WEBVTT 00:01.167 --> 00:05.327 WAI CHEE DIMOCK: We're starting today on Hemingway's 00:05.333 --> 00:07.003 For Whom the Bell Tolls. 00:07.000 --> 00:12.930 And as is frequently the case, the title comes from a very 00:12.933 --> 00:17.203 well known classic, in this case John Donne's poem, which 00:17.200 --> 00:20.200 is actually included in the text of For 00:20.200 --> 00:21.370 Whom the Bell Tolls. 00:21.367 --> 00:24.427 So you guys can just go and read it for on your own. 00:24.433 --> 00:28.773 But I just thought that we'll talk about it together, a very 00:28.767 --> 00:31.967 famous phrase from a very famous poem-- 00:31.967 --> 00:35.397 "No man is an island, entire of itself. 00:35.400 --> 00:40.230 Each is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. 00:40.233 --> 00:46.573 If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less. 00:46.567 --> 00:50.727 Each man's death diminishes me, for I 00:50.733 --> 00:52.833 am involved in mankind. 00:52.833 --> 00:57.703 Therefore, send not for whom the bell tolls, it tolls for 00:57.700 --> 00:58.630 thee." 00:58.633 --> 01:02.703 So a number of issues come up in this poem-- 01:02.700 --> 01:04.600 justly famous poem-- 01:04.600 --> 01:08.100 that even though we have separate 01:08.100 --> 01:10.630 bodies, Donne's argument-- 01:10.633 --> 01:14.133 and in fact throughout his entire poetic corpus-- 01:14.133 --> 01:19.173 is that our separate bodies sometimes become optical 01:19.167 --> 01:22.797 illusion and also experiential illusion as well. 01:22.800 --> 01:26.630 We feel that we're just one unit, but we are actually tied 01:26.633 --> 01:29.473 in so many different ways to other people. 01:29.467 --> 01:34.397 So the death of other people would diminish me in the sense 01:34.400 --> 01:39.500 that those ties will be cut when those people die. 01:39.500 --> 01:44.400 But also there's a more disturbing sense that the 01:44.400 --> 01:50.070 manner of death of other people is in some sense also a 01:50.067 --> 01:54.727 kind of a prelude, and an analogy, and a suggestion of 01:54.733 --> 01:57.033 the way that we would die. 01:57.033 --> 02:01.033 So the bell is tolling for someone else right now, but 02:01.033 --> 02:04.433 sooner or later it's going to toll for 02:04.433 --> 02:08.303 myself, for you and me. 02:08.300 --> 02:09.570 Death is central. 02:09.567 --> 02:13.167 It's absolutely central to For Whom the Bell Tolls. 02:13.167 --> 02:16.497 It's not just a general argument about the importance 02:16.500 --> 02:17.870 of interconnections. 02:17.867 --> 02:20.727 It's really about our interconnections and death. 02:20.733 --> 02:26.333 No other work by Hemingway is so centrally meditating on the 02:26.333 --> 02:29.403 phenomenon of dying and what it is to die a good death. 02:29.400 --> 02:31.700 So we'll come back to this. 02:31.700 --> 02:35.330 But today that wouldn't be the focus. 02:35.333 --> 02:39.303 And instead today we'll be talking mostly about the 02:39.300 --> 02:42.670 Spanish Civil War, which is a very important context for 02:42.667 --> 02:43.767 this novel. 02:43.767 --> 02:46.167 And it's very important to get some historical 02:46.167 --> 02:47.667 facts under our belt. 02:47.667 --> 02:51.067 So basically, the two sides of The Spanish Civil War are the 02:51.067 --> 02:53.697 Republicans and the Nationalists. 02:53.700 --> 02:57.130 The Republicans are sometimes referred to as the Loyalists. 02:57.133 --> 03:00.633 And this phrase is sometimes misleading, because it 03:00.633 --> 03:03.173 suggests that maybe the Loyalists are on the right. 03:03.167 --> 03:04.667 But this is actually not the case. 03:04.667 --> 03:11.627 The Republicans are on the left, but they're loyal to the 03:11.633 --> 03:14.603 legitimately elected government. 03:14.600 --> 03:20.770 The Spanish Republic had an elected government. 03:20.767 --> 03:22.927 And so the Loyalists were loyal to that. 03:22.933 --> 03:25.473 They were protecting the Spanish Republic. 03:25.467 --> 03:28.497 And the reason we know that they are on the left is that 03:28.500 --> 03:31.570 they're backed by Mexico, which is understandable given 03:31.567 --> 03:33.267 the Spanish connection. 