he would say, what Apollo said through the 18:03.091 --> 18:07.451 priestess here is, and he would give the message. 18:07.450 --> 18:10.300 Let me just take a moment to tell you about this. 18:10.299 --> 18:14.459 I say this now with great confidence but ten years ago 18:14.459 --> 18:18.069 this story, which all the Greeks agreed too, 18:18.069 --> 18:20.859 agreed upon in every respect, that the temple of Apollo was 18:20.863 --> 18:24.143 built right on top of this, and underneath the floor of the 18:24.142 --> 18:27.362 temple was this little room where the gases came up, 18:27.359 --> 18:29.719 where the priestess sat, where all of this came up. 18:29.720 --> 18:32.630 Well, archaeologists investigated this carefully, 18:32.634 --> 18:35.494 and the French School of Archaeology late in the 18:35.488 --> 18:38.768 nineteenth century dug everything up and concluded this 18:38.767 --> 18:40.967 was baloney; it was a myth. 18:40.970 --> 18:45.400 There were no gases coming up from any of this stuff, 18:45.402 --> 18:49.582 and so everybody believed for the next century, 18:49.579 --> 18:54.469 and then a young man who once sat in one of the chairs--not in 18:54.467 --> 18:58.427 this room maybe, but in which you're sitting, 18:58.427 --> 19:02.827 John Hale of the Yale Class of 1973, who is now an 19:02.833 --> 19:07.243 archaeologist at the University of Louisville. 19:07.240 --> 19:09.840 Having learned, or having agreed, 19:14.880 --> 19:17.450 must reign--and if the Greeks said it happened, 19:17.453 --> 19:20.873 you got to believe it happened, until you have to believe that 19:20.865 --> 19:23.815 it didn't happen. And so he decided to 19:23.821 --> 19:28.991 investigate this and he took with him a fine geologist from 19:28.988 --> 19:34.148 Wesleyan just to go to the place there at Delphi and to see 19:34.154 --> 19:39.414 whether it could be true that such gases did come out, 19:39.410 --> 19:43.250 and what sort of gases they were, and what consequences they 19:43.248 --> 19:46.758 would have, and you know I wouldn't be telling you this 19:46.761 --> 19:50.531 story if it hadn't turned out that they discovered evidence 19:50.534 --> 19:52.174 that, in my judgment, 19:52.171 --> 19:55.241 but I don't think really anybody doubts it anymore, 19:55.241 --> 19:57.821 that totally confirmed the Greek story. 19:57.819 --> 20:01.299 They tell you precisely what the gases were, 20:01.303 --> 20:05.113 what the characteristics of those gases were, 20:05.109 --> 20:10.709 and it squared beautifully with all details that we heard about 20:10.712 --> 20:14.972 the Delphic Oracle. So, here's just one more case 20:14.971 --> 20:18.801 where Yale helped to straighten out the world, 20:18.799 --> 20:22.309 but you notice it wasn't done by a Yale faculty member, 20:22.306 --> 20:24.576 we engage in confusing the world, 20:24.579 --> 20:29.449 but our alumni do a much better job and that's what happened 20:29.451 --> 20:32.761 here. So, you go to the oracle 20:32.755 --> 20:37.375 and what do you ask the oracle? Well now, before we go any 20:37.379 --> 20:40.339 further--in your Herodotus readings and elsewhere, 20:40.339 --> 20:44.179 you will come across many a story in which an oracle is 20:44.182 --> 20:48.912 consulted and gives an answer. Well, the most famous early on, 20:48.906 --> 20:53.086 King Croesus of Lydia, the richest man in the world, 20:53.089 --> 20:55.679 you've heard all about him, decides it would be a nice 20:55.681 --> 20:57.541 thing to conquer the Persian Empire, 20:57.540 --> 21:00.430 his neighbor to the east. So, he goes to--he's a 21:00.433 --> 21:03.633 barbarian, but the barbarians came to the Delphic Oracle too, 21:03.633 --> 21:06.143 because you want to know what the gods want. 21:06.140 --> 21:10.540 So, he came and he asked. He said, "If I cross the Halys 21:10.537 --> 21:15.287 River, that's the boundary between Lydia and Persia, 21:15.292 --> 21:18.882 what will happen?" The oracle replied, 21:18.875 --> 21:23.315 "A great empire will be destroyed," and Croesus said, 21:23.323 --> 21:26.833 "Terrific that's what I have in mind." 21:26.829 --> 21:30.729 He invaded and he was clobbered, and then you read the 21:30.729 --> 21:34.849 splendid story Herodotus tells of how he was captured. 21:34.849 --> 21:38.859 He was up on a pyre, and he was going to be burned 21:38.860 --> 21:42.970 when he remembered Solon, the Greek, who had come to him 21:42.971 --> 21:46.141 and warned him about the vain glory, and he said, 21:46.140 --> 21:49.620 oh Solon, oh Solon. I guess Apollo must have then 21:49.621 --> 21:53.881 said, he's reached wisdom and so he sent a rainstorm to put the 21:53.880 --> 21:56.490 fire out and he lived through that. 21:56.490 --> 22:00.310 Well okay, the point is the oracle was 22:00.313 --> 22:02.843 wrong. No, of course not. 22:02.839 --> 22:04.869 We all know what was wrong with Croesus. 22:04.869 --> 22:08.299 He should have asked another question, which empire? 22:08.300 --> 22:12.210 But he didn't think of it; other times all kinds of funny 22:12.208 --> 22:16.008 stories are told about the oracle, which would suggest that 22:16.014 --> 22:19.824 it wasn't really a very reliable source of information, 22:19.819 --> 22:22.279 that it was filled with mythology and so on and so 22:22.278 --> 22:24.298 forth. But here is the hard headed 22:24.299 --> 22:26.319 fact. We know for sure Greeks and 22:26.318 --> 22:30.068 barbarians, and everybody came to Delphi, and when you came to 22:30.066 --> 22:33.196 Delphi and you were going to consult the oracle, 22:33.200 --> 22:35.120 it was hard, there were a lot of people, 22:35.121 --> 22:37.291 a long line, so there was a waiting issue. 22:37.289 --> 22:42.139 But also people used to bribe the priests, in order to get 22:42.144 --> 22:46.964 moved up on the front on line, and they would also give great 22:46.963 --> 22:51.153 and beautiful gifts to the temple people and to the temple, 22:51.150 --> 22:53.730 and to the priest. In other words, 22:53.726 --> 22:57.586 people spent a lot of money to consult the oracle. 22:57.589 --> 23:00.149 Now, ask yourself this, especially if you're talking 23:00.151 --> 23:02.361 about Greeks, are they going to keep shelling 23:02.361 --> 23:05.381 out money for an oracle that gives them answers that turn out 23:05.375 --> 23:07.385 to be wrong? No. 23:07.390 --> 23:12.050 Most of the things they asked were questions that really 23:12.046 --> 23:15.986 had a yes or no answer, and according to my thinking, 23:15.986 --> 23:19.576 there's no way they could have been wrong very much. 23:19.579 --> 23:24.799 I think the oracle probably gained its fame for being very 23:24.800 --> 23:28.830 good precisely at answering this question. 