03:33.267 --> 03:36.667 But they were also backed by the Soviet Union So there are 03:36.667 --> 03:40.497 lots of references to Russians in this novel, from Russian 03:40.500 --> 03:43.930 planes, to Russian cigarettes, to Russians 03:43.933 --> 03:45.473 at the Hotel Gaylord-- 03:45.467 --> 03:49.297 so lots and lots of Russians, a Russian general in the 03:49.300 --> 03:51.200 opening pages of the novel. 03:51.200 --> 03:58.030 So the Soviet Union was a central presence in his novel. 03:58.033 --> 04:02.133 But more than that, the reason that the Spanish Civil War has 04:02.133 --> 04:05.633 gone down in history as such an important war is that it 04:05.633 --> 04:10.633 was supported by 30,000 international volunteers 04:10.633 --> 04:14.303 making up the international brigades, including people 04:14.300 --> 04:19.900 from Poland, France, England, and lots of volunteers from 04:19.900 --> 04:20.730 the United States. 04:20.733 --> 04:24.103 So the United States volunteers were called the 04:24.100 --> 04:25.330 Abraham Lincoln Brigade. 04:26.967 --> 04:30.027 And then so all this is on the Republican side, on the side 04:30.033 --> 04:32.033 of the Spanish Republic. 04:32.033 --> 04:36.373 And then opposing that, fighting that, and eventually 04:36.367 --> 04:39.727 triumphant in prevailing over them would be the 04:39.733 --> 04:41.233 Nationalists. 04:41.233 --> 04:45.703 In this novel, Hemingway does not refer to the Nationalists 04:45.700 --> 04:46.430 as the Nationalists. 04:46.433 --> 04:48.673 The word never comes up. 04:48.667 --> 04:51.627 He refers to them as Fascists. 04:51.633 --> 04:55.673 And the word has such a pejorative ring now that it 04:55.667 --> 04:58.297 seems as if he's condemning them ahead of time. 04:58.300 --> 05:02.200 But actually, in the 1930s fascist was 05:02.200 --> 05:03.130 just a neutral word. 05:03.133 --> 05:05.403 That was the party, the Fascist Party. 05:05.400 --> 05:09.530 So even though now historians would refer to that side as 05:09.533 --> 05:13.433 the Nationalist side, in my lectures I'll be referring to 05:13.433 --> 05:15.373 them as Fascists, just because that's the word 05:15.367 --> 05:17.727 that Hemingway uses. 05:17.733 --> 05:22.703 And the Fascists were backed by Germany and Italy. 05:22.700 --> 05:25.100 So we see lots of German planes as well, 05:25.100 --> 05:27.700 Italian planes as well. 05:27.700 --> 05:30.900 And the victory of the Fascists led to the 05:30.900 --> 05:34.230 dictatorship of General Franco, who would go on to 05:34.233 --> 05:36.773 rule Spain for many years. 05:36.767 --> 05:39.127 So we know the outcome of that war. 05:39.133 --> 05:41.633 And it's a very tragic outcome according to many people. 05:44.133 --> 05:50.033 One of the great photographers of the war was Robert Capa. 05:50.033 --> 05:53.973 And fortunately, many of his images are now available in 05:53.967 --> 05:55.367 the public domain. 05:55.367 --> 05:57.867 So this is Robert Capa photographing the 05:57.867 --> 05:59.297 Spanish Civil War. 05:59.300 --> 06:02.000 And this is the most iconic image. 06:02.000 --> 06:07.970 It's 1936 the death of a Loyalist Republican soldier. 06:07.967 --> 06:13.127 And most of Capa's pictures tend to be about the death of 06:13.133 --> 06:18.473 just one person, a kind of a visceral reaction to the death 06:18.467 --> 06:20.297 that person. 06:20.300 --> 06:24.570 And kind of blurry as well, because that's probably how 06:24.567 --> 06:26.667 death will feel when it comes to us. 06:26.667 --> 06:30.467 It's that we don't have a very distinct sensation of that 06:30.467 --> 06:32.697 condition when we're going through it. 06:32.700 --> 06:36.830 At least I think that's the rationale behind it, other 06:36.833 --> 06:39.173 than the fact that he was just on site taking the picture 06:39.167 --> 06:41.127 right there. 06:41.133 --> 06:45.973 Here is another picture by Robert Capa, again 1936, at 06:45.967 --> 06:49.367 the very beginning of the war. 06:49.367 --> 06:51.567 And these people were just college students. 06:51.567 --> 06:53.867 This was University City in Madrid. 06:53.867 --> 06:57.297 Most of the people who fought in the Spanish 06:57.300 --> 07:00.930 Civil War were civilians. 07:00.933 --> 07:05.173 They were just students, lots of women actually. 07:05.167 --> 07:09.767 This was a war known for the presence of women fighting. 07:09.767 --> 07:15.427 So in many ways, because these were just volunteers, it 07:15.433 --> 07:18.373 wasn't a very high tech war. 07:18.367 --> 07:21.897 And Robert Capa had a lot of footage about this 07:21.900 --> 07:23.400 very low tech war. 07:23.400 --> 07:26.600 And basically this is the war that we see in For Whom the 07:26.600 --> 07:28.170 Bell Tolls. 07:28.167 --> 07:31.227 Just one or two people walking through the mountains just 07:31.233 --> 07:35.603 trudging along talking to small groups of people, 07:35.600 --> 07:39.970 completely kind of local initiative, and not just in 07:39.967 --> 07:43.767 the cities but also in the countryside. 07:43.767 --> 07:46.267 And we should remember that in For Whom the Bell Tolls it's 07:46.267 --> 07:47.827 actually behind the lines. 07:47.833 --> 07:52.203 They are behind the enemy lines. 07:52.200 --> 07:55.570 One possibility would be to go back to the Spanish Republic, 07:55.567 --> 07:58.527 to cross the enemy lines and go back and join 07:58.533 --> 07:59.773 with the main forces. 07:59.767 --> 08:02.997 But the people that we see in For Whom the Bell Tolls were 08:03.000 --> 08:07.370 the guerrillas, who would be in conditions such as these. 08:07.367 --> 08:11.897 So this is the kind of the iconic images of just 08:11.900 --> 08:15.470 civilians fighting to defend the Spanish Republic. 08:15.467 --> 08:22.027 But the reason that it was such a big global event was 08:22.033 --> 08:25.973 that it was actually an incredibly high-tech war. 08:25.967 --> 08:29.767 So it was a very important link between the First World 08:29.767 --> 08:31.767 War and the Second World War. 08:31.767 --> 08:36.197 And we know that the alliances in the Spanish Civil War, 08:36.200 --> 08:39.070 Germany and Italy, would go on to become the Axis Powers in 08:39.067 --> 08:40.097 the Second World War-- 08:40.100 --> 08:43.270 so a very, very important link between those 08:43.267 --> 08:44.597 two great world wars. 08:44.600 --> 08:48.100 Itself the Spanish Civil War was a world war of sorts, 08:48.100 --> 08:51.630 given the number of international participants. 08:51.633 --> 08:53.533 So tanks are very important. 08:53.533 --> 08:58.273 And the Republicans actually used tractors, but the 08:58.267 --> 09:00.397 Fascists had real tanks. 09:00.400 --> 09:05.670 And we see them, the tanks, in full force. 09:05.667 --> 09:09.197 And this is the final image of the triumph of the tanks. 09:09.200 --> 09:14.800 The fascists entering Madrid March, 1939. 09:14.800 --> 09:16.700 And the next month the republic, the Spanish 09:16.700 --> 09:19.930 Republic, surrendered to the Fascists. 09:19.933 --> 09:21.003 So we know the outcome very well. 09:21.000 --> 09:24.200 It was basically a very short war. 09:24.200 --> 09:28.470 But because they were defending an elected 09:28.467 --> 09:32.697 government, the international sentiment was on the side of 09:32.700 --> 09:34.070 the Spanish Republic. 09:34.067 --> 09:39.127 And this is a very famous painting by the Spanish 09:39.133 --> 09:41.203 painter Joan Miro. 09:41.200 --> 09:44.170 But you'll notice that the language is actually not 09:44.167 --> 09:48.727 Spanish, "Aidez Espagne." That's French, because he 09:48.733 --> 09:53.403 couldn't stay in Spain anymore after the outbreak of the war. 09:53.400 --> 09:57.370 So he had to flee to France, and this was actually in 09:57.367 --> 09:58.897 exhibition in Paris. 09:58.900 --> 10:01.770 So that's why the language was in French. 10:01.767 --> 10:05.427 And French will actually come up a little bit in For Whom 10:05.433 --> 10:08.773 the Bell Tolls as well -- or as France. 10:08.767 --> 10:11.227 So it's kind of an interesting side reference that we'll be 10:11.233 --> 10:13.633 talking about next time. 10:13.633 --> 10:18.033 But lots and lots of images of international aid-- 10:18.033 --> 10:21.433 once again, mostly very nonmilitary looking people 10:21.433 --> 10:24.673 were giving aid to do the Spanish Republic. 10:24.667 --> 10:27.627 So these were artists in London just 10:27.633 --> 10:30.373 giving medical supplies. 10:30.367 --> 10:35.467 But the Americans were there in full force, and this is the 10:35.467 --> 10:37.867 Abraham Lincoln Brigade. 10:37.867 --> 10:44.167 They're actually the best equipped volunteers. 10:44.167 --> 10:47.097 There were pictures of volunteers from Poland. 