23:28.829 --> 23:33.179 The question would have been what will happen if I go and try 23:33.180 --> 23:36.660 to settle a colony at the place which I will call 23:36.661 --> 23:41.081 Syracuse--that's what I've been describing on the southeastern 23:41.084 --> 23:44.454 coast of Sicily. The answer would come and the 23:44.447 --> 23:47.737 priests would give a response that would be essentially 23:47.738 --> 23:49.818 straight. It would either say something 23:49.821 --> 23:52.621 like--I'm not going to do the words that they would have come 23:52.617 --> 23:55.107 up with, but they would have said, 23:55.112 --> 23:58.842 yeah that's a good place to go or don't do that, 23:58.840 --> 24:03.160 that's a terrible mistake. Now, why would they be able to 24:03.155 --> 24:05.875 do that? Because at some point in here, 24:05.881 --> 24:09.561 Delphi really did become the navel of the universe; 24:09.560 --> 24:12.080 everybody came. Now, you can bet when these 24:12.075 --> 24:14.025 folks came and consulted the priest and said, 24:14.027 --> 24:15.977 could you please put us down on the list, 24:15.980 --> 24:19.030 we want to consult the oracle, the priest said sure have a 24:19.031 --> 24:21.121 beer, let's talk about your hometown, 24:21.120 --> 24:24.500 what's going on out there. What I'm suggesting to you is 24:24.496 --> 24:27.636 that this was the best information gathering and 24:27.636 --> 24:31.506 storing device that existed in the Mediterranean world. 24:31.509 --> 24:36.699 These people knew more than anybody else about these things, 24:36.703 --> 24:42.253 and so consulting that oracle was a very rational act indeed. 24:42.250 --> 24:45.040 Okay, now suppose you are the oikistes, 24:45.035 --> 24:48.745 you've gotten the permission from your city to go forward, 24:48.750 --> 24:52.330 and you go to the Delphic Oracle and the Delphic Oracle 24:52.327 --> 24:56.267 says fine, by all means, go where you want to go. 24:56.269 --> 25:01.029 Next thing, you got to go home and you have to write up what 25:01.033 --> 25:05.073 amounts to a charter of foundation for the city, 25:05.069 --> 25:09.069 which lays out how things are going to work in this 25:09.065 --> 25:13.135 city--something about the governmental structure, 25:13.140 --> 25:17.060 maybe even more fundamentally how the land will be allotted, 25:17.060 --> 25:20.710 assigned, divided, and so on so that when you go 25:20.710 --> 25:24.630 to recruit settlers, everybody will know what he's 25:24.630 --> 25:29.990 getting and will decide whether it's a good idea for him or not. 25:29.990 --> 25:35.480 Now, recruiting is tremendously important because 25:35.478 --> 25:41.388 you need to have a certain number of settlers to make the 25:41.388 --> 25:45.428 settlement viable. You may not run into an 25:45.426 --> 25:49.976 enormously powerful collection of natives, but you're going to 25:49.980 --> 25:53.630 get some kind of trouble. It's foolish for you to assume 25:53.631 --> 25:56.131 you're not going to have any problem out there. 25:56.130 --> 25:58.900 So you need a certain number of people just for defense 25:58.902 --> 26:02.042 purposes, but beyond that you need to have a certain number of 26:02.035 --> 26:04.705 people to carry out all the functions that need to be 26:04.705 --> 26:07.165 carried out for a successful polis. 26:07.170 --> 26:11.890 So however many that is, that is what you try to recruit 26:11.889 --> 26:16.689 and you recruit typically at a time when it's easy to get 26:16.694 --> 26:21.074 people together so you can tell them the story. 26:21.069 --> 26:24.759 The best time would be at some great festival. 26:24.759 --> 26:28.739 There are festivals held in each city just for its own 26:28.744 --> 26:32.884 citizens and my guess is that when you could do that, 26:32.880 --> 26:36.140 when you felt that you could recruit a full colony from your 26:36.138 --> 26:40.288 fellow citizens in Corinth, let us say, that's what you did. 26:40.289 --> 26:43.869 But it would often happen that there were not enough 26:43.868 --> 26:48.288 Corinthians who were ready to go with you on your expedition. 26:48.289 --> 26:52.389 So, you would try to take your message to one of the 26:52.386 --> 26:56.886 Pan-Hellenic festivals which were getting organized about 26:56.885 --> 26:58.805 this time. As you know, 26:58.813 --> 27:02.433 the Olympic Games are alleged to have started in 776. 27:02.430 --> 27:06.770 So, that would be a place where Greeks from all over might come 27:06.765 --> 27:10.535 and you could then try to recruit settlers for your new 27:10.541 --> 27:13.261 colony there, and then we don't know 27:13.257 --> 27:17.627 precisely when but there were Pan-Hellenic Games near Corinth, 27:17.630 --> 27:20.970 the Isthmian Games, there were Pan-Hellenic Games 27:20.973 --> 27:24.943 at Delphi and there Pan-Hellenic Games in the northeastern 27:24.943 --> 27:27.733 Peloponnesus at a town called Nemea. 27:27.730 --> 27:32.460 So, there would always be some opportunity for you to go out 27:32.457 --> 27:36.707 and make your pitch. So now you have everything in 27:36.707 --> 27:41.427 place, you've recruited your settlement, you get on your 27:41.425 --> 27:45.885 ships and sail, in this case out to the west 27:45.888 --> 27:51.308 central Mediterranean, you find your way to Sicily, 27:51.309 --> 27:57.659 work your way into the harbor at Syracuse and things work out, 27:57.664 --> 28:03.294 and now we have this apoikia called Syracuse. 28:03.289 --> 28:08.689 So, the next question I think is, what is the 28:08.690 --> 28:15.440 relationship between Syracuse which is the apoikia and 28:15.440 --> 28:19.710 Corinth, which is the metropolis, 28:19.705 --> 28:22.825 the mother city; that's what metropolis means by 28:22.831 --> 28:23.141 the way. 28:27.640 --> 28:31.720 First thing to brush from your mind, along with the word colony 28:31.716 --> 28:34.146 as we have used it in modern times, 28:34.150 --> 28:39.640 is the notion that the city of Syracuse was sent out to be a 28:39.643 --> 28:45.613 colony, that Corinth controlled, owned the city of Syracuse 28:45.606 --> 28:50.336 which it has sent out. This is not the case--well, 28:50.338 --> 28:55.358 before the British gave Hong Kong back, Hong Kong was a crown 28:55.358 --> 28:58.368 colony, it was British territory. 28:58.369 --> 29:03.239 It was ruled by Britain and so on. 29:03.240 --> 29:06.920 No, this is not what an apoikia is. 29:06.920 --> 29:10.690 From the first, Syracuse is an independent 29:10.692 --> 29:14.372 polis, autonomous, self-governing, 29:14.372 --> 29:17.502 whatever regime it wants, etc. 29:17.500 --> 29:24.650 It is not a subject of anybody, not Corinth or anybody else. 29:24.650 --> 29:27.380 That's not the end of the story. The question really is, 29:27.376 --> 29:30.516 so now we know that, what kind of relations did they 29:30.517 --> 29:33.587 have? I would say there are three 29:33.591 --> 29:38.771 categories that they fall into. The most typical, 29:38.769 --> 29:44.729 the usual, everything else is an exception is that there are 29:44.725 --> 29:49.665 friendly relations between the mother city and the 29:49.671 --> 29:54.681 apoikia, but keep in mind that they are 29:54.677 --> 29:58.957 always independent, and an example is in the 29:58.958 --> 30:04.418 Peloponnesian War. Syracuse finds itself besieged 30:04.418 --> 30:09.888 by the Athenians. They go to Corinth asking the 30:09.886 --> 30:16.636 Corinthians to please help us. The Corinthians are free; 30:16.640 --> 30:21.580 they will be violating no law or sacred bond if they say, 30:21.580 --> 30:25.550 sorry we really don't feel like doing that. 30:25.549 --> 30:29.289 It would be thought they were not behaving very well, 30:29.286 --> 30:33.306 but they would have been as I say, perfectly within every 30:33.311 --> 30:35.971 right you can imagine to do that. 30:35.970 --> 30:40.120 But the typical reaction would be that the Corinthians would 30:40.118 --> 30:42.578 help, to the extent first of all, 30:42.579 --> 30:46.749 that they could and secondly, to the extent that it was 30:46.752 --> 30:50.452 consistent with their interests. Well, in fact, 30:50.446 --> 30:54.636 the Corinthians send very little, send a couple of ships 30:54.635 --> 30:57.135 and a general, which turn out to be 30:57.141 --> 31:00.231 tremendously important, but they couldn't have known 31:00.229 --> 31:03.019 that in advance. From where we sit, 31:03.023 --> 31:06.983 it looks like the Corinthians were making a gesture of 31:06.983 --> 31:09.083 friendship, of solidarity, 31:09.084 --> 31:13.154 the kind of thing you would expect a mother city to do, 31:13.154 --> 31:16.624 not to ignore its apoikia when it was in 31:16.620 --> 31:21.110 trouble. So that's all that they did. 31:21.109 --> 31:23.619 First of all, it was normal for the 31:23.622 --> 31:27.542 apoikia to turn to the mother city for help, 31:27.539 --> 31:31.309 and it was normal for the mother city to be inclined to 31:31.306 --> 31:34.296 help if they could do it. That's normal. 31:34.299 --> 31:36.419 I think if you can imagine of the many, many, 31:36.423 --> 31:39.083 many colonies there were, that would have been the usual 31:39.077 --> 31:41.767 arrangement. Now, there are exceptions in 31:41.768 --> 31:44.848 both directions, and as it happens the cases I 31:44.852 --> 31:48.212 know best have to do with the city of Corinth. 31:48.210 --> 31:52.160 Corinth sent out a lot of colonies, which is why we know 31:52.155 --> 31:54.805 something about their arrangements. 31:54.809 --> 31:57.649 The ones I'm talking about all have to do with the 31:57.649 --> 32:01.009 Peloponnesian War which is one of the reasons why we know a 32:01.009 --> 32:05.139 little bit about it, because Thucydides tells us the 32:05.142 --> 32:07.972 details of it. Well, we know, 32:07.966 --> 32:13.306 thanks to Thucydides, that it had become normal for 32:13.312 --> 32:18.232 Corinth to send out to its colony Potidaea, 32:18.230 --> 32:23.140 located on the Chalcidic peninsula, those three fingers 32:23.140 --> 32:28.960 sticking down into the Aegean Sea from the mainland of Greece, 32:28.960 --> 32:32.770 this is a town on one of those fingers. 32:32.769 --> 32:37.079 Potidaea every year received magistrates who 32:37.079 --> 32:42.579 governed their city from Corinth and this was not imposed, 32:42.579 --> 32:47.479 this was not by force, this was by mutual agreement. 32:47.480 --> 32:51.110 So, Corinth really had a very great deal to say about what was 32:51.110 --> 32:54.240 going on in Potidaea. So, when Potidaea got into 32:54.237 --> 32:57.347 trouble with Athens, and found itself besieged, 32:57.347 --> 33:00.927 Corinth sent a real army to go in there and fight, 33:00.930 --> 33:04.870 and I think that's because of this very special relationship 33:04.871 --> 33:07.771 that they had. At the other end of the 33:07.773 --> 33:12.483 spectrum it's again Corinth and they have a colony up in the 33:12.477 --> 33:17.987 northwest called Corcyra, it is the modern Island of 33:17.987 --> 33:25.297 Corfu, and this colony was clearly established earlier than 33:25.297 --> 33:27.437 664, because that's the first time 33:27.441 --> 33:28.921 we hear of its taking any action; 33:28.920 --> 33:33.480 it's been around for a while, very early colony. 33:33.480 --> 33:37.980 From the earliest times, Corcyra does not get along with 33:37.978 --> 33:42.918 the mother city of Corinth. The first relationship between 33:42.915 --> 33:47.445 them is a navel battle, and thereafter we hear of them 33:47.448 --> 33:52.498 quarrelling and fighting with each other just about at least 33:52.495 --> 33:56.505 once a century right on down until we get to the 33:56.514 --> 34:01.994 Peloponnesian War when a quarrel over who's what out in that area 34:01.988 --> 34:06.438 between Corinth and Corcyra is, I would say, 34:06.440 --> 34:11.680 the first instigating element in bringing on the Peloponnesian 34:11.678 --> 34:14.328 War. Okay, so this gives you 34:14.329 --> 34:18.509 some idea of the range of possible relationships between 34:18.505 --> 34:22.465 colony and mother city. I just want to emphasize one 34:22.470 --> 34:26.810 more time, that the overwhelming normal situation is the first 34:26.807 --> 34:29.577 one I described, friendly relations. 34:29.580 --> 34:32.630 Why not? These guys that have gone out, 34:32.631 --> 34:35.731 let us say to Syracuse, they are your people, 34:35.730 --> 34:39.930 they have relatives back home, they have friends back home, 34:39.933 --> 34:44.633 it is natural--oh by the way, they're accustomed to worship 34:44.628 --> 34:48.848 the gods in the same way that the Corinthians do. 34:48.849 --> 34:51.879 We do know, again, Thucydides is our source, 34:51.878 --> 34:55.888 that it was customary for colonies to send representatives 34:55.892 --> 35:00.332 back to the mother city for the religious observations that were 35:00.329 --> 35:03.859 common to them all, so that those create good 35:03.861 --> 35:06.681 feelings. They feel like their relatives, 35:06.680 --> 35:11.380 and what could be more natural. You're out there in Sicily and 35:11.381 --> 35:15.001 you discover, of course, that you don't have 35:14.996 --> 35:20.036 all of the things that you used to have available to you, 35:20.039 --> 35:23.099 that used to be made let us say in Corinth. 35:23.099 --> 35:25.639 As a matter of fact, in the early days, 35:25.637 --> 35:29.377 Corinth was a great center of painted pottery and was the 35:29.375 --> 35:32.175 leading producer and exporter of that. 35:32.179 --> 35:35.389 So, maybe you wanted a really fine pot of the kind you used to 35:35.393 --> 35:38.663 be able to walk to the corner and pick up at a pottery shop, 35:38.659 --> 35:41.869 but you can't get now, so you would want to buy what 35:41.871 --> 35:44.511 the Corinthians sell. Guess what? 35:44.510 --> 35:48.380 You've got great grain fields out there in Syracuse. 35:48.380 --> 35:51.640 Hard to believe today, but Sicily was one of the major 35:51.635 --> 35:54.825 granaries of the Mediterranean world at that time, 35:54.829 --> 35:58.239 tremendously fruitful, able to grow the best possible 35:58.236 --> 36:00.526 crops, very good wheat and so on. 36:00.530 --> 36:04.630 Corinth always needs that kind of stuff, so we sell you our 36:04.627 --> 36:08.687 wheat, you sell us your pottery, you sell good wine that we 36:08.689 --> 36:12.329 can't grow yet and maybe never will be able to grow in our 36:12.328 --> 36:14.668 neighborhood, so on and so forth. 36:14.670 --> 36:19.410 So you can see why it would be very natural for all sorts of 36:19.407 --> 36:23.017 ties to unite these colony and mother city. 36:26.599 --> 36:30.639 Maybe I ought to just give you a chance before I turn to the 36:30.638 --> 36:34.198 next question to ask any questions that still are not 36:34.197 --> 36:38.027 clear for you about this phenomenon of colonization. 36:38.030 --> 36:41.100 Everybody okay? Yes?Student: In the 36:41.104 --> 36:44.084 original city when they had to get permission to form a colony, 36:44.079 --> 36:45.789 what group of people was it that they gave 36:45.792 --> 36:48.172 permission?Professor Donald Kagan: The question 36:48.174 --> 36:50.894 is who gave permission for a colony to go in the mother city. 36:50.889 --> 36:54.139 The best guess and that's the only thing we have. 36:54.139 --> 36:58.119 These would have been aristocratic republics at this 36:58.121 --> 37:01.871 stage of the game, and so there would have been a 37:01.868 --> 37:06.238 council of nobles that would typically have done it. 37:06.239 --> 37:10.019 As you move later in their history, you find you can guess 37:10.024 --> 37:13.884 that there would be councils that were not purely of nobles 37:13.876 --> 37:18.056 but might be of wealthy people, but they would always be a 37:18.059 --> 37:20.919 minority and come from the upper class. 37:20.920 --> 37:25.190 I think that would be where they would get their legitimacy. 37:25.190 --> 37:27.710 In the back, yeah? Student: What extent was 37:27.708 --> 37:29.718 the primitive form of [inaudible]Professor 37:29.719 --> 37:31.859 Donald Kagan: Primitive form of what [inaudible] 37:31.855 --> 37:33.615 Student: [inaudible]Professor 37:33.615 --> 37:36.375 Donald Kagan: I'm not sure that that concept makes--no, 37:36.380 --> 37:39.900 the answer is no, because nobody was compelled to 37:39.902 --> 37:42.452 do anything. The British practicing 37:42.449 --> 37:46.529 mercantilism passed navigation acts, saying what ships could 37:46.526 --> 37:50.806 carry what and so on--nothing like that in the Greek world. 37:50.809 --> 37:54.899 Everybody--all of this is voluntary on both sides of every 37:54.899 --> 38:00.689 agreement. Okay, now where are these 38:00.690 --> 38:04.440 colonies? Let me give you a little run 38:04.440 --> 38:06.330 down. Before we get to that, 38:06.325 --> 38:09.015 I should say that the Greeks have already, 38:09.019 --> 38:12.629 before this period of the polis and the period of 38:12.634 --> 38:15.994 colonization which is connected with the rise of the 38:15.985 --> 38:19.435 polis, centuries before that the 38:19.439 --> 38:24.829 Greeks had already spread out from their original settlements. 38:24.829 --> 38:29.969 Right after the collapse of the Mycenaean world it was a period 38:29.969 --> 38:33.699 of tremendous confusion and panic and fear, 38:33.699 --> 38:39.569 and so on, so that we know that people fleeing from whoever 38:39.571 --> 38:45.751 destroyed the Mycenaean world fled typically eastward into the 38:45.746 --> 38:49.476 island, among the islands of the Aegean 38:49.483 --> 38:54.733 Sea and continuing on to the coast of Asia Minor beyond them, 38:54.730 --> 39:00.440 so that by the tenth century B.C., we see Greek cities lining 39:00.436 --> 39:04.046 the coast of Asia Minor on the west, 39:04.050 --> 39:08.020 and even around on the bottom and to some degree on the north, 39:08.021 --> 39:10.301 and on the islands in the Aegean. 39:10.300 --> 39:15.380 So, there has been a Greek--what's the word I want? 39:15.380 --> 39:18.570 There is an expansion of the Greek world already by the tenth 39:18.568 --> 39:21.118 century, and these folks are now settled down, 39:21.119 --> 39:25.769 so that some of these cities are in fact among the most 39:25.773 --> 39:30.343 important cities sending out colonies of their own. 39:30.340 --> 39:32.560 Of these, the most famous, 39:32.559 --> 39:35.539 perhaps the most important, was Miletus, 39:35.544 --> 39:40.064 an Ionian city located on the west coast of Asia Minor, 39:40.059 --> 39:45.229 which sent many a colony into different parts of the world, 39:45.233 --> 39:50.503 particularly up towards the straits and the Bosporus and the 39:50.495 --> 39:54.545 Sea of Marmara. I might point out that the way 39:54.549 --> 39:59.429 the Greeks did their immigration into Asia Minor actually had a 39:59.425 --> 40:04.375 pattern so that you can go from north to south and you will find 40:04.379 --> 40:07.469 some consistency. Here's what I mean. 40:07.469 --> 40:14.199 The northern most settlements on that coast spoke Greek with 40:14.195 --> 40:19.585 an Aeolian dialect; the Aeolian dialect is the one 40:19.587 --> 40:25.877 that you see on the mainland in places like Boeotia for instance 40:25.881 --> 40:31.471 Thebes and so on. South of the Aeolian section of 40:31.466 --> 40:37.596 that was the region of Asia Minor inhabited chiefly by 40:37.597 --> 40:41.147 Ionians, the people on the mainland who 40:41.145 --> 40:44.175 are the main Ionians are the Athenians. 40:44.179 --> 40:47.529 Finally, if you go to the most southern part of the west coast 40:47.531 --> 40:50.611 of Asia Minor, you come to the Dorian speaking 40:50.607 --> 40:52.947 Greeks and the whole Peloponnesus, 40:52.946 --> 40:56.406 as you know, was fundamentally a Dorian 40:56.405 --> 41:00.385 speaking place. So that's the way the world 41:00.391 --> 41:05.971 looks when the polis is invented and when colonization 41:05.973 --> 41:10.933 begins to become a big thing. Now, let's take a look at 41:10.931 --> 41:14.831 the world of the Mediterranean and see how Greek expansion 41:14.826 --> 41:18.676 worked. Let's start with the Aegean Sea. 41:18.679 --> 41:23.829 Just almost all the islands in that sea are inhabited by 41:23.834 --> 41:29.364 Greeks, mostly by the Greeks that came in that first wave of 41:29.363 --> 41:34.543 immigrants earlier on, not colonized during the eighth 41:34.539 --> 41:38.499 century and afterwards. But if you go to the north 41:38.504 --> 41:42.414 shore of the Aegean Sea, into the region that the Greeks 41:42.407 --> 41:46.237 called Thrace--sorry, before I even get to Thrace, 41:46.235 --> 41:50.335 maybe even a little bit of Thessaly which is off mostly 41:50.335 --> 41:54.345 west of the Aegean Sea, a little bit but not Thrace 41:54.346 --> 41:58.566 chiefly, which is the northern shore of the Aegean Sea, 41:58.570 --> 42:02.290 lots of Greek colonies there; it's fundamentally part of 42:02.287 --> 42:04.517 Greece. Yeah, this is not a bad time 42:04.524 --> 42:08.074 for me to remind you that in one of Plato's dialogues, 42:08.070 --> 42:16.090 Socrates says the Greeks sit like frogs around a pond and 42:16.085 --> 42:22.275 that pond is the Aegean Sea. It's a helpful little story to 42:22.283 --> 42:25.963 remember, because we tend to think of Greece because of its 42:25.963 --> 42:29.333 modern geography as that peninsula of which there is a 42:29.326 --> 42:32.786 sub-peninsula at the bottom, which is Peloponnesus. 42:32.789 --> 42:35.149 That was not the Greece of antiquity. 42:35.150 --> 42:39.420 If you had to pick a central focus of where the Greeks were, 42:39.422 --> 42:43.842 it would be in the Aegean Sea so that's useful to remember. 42:43.840 --> 42:48.060 Then as you move east along that coast, you come to the 42:48.059 --> 42:51.039 Gallipoli Peninsula, all of which is now Turkey and 42:51.044 --> 42:53.634 for the rest of what I'm going to be saying for awhile, 42:53.630 --> 42:56.630 it'll be Turkey as well, but through the straits, 42:56.627 --> 42:58.747 the Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara, 42:58.750 --> 43:04.320 Bosporus, Greek cities all over on both sides. 43:04.320 --> 43:08.220 If you keep going east you hit the Black Sea. 43:08.219 --> 43:12.649 If you move northwards along the Black Sea and southwards as 43:12.652 --> 43:16.042 well, Greek cities, not in the same number, 43:16.041 --> 43:20.611 they're fewer than they are in the places I've mentioned so 43:20.608 --> 43:22.628 far, but important ones. 43:22.630 --> 43:26.640 For instance, when you get up to Crimea, 43:26.635 --> 43:31.665 the chief city we call, Seastapole that comes from 43:31.666 --> 43:36.146 Greek words, it means sebastos polis, 43:36.151 --> 43:40.001 the sacred city, so named after Augustus by 43:40.000 --> 43:45.590 Greeks who lived there after the Emperor Augustus had achieved 43:45.591 --> 43:49.091 power, but it was always inhabited by 43:49.094 --> 43:50.944 Greeks. Similarly, 43:50.936 --> 43:55.136 Odessa, the chief city of Ukraine, apart from Kiev, 43:55.137 --> 44:00.177 was a Greek city and likewise on the northern shore of Turkey 44:00.179 --> 44:03.539 there are Greek cities to be found. 44:03.539 --> 44:07.509 One that leaps to mind is--how do they pronounce it in Turkish? 44:07.510 --> 44:13.700 Is it Trebzond? But it was Trapezos--what was 44:13.704 --> 44:18.814 it called in Greek? Trapezos wasn't it? 44:18.809 --> 44:24.679 Anyway, the Black Sea is not a Greek lake, but there are Greek 44:24.684 --> 44:28.734 cities that are spotted along the coast. 44:28.730 --> 44:32.040 Now not on the east coast, when you get to the Caucuses 44:32.038 --> 44:37.858 you are in barbarian territory. So when the mythical mission of 44:37.863 --> 44:44.983 Jason and his Argonauts go sailing out to that territory, 44:44.980 --> 44:49.390 he is out there in Tarzan country, or as far as the Greeks 44:49.394 --> 44:52.654 were concerned, it was just the wild out in 44:52.648 --> 44:57.758 that territory and remember he marries and brings home a wife, 44:57.760 --> 45:01.800 Media, and she, of course, is like no Greek 45:01.804 --> 45:06.004 woman who ever lived; she is a witch. 45:06.000 --> 45:10.150 She can perform magic and she can do monstrous things that you 45:10.150 --> 45:12.600 can't imagine a Greek woman doing, 45:12.599 --> 45:16.349 at least the Greeks can't imagine, so that's not Greek 45:16.345 --> 45:19.915 territory out there. Well, let's get back out 45:19.916 --> 45:23.656 into the Aegean Sea and we just crossed Asia Minor. 45:23.659 --> 45:26.389 Now, if you turn the bend at the southern end of Asia Minor 45:26.390 --> 45:30.320 and begin moving east, there are some Greek cities 45:30.316 --> 45:35.076 along in there, but when you get to what is now 45:35.080 --> 45:38.410 Lebanon, Syria, the coastal places 45:38.414 --> 45:42.634 there, Palestine, there are no Greek cities there 45:42.626 --> 45:48.066 and that is because during the period we're talking about those 45:48.068 --> 45:52.718 regions were occupied by civilized powerful people who 45:52.719 --> 45:56.229 simply would not be pushed aside, 45:56.230 --> 46:00.280 and nobody would even dream of trying to take them on and 46:00.283 --> 46:04.413 building cities that would challenge their control of that 46:04.408 --> 46:07.608 area. So there are no Greek cities as 46:07.613 --> 46:10.993 you keep coming down and pass Palestine. 46:10.989 --> 46:13.099 You reach Egypt, and of course, 46:13.099 --> 46:17.039 Egypt is one of the great empires of antiquity going back 46:17.037 --> 46:19.887 into, perhaps, certainly into the 46:19.889 --> 46:23.339 fourth millennium, possibly into the fifth, 46:23.342 --> 46:26.962 by no means as powerful as it used to be, 46:26.960 --> 46:31.230 far from it. It has been conquered by now by 46:31.233 --> 46:34.663 other peoples. If you're talking about the 46:34.660 --> 46:40.030 year 750 or something like that it's--I think it's in the hands, 46:40.030 --> 46:45.260 well, it is in the hands of the Assyrians and it will ultimately 46:45.257 --> 46:48.407 fall into the hands of the Persians. 46:48.409 --> 46:53.779 So that is not territory that you can build colonies; 46:53.780 --> 46:55.880 you've got powerful empires to deal with. 46:55.880 --> 46:58.710 There is one exception. In the sixth century, 46:58.714 --> 47:02.094 I think it's around--imagine around 550 or something like 47:02.088 --> 47:04.578 that, the Greeks settle a single 47:04.579 --> 47:08.989 colony in the Delta of the Nile of Egypt at a place called 47:08.985 --> 47:11.925 Naucratis, and the root of that word is 47:11.925 --> 47:14.885 ship. It is a completely different 47:14.894 --> 47:20.374 thing from the apoikia that I've been talking about. 47:20.369 --> 47:25.079 It is a trading post and it's there by permission of and under 47:25.077 --> 47:28.007 the protection of the King of Egypt, 47:28.010 --> 47:31.430 and that's because he wants--it's handy for him to 47:31.427 --> 47:35.467 have a merchant settlement of Greeks for him to do business 47:35.472 --> 47:38.642 with. So, that's a great exception to 47:38.636 --> 47:43.056 everything I've been saying. Going west, would you believe, 47:43.063 --> 47:46.623 when you get into what is now Libya, there was a very 47:46.622 --> 47:51.002 important Greek colony of Cyrene and that whole region was called 47:51.002 --> 47:55.322 Cyrenaica and it was a Greek. You can actually go, 47:55.320 --> 47:59.600 now that I realize that Libya is now open; 47:59.599 --> 48:01.669 it's no longer a closed territory. 48:01.670 --> 48:07.850 You can see Greek and Roman temples there to prove it. 48:07.849 --> 48:11.969 When you go west, however, it stops in the coast 48:11.974 --> 48:16.584 of North Africa--the reason being the rest of North Africa 48:16.584 --> 48:21.954 is dominated by Carthage. Carthage is a colony of 48:21.952 --> 48:26.332 Phoenician cities. Phoenicia was located where 48:26.327 --> 48:29.387 Lebanon is now, and it goes back to maybe the 48:29.386 --> 48:31.466 tenth century, maybe the ninth, 48:31.471 --> 48:35.781 and it was powerful. It tried to control not only 48:35.777 --> 48:38.897 North Africa, but the waters of the 48:38.895 --> 48:42.375 Mediterranean in the west entirely. 48:42.380 --> 48:47.240 The Carthaginians, in fact, have a powerful 48:51.250 --> 48:55.220 of Sicily and the Greeks will have to fight the Carthaginians 48:55.223 --> 48:58.803 over the years for control of the island of Sicily. 48:58.800 --> 49:03.540 So, that's how far east they get and in time the 49:03.541 --> 49:09.701 Carthaginians also cross over into Spain and they control some 49:09.695 --> 49:14.835 portion of the Spanish coast closest to Africa. 49:14.840 --> 49:18.540 So, there are no Greeks there. They're shut out for the same 49:18.544 --> 49:21.104 reasons. However, once you get beyond 49:21.100 --> 49:24.960 the Carthaginians advance into Spain, there are now Greek 49:24.962 --> 49:28.962 cities on the coast of Spain and there continue to be Greek 49:28.962 --> 49:31.182 cities, not everywhere, 49:31.183 --> 49:36.953 but in a spotty way into France of which the most important and 49:36.945 --> 49:41.865 famous is the one that the Romans called Masillia, 49:41.870 --> 49:48.570 Marseille, a Greek town. So is Nice a Greek town. 49:48.570 --> 49:52.510 Nice was Nikea, victory town and there are 49:52.507 --> 49:56.227 several others. So, they know where to go, 49:56.233 --> 49:58.733 the Riviera, places like that. 49:58.730 --> 50:00.440 Now, what about the Italian Riviera? 50:00.440 --> 50:03.190 That's pretty nifty. Were the Greek colonies near 50:03.189 --> 50:04.949 Portofino where you could put in? 50:04.950 --> 50:07.910 No. And the reason was in the 50:07.912 --> 50:11.032 northern part of Italy, there were Etruscans, 50:11.030 --> 50:15.350 another powerful ancient people who control their own area and 50:15.354 --> 50:19.824 were not about to have anybody colonizing their territory. 50:19.820 --> 50:26.070 However, when you keep going south in Italy, 50:26.066 --> 50:34.926 past Rome, Roman tradition says the city was founded in 754 or 50:34.927 --> 50:37.487 753? 753. 50:37.490 --> 50:41.080 So, everybody agrees about that. Certainly not before that. 50:41.079 --> 50:43.999 So, in the period we're talking about there are no Romans that 50:44.003 --> 50:48.153 you have to worry about. So, south of Rome there is a 50:48.147 --> 50:52.387 tremendous colonizing of southern Italy. 50:52.389 --> 50:55.379 Greek cities are all over the place. 50:55.380 --> 51:00.250 So Greek was that area that when the Romans do come to 51:00.251 --> 51:05.951 dominate most of Italy and sort of move up against the southern 51:05.950 --> 51:10.910 region they refer to the whole southern portion of that 51:10.913 --> 51:14.593 peninsula as Magna Graecia, 51:14.590 --> 51:18.860 great Greece because they're all Greeks down there. 51:18.860 --> 51:24.500 Then finally, down we go to Sicily and there 51:24.499 --> 51:30.109 you have the east coast. I would say two-thirds of the 51:30.110 --> 51:34.510 coast of the island of Sicily is filled with Greek towns. 51:34.510 --> 51:38.510 The third to the west is under Carthaginian control. 51:38.510 --> 51:42.310 The inland, the Greeks don't move in there. 51:42.309 --> 51:45.429 The natives Sicilians inhabit that territory and the Greeks 51:45.430 --> 51:49.110 are not interested. You will find very rare of the 51:49.110 --> 51:53.450 case of a Greek city, which is founded away from the 51:53.445 --> 51:56.315 sea; they always wanted to be close 51:56.319 --> 51:59.129 to the sea for varieties of reasons. 51:59.130 --> 52:03.420 So, now I hope you have in your mind a picture of the way 52:03.420 --> 52:07.140 the Greek world had expanded by the time this wave of 52:07.139 --> 52:10.499 colonization was complete--pretty complete, 52:10.500 --> 52:14.780 sometime in the seventh century B.C. 52:14.780 --> 52:18.460 Just a word about the leading colonizers, because I think 52:18.464 --> 52:21.364 there's something to be learned from that. 52:21.360 --> 52:23.910 One of the things you kind of speculate about, 52:23.909 --> 52:26.459 and wonder about, why did some cities send out 52:26.460 --> 52:29.670 lots of colonies, some cities send out only a 52:29.671 --> 52:33.191 few, and others none at all for quite a while. 52:33.190 --> 52:36.580 Well, if you see who does then you may have a clue. 52:36.579 --> 52:41.799 Well, here is a list of the early extensive colonizers. 52:41.800 --> 52:45.860 Miletus, I mentioned to you from Asia Minor; 52:45.860 --> 52:51.050 Corinth on the isthmus; Megara right next door to 52:51.052 --> 52:55.892 Corinth, also more or less on the isthmus. 52:55.889 --> 53:01.199 Then we turn to the island of Euboea, that long island that's 53:01.196 --> 53:05.526 right next to the east coast of Attica, Euboea. 53:05.530 --> 53:08.850 There were two important cities in the northern part of that 53:08.853 --> 53:11.513 island. One was Calkis and the other 53:11.508 --> 53:15.878 one was Eretria and we hear about them relatively early in 53:15.881 --> 53:19.501 the eighth century, already being very important, 53:19.500 --> 53:23.490 very strong and fighting each other in a famous war that they 53:23.494 --> 53:26.084 fought. But these cities were very 53:26.077 --> 53:29.687 active in colonizing in a variety of directions. 53:29.690 --> 53:34.140 Lots of these towns sent colonists up north into the 53:34.139 --> 53:39.719 Dardanelles and so on and beyond and some of the same cities send 53:39.724 --> 53:44.144 out colonies to Sicily, so that for the real colonizing 53:44.143 --> 53:48.143 states there was no limit to where they would send people who 53:48.136 --> 53:52.556 wanted to go in those areas. It is also interesting to 53:52.558 --> 53:57.678 notice who does not colonize at this early period and the answer 53:57.681 --> 54:03.131 is all the most famous cities of Greece in the Classical Period. 54:03.130 --> 54:06.930 Athens doesn't send out a colony until sometime in the 54:06.932 --> 54:10.472 sixth century. Sparta starts at an early 54:10.468 --> 54:16.008 point, sends out a colony to southern Italy at some time, 54:16.010 --> 54:19.290 probably early, they sent out a colony to an 54:19.288 --> 54:21.878 island in the Aegean Sea, Melos, 54:21.880 --> 54:27.550 and then they stopped and never sent out another colony. 54:27.550 --> 54:32.130 Finally, Thebes, the greatest city in Boeotia, 54:32.133 --> 54:37.423 also does not colonize. So what can we speculate is the 54:37.424 --> 54:41.254 meaning of that? What we find is that the states 54:41.249 --> 54:45.219 who are doing most of the colonizing are located where 54:45.215 --> 54:49.625 most of the trade was going on at this point in history, 54:49.630 --> 54:51.910 and also most of the manufacturing. 54:51.909 --> 54:55.779 When I say manufacturing, you understand everything is 54:55.780 --> 54:58.850 done by hand, but you see things like shops 54:58.847 --> 55:03.007 that contain a number of slaves working for a master. 55:03.010 --> 55:05.930 In some cases, especially the later on you go, 55:05.933 --> 55:09.383 some shops that have quite a few slaves that worked to 55:09.376 --> 55:12.886 produce these things. It's the handy craft industry 55:12.891 --> 55:15.111 but it's an industry nonetheless. 55:15.110 --> 55:21.120 Well, these places are the ones that have the trade, 55:21.116 --> 55:24.766 the industry, and also engage in 55:24.767 --> 55:28.807 colonization. Moreover, as we will see, 55:28.807 --> 55:33.207 there will be internal trouble in the form of political 55:33.208 --> 55:36.158 quarreling, economic conflict, 55:36.158 --> 55:40.878 and finally warfare, civil wars occur in some of 55:40.880 --> 55:45.000 these cities leading to the emergence, 55:45.000 --> 55:49.440 and in the next topic I'll turn to, of the establishment of 55:49.435 --> 55:53.255 tyrannies, as the way of resolving for a time these 55:53.259 --> 55:57.159 terribly tumultuous conditions in those cities. 55:57.159 --> 56:01.719 All of these things are true of places like Corinth, 56:01.718 --> 56:05.198 Megara and possibly Chalcis and Eretria. 56:05.199 --> 56:10.719 So, it is easy to see that where there is that kind of 56:10.723 --> 56:16.143 conflict and trouble, there would be people who would 56:16.142 --> 56:20.522 want to flee that and to go elsewhere. 56:20.519 --> 56:24.079 It might well be that the people who won those wars, 56:24.076 --> 56:27.006 internal wars, would have been glad to send 56:27.005 --> 56:31.045 them away rather than to have these discontented people and 56:31.050 --> 56:35.030 these folks who were their enemies hanging around town and 56:35.025 --> 56:38.915 making trouble. It is only speculation, 56:38.922 --> 56:44.802 but it seems to make sense and we know we don't hear of such 56:44.804 --> 56:49.694 troubles within Athens and Thebes, and Sparta. 56:49.690 --> 56:54.280 It also is possible, again it's just speculation, 56:54.276 --> 56:59.906 that population pressure might well be greater in the cities 56:59.914 --> 57:03.604 that did the colonizing. They tended, 57:03.598 --> 57:08.638 in general, not to have as much farmland as the places that I 57:08.640 --> 57:12.170 have described as not being colonizers, 57:12.170 --> 57:16.020 who may not have felt the pressures of land hunger, 57:16.022 --> 57:20.032 which was so important in motivating colonization. 57:20.030 --> 57:27.100 So, that may explain why some of the states did and others did 57:27.095 --> 57:28.825 not. Finally, 57:28.834 --> 57:33.714 what are the consequences to the Greek experience of this 57:33.708 --> 57:37.798 phenomenon of this outburst of colonization? 57:37.800 --> 57:42.550 Several things come to mind. First of all, 57:42.548 --> 57:47.848 the Greeks now live in places where they never lived before 57:47.850 --> 57:53.340 and their presence has a real impact of a different degree in 57:53.335 --> 57:57.395 every place. I would say that typically 57:57.400 --> 58:03.290 their impact was greater in the west and the north than it was 58:03.289 --> 58:08.049 in the east and the south. The reason for that was that in 58:08.047 --> 58:11.267 the east and in south, the Greeks lived among people 58:11.268 --> 58:15.118 who were more civilized than they, who were more advanced. 58:15.119 --> 58:19.429 They had very little to teach or to impose upon those people 58:19.432 --> 58:23.062 rather than vice versa. I think that I would imagine 58:23.060 --> 58:26.660 the Greeks sopping up all sorts of useful and interesting 58:26.661 --> 58:30.581 information from their neighbors in the east and the south and 58:30.583 --> 58:34.023 there's no question about it. If you look at Greece in this 58:34.023 --> 58:36.273 period, I don't know if I've used this term before, 58:36.269 --> 58:40.579 but some scholars refer to this general period we're talking 58:40.580 --> 58:45.110 about as the Greek renaissance by analogy to the renaissance in 58:45.109 --> 58:47.529 Italy. There's something to it, 58:47.528 --> 58:51.328 because things happened in this period that are revolutionary in 58:51.326 --> 58:54.516 the arts, in the thinking of people, 58:54.524 --> 58:59.864 philosophy is going to be invented in Miletus probably in 58:59.855 --> 59:05.115 this sixth century B.C. Well, Miletus was on the main 59:05.119 --> 59:10.599 routes to all of the places where advanced knowledge could 59:10.602 --> 59:13.682 be found, Mesopotamia, Egypt. 59:13.679 --> 59:19.249 Anybody who looks at Greek mythology and Greek poetry, 59:19.249 --> 59:25.869 and Greek stories sees there is a powerful influence coming into 59:25.870 --> 59:31.860 Greek thought from mainly the Mesopotamian direction. 59:31.860 --> 59:35.810 Anybody who looks at the earliest Greek art for quite 59:35.812 --> 59:40.452 some time, I'm talking about sculpture and temple building, 59:40.449 --> 59:46.489 will see the influence of Egypt enormously powerfully. 59:46.489 --> 59:52.899 So, the Greeks are sopping up tremendously useful information 59:52.899 --> 59:57.659 and talent, and skills, and all sorts of things that 59:57.657 --> 1:00:00.637 help explain what's going to be coming. 1:00:00.639 --> 1:00:04.419 It is inconceivable the Greeks could have developed a 1:00:04.420 --> 1:00:07.930 civilization that they did without contact with these 1:00:07.931 --> 1:00:12.051 eastern civilizations and learned a great deal from them. 1:00:12.050 --> 1:00:16.130 Now, people--some people make an enormous jump from that and 1:00:16.131 --> 1:00:20.491 wrongly suggest that what the Greeks basically did was--well, 1:00:20.489 --> 1:00:23.919 if you want to take the most extreme statement of it, 1:00:23.916 --> 1:00:27.076 stole their civilization from the other folks. 1:00:27.079 --> 1:00:29.999 Well, if you take a look at the Greek civilization let us say in 1:00:30.002 --> 1:00:32.592 the classical period, those other cultures wouldn't 1:00:32.587 --> 1:00:35.887 have had a clue what the Greeks were doing, so different was the 1:00:35.885 --> 1:00:39.855 Greek experience from theirs. But what is undeniably true is 1:00:39.856 --> 1:00:44.446 that the Greeks learned very important and valuable things, 1:00:44.449 --> 1:00:48.899 and adapted what they learned through their own way of life 1:00:48.904 --> 1:00:52.134 and produced something really quite new, 1:00:52.130 --> 1:00:57.290 and in many fundamental ways, not only new but the opposite 1:00:57.290 --> 1:01:01.650 of the places from which these things had come. 1:01:01.650 --> 1:01:05.260 There was also, of course, some influence of 1:01:05.264 --> 1:01:08.344 the Greeks on the people they went to. 1:01:08.340 --> 1:01:11.640 Obviously, I started out by saying this would probably have 1:01:11.635 --> 1:01:14.755 been felt most strongly in the west and in the north, 1:01:14.760 --> 1:01:17.130 where the people, who lived there, 1:01:17.134 --> 1:01:20.954 before the Greeks came, were not civilized or were not 1:01:20.948 --> 1:01:24.028 highly civilized. They did not have great urban 1:01:24.030 --> 1:01:27.170 cultures and civilizations, long traditions of learning and 1:01:27.172 --> 1:01:29.352 so on. No, they weren't like that, 1:01:29.350 --> 1:01:32.800 the Greeks were ahead of them and it's evident that they 1:01:32.795 --> 1:01:36.485 borrowed stuff from the Greeks in every element of life, 1:01:36.489 --> 1:01:39.729 although it didn't shape their lives in a potent, 1:01:39.733 --> 1:01:43.883 fundamental way. But that's the way influence 1:01:43.878 --> 1:01:48.228 ran in that part of the world. Of course, 1:01:48.231 --> 1:01:53.081 another tremendously important consequence of colonization was 1:01:53.075 --> 1:01:56.905 the growth of commerce, of trade for the reasons I've 1:01:56.913 --> 1:01:59.793 already given you, but beyond that the Greeks of 1:01:59.788 --> 1:02:02.268 course, now had access to food stuffs 1:02:02.268 --> 1:02:04.968 and other things out in where they settled, 1:02:04.974 --> 1:02:08.844 which gave them a basis for trading with the mother city, 1:02:08.840 --> 1:02:11.120 which meant there were markets for the mother city, 1:02:11.116 --> 1:02:12.706 which they hadn't existed before. 1:02:12.710 --> 1:02:16.870 But also, the Greeks were in touch with people beyond where 1:02:16.869 --> 1:02:19.519 they settled, so they could obtain raw 1:02:19.522 --> 1:02:22.752 materials that were not available before, 1:02:22.750 --> 1:02:27.330 and also manufactured things that they might not have had 1:02:27.334 --> 1:02:30.734 access to before. All of which they would have 1:02:30.725 --> 1:02:34.525 used some for themselves and then engaged in trade with the 1:02:34.528 --> 1:02:36.658 old Greek cities. In other words, 1:02:36.662 --> 1:02:39.632 you don't need a very great imagination to see how this 1:02:39.625 --> 1:02:41.815 would be a terrific boom to commerce. 1:02:41.820 --> 1:02:45.800 Think about it for a second, what will this be and how will 1:02:45.803 --> 1:02:50.133 this effect what's happening in the cities, the polis? 1:02:50.130 --> 1:02:53.000 More and more people, and again I want to remind you, 1:02:53.000 --> 1:02:55.050 never anything approaching a majority, 1:02:55.050 --> 1:02:58.980 but more and more people would be making their living in a way 1:02:58.984 --> 1:03:02.704 that was not agricultural. They would be in commerce and 1:03:02.702 --> 1:03:06.532 they would be in industry in this small sense and doing all 1:03:06.526 --> 1:03:10.346 the various things that are not farming and so you now have 1:03:10.350 --> 1:03:14.440 classes or groups of people who have interests rather different 1:03:14.438 --> 1:03:19.118 from those of the most primitive polis you could imagine. 1:03:22.559 --> 1:03:26.669 Some scholars early on in the century, moved by Marxist 1:03:26.666 --> 1:03:31.606 theories, suggested that you had a capitalist class growing up, 1:03:31.610 --> 1:03:33.390 there's just no evidence of that; 1:03:33.390 --> 1:03:37.060 it's just wrong. My guess is that the earliest 1:03:37.055 --> 1:03:42.335 traders of any scope were probably noblemen who also had 1:03:42.338 --> 1:03:46.528 land and estates back home, but who had the opportunity, 1:03:46.534 --> 1:03:48.374 the know-how, the connections to make it 1:03:48.366 --> 1:03:50.476 possible to make a lot of living in trade. 1:03:50.480 --> 1:03:54.800 Even so, while you don't have a class of separate people who are 1:03:54.795 --> 1:03:58.695 just in the business of making things and making money, 1:03:58.699 --> 1:04:02.319 you do have people who are engaged in those activities and 1:04:02.319 --> 1:04:06.379 who have some interests that are different from those of the rest 1:04:06.383 --> 1:04:09.053 of their people who are only hoplites. 1:04:09.050 --> 1:04:11.530 It is, I think, part of a conglomerate of 1:04:11.532 --> 1:04:14.972 activities you want to keep in your mind that is going on here 1:04:14.974 --> 1:04:17.744 and this is what I'm really trying to get at, 1:04:17.739 --> 1:04:20.099 socially and economically, and politically. 1:04:20.099 --> 1:04:22.799 You have to imagine, on the one hand, 1:04:22.796 --> 1:04:26.466 the hoplite revolution, which I do not shrink from 1:04:26.465 --> 1:04:29.305 saying, but it's a very debatable term, 1:04:29.311 --> 1:04:32.531 is going on. More and more farmers are 1:04:32.527 --> 1:04:35.287 becoming independent, self-sustaining, 1:04:35.290 --> 1:04:39.100 hoplite farmers of the kind that I've described. 1:04:39.099 --> 1:04:42.919 You can't expect them to continue to live in the same way 1:04:42.918 --> 1:04:46.558 as they did before, deferential to their betters, 1:04:46.555 --> 1:04:49.975 that is to say, tugging their forelocks before 1:04:49.978 --> 1:04:54.238 the aristocrats and just leaving all the decisions to the 1:04:54.237 --> 1:04:57.357 aristocrats. They're not going to feel the 1:04:57.355 --> 1:05:00.245 same way about it, there's going to be pressure 1:05:00.251 --> 1:05:03.531 from them for a better participation in the decisions 1:05:03.525 --> 1:05:07.845 that are made in the state. And also there will be some 1:05:07.854 --> 1:05:12.834 rich people, very rich people, rich in a different way from 1:05:12.825 --> 1:05:18.105 the way people used to be rich; rich meant the best land. 1:05:18.110 --> 1:05:23.850 Now, there will be people who will have wealth in the form of 1:05:23.851 --> 1:05:28.541 precious things and I would use the word money. 1:05:28.539 --> 1:05:31.469 I'm not going to use the word coinage because that's very 1:05:31.470 --> 1:05:34.350 debated, and anyway there certainly weren't any coins in 1:05:34.347 --> 1:05:37.907 Greece as early as say 750. But that doesn't mean there was 1:05:37.905 --> 1:05:41.335 no money. You could have weighed out 1:05:41.344 --> 1:05:44.914 precious metal, which would be money. 1:05:44.909 --> 1:05:49.669 Shekels, as in the Bible, are originally not coins; 1:05:49.670 --> 1:05:53.460 they are quantities, weights of something and come 1:05:53.463 --> 1:05:56.253 to mean weights of silver or gold. 1:05:56.250 --> 1:06:01.630 So now you have a change in fundamental economic things. 1:06:01.630 --> 1:06:05.880 Well, all of this is tied up with this colonial story I've 1:06:05.875 --> 1:06:09.185 been telling you. Finally, I think, 1:06:09.194 --> 1:06:15.804 it works in both directions at the same time in terms of the 1:06:15.803 --> 1:06:22.863 impact all of these changes have on the political situation. 1:06:22.860 --> 1:06:27.820 On the one hand the changes, that is (A) the rise of the 1:06:27.817 --> 1:06:32.087 hoplite class; (B) the development of lots of 1:06:32.092 --> 1:06:37.762 commerce and industry and wealth in a new kind and people who 1:06:37.757 --> 1:06:42.097 don't fit into the old traditional society; 1:06:42.099 --> 1:06:46.159 new way has to be found to fit them in because, 1:06:46.164 --> 1:06:51.064 as I say, they don't fit. That creates trouble. 1:06:51.059 --> 1:06:54.939 As we shall see very shortly, that trouble often takes the 1:06:54.944 --> 1:06:58.084 form of first of factional struggles within the 1:06:58.079 --> 1:07:01.279 aristocracy, which then after awhile come to 1:07:01.276 --> 1:07:05.006 involve people outside the aristocracy, which ultimately 1:07:05.013 --> 1:07:08.753 come to civil war in which certainly the people who have 1:07:08.750 --> 1:07:11.740 become the most important fighting men, 1:07:11.739 --> 1:07:14.759 the hoplites, become engaged on one side or 1:07:14.760 --> 1:07:17.710 the other or perhaps sometimes on both. 1:07:17.710 --> 1:07:20.410 So that's the, what you might say, 1:07:20.406 --> 1:07:23.026 is the negative side of the story. 1:07:23.030 --> 1:07:26.560 But colonization, especially, some scholars have 1:07:26.557 --> 1:07:29.257 pointed out, I think persuasively, 1:07:29.260 --> 1:07:35.370 also for some considerable time provided an answer to that 1:07:35.367 --> 1:07:39.757 problem in the form of an escape valve, 1:07:39.760 --> 1:07:43.360 where you had these people who were losers and angry and 1:07:43.358 --> 1:07:47.408 troubled, or people who had in any case were not happy with the 1:07:47.414 --> 1:07:50.494 way things were going in their mother city. 1:07:50.489 --> 1:07:52.509 Well, they didn't have to stay and fight it out. 1:07:52.510 --> 1:07:57.400 They could go away and they did, in very considerable 1:07:57.398 --> 1:08:02.378 numbers, and so one is easily reminded of the American 1:08:02.380 --> 1:08:05.560 experience, as it has often been 1:08:05.562 --> 1:08:09.912 interpreted, in which the frontier is seen to be a 1:08:09.905 --> 1:08:14.775 tremendously valuable safety valve to the Americans, 1:08:14.780 --> 1:08:17.970 first as colonists, and then as independent people. 1:08:17.970 --> 1:08:22.220 Americans didn't have the kind of terrible class warfare 1:08:22.219 --> 1:08:26.539 and the terrible warfare within cities that the Europeans had 1:08:26.540 --> 1:08:30.070 experienced throughout most of their history, 1:08:30.069 --> 1:08:34.819 because really unhappy and angry people could always go 1:08:34.824 --> 1:08:38.934 west, get new places. I mean, fundamentally, 1:08:38.932 --> 1:08:44.902 Kansas is a colony in a certain Greek sense, all of these places 1:08:44.897 --> 1:08:48.107 are. So, that's part of the story of 1:08:48.109 --> 1:08:52.879 why America had the very lucky early history that it had. 1:08:52.880 --> 1:08:57.520 So, I think we have to understand that colonization 1:08:57.516 --> 1:09:03.076 provided something analogous to that for the Greek people. 1:09:03.079 --> 1:09:06.929 So now, here we are somewhere in the seventh century, 1:09:06.933 --> 1:09:11.753 most of these places I've been talking about have been settled, 1:09:11.750 --> 1:09:16.180 the currents that I have been describing are flowing and the 1:09:16.179 --> 1:09:20.679 kinds of problems they have give rise to what will be felt in 1:09:20.684 --> 1:09:25.114 most of the towns and that is the proper introduction to the 1:09:25.113 --> 1:09:28.243 next topic, which I'll discuss next year. 1:09:28.239 --> 1:09:31.999 No not--it seems like a year, but it's next Tuesday actually. 1:09:32.000 --> 1:09:37.000