10:47.100 --> 10:52.070 And they actually looked kind of sad, to begin with, even 10:52.067 --> 10:53.297 without the fighting. 10:53.300 --> 10:55.930 But the Americans were very well equipped, and they looked 10:55.933 --> 10:58.733 very healthy and ready to fight. 10:58.733 --> 11:00.473 And they were also very, very young. 11:00.467 --> 11:03.227 So it was a very glamorous war, in one sense, because of 11:03.233 --> 11:06.603 all young people who were fighting. 11:06.600 --> 11:11.830 And women there, as we can see, and in the beginning of 11:11.833 --> 11:13.873 the war there was lots of musical entertainment. 11:13.867 --> 11:16.927 And it seemed like fun, initially. 11:16.933 --> 11:22.903 It quickly stopping being fun, as we can tell from the novel. 11:22.900 --> 11:24.400 So Hemingway was there. 11:24.400 --> 11:25.670 He was a war correspondent. 11:25.667 --> 11:30.597 He was covering the war with the Republicans here and this 11:30.600 --> 11:34.870 rare image of him actually holding a gun. 11:34.867 --> 11:36.427 He wasn't supposed to fight them. 11:36.433 --> 11:39.003 I don't think he actually fought, but just in case he 11:39.000 --> 11:41.070 needed to do something. 11:41.067 --> 11:47.067 So it oddly suggests that one way to think about the novel 11:47.067 --> 11:50.967 would be to think about a kind of divide in the novel -- 11:50.967 --> 11:53.297 a kind of structural principle -- 11:53.300 --> 11:57.730 in terms of voluntary association versus involuntary 11:57.733 --> 12:00.333 association. 12:00.333 --> 12:02.873 Voluntary association, obviously the International 12:02.867 --> 12:08.097 Brigades, all these people did not have to fight in the war. 12:08.100 --> 12:13.930 They all voluntarily put themselves in danger for 12:13.933 --> 12:17.803 political reasons, so very much voluntary association. 12:17.800 --> 12:23.700 And there's lots of glory, and honor, and pleasure from that, 12:23.700 --> 12:25.630 pride from that. 12:25.633 --> 12:29.073 And then on the opposite side would be involuntary 12:29.067 --> 12:30.627 association. 12:30.633 --> 12:33.473 Now we get labeled as foreigners. 12:33.467 --> 12:36.527 The Americans get labeled as foreigners. 12:36.533 --> 12:39.973 Robert Jordan gets labeled as a foreigner. 12:39.967 --> 12:43.027 He's not even given the dignity of being an American. 12:43.033 --> 12:46.603 He's referred to as the Ingles, the English, so they 12:46.600 --> 12:50.330 even get his national identity wrong. 12:50.333 --> 12:51.203 But it doesn't really matter. 12:51.200 --> 12:53.000 He's just one of those foreigners. 12:53.000 --> 12:55.930 So foreigner is a kind of involuntary association, a 12:55.933 --> 12:57.873 generic type. 12:57.867 --> 13:00.797 And then the ultimate involuntary association would 13:00.800 --> 13:03.500 be the company of the dead. 13:03.500 --> 13:08.370 It's a very large company, and very few of us are ready to 13:08.367 --> 13:12.097 join them, right now, but we are put in that company. 13:12.100 --> 13:16.400 So going back to Donne, obviously -- 13:16.400 --> 13:20.830 but also going back to pretty much all the text that we've 13:20.833 --> 13:23.303 been talking about all semester. 13:23.300 --> 13:27.730 So we've been talking about this phenomenon of involuntary 13:27.733 --> 13:31.073 association, in terms of individual and type. 13:31.067 --> 13:33.627 So I just want to go back, very quickly, to refresh your 13:33.633 --> 13:36.033 memory about all this text. 13:36.033 --> 13:40.433 In To Have and Have Not, Harry's involuntary 13:40.433 --> 13:44.003 association would be with all the other "have nots." And 13:44.000 --> 13:47.430 there were plenty of them during the Great Depression. 13:47.433 --> 13:50.973 That would be an involuntary association for him. 13:50.967 --> 13:57.397 But luckily for him, he actually can qualify that 13:57.400 --> 14:01.630 involuntary association when he's mediated by the presence 14:01.633 --> 14:07.003 of Marie, when he becomes this very wonderful and long 14:07.000 --> 14:11.170 lasting, not perishing, figure in her mind. 14:11.167 --> 14:16.197 And when he's mediated in contrast to Richard Gordon. 14:16.200 --> 14:18.900 In the Fitzgerald stories "Rich Boy" and "Bernice Bobs 14:18.900 --> 14:23.400 Her Hair," we have the involuntary association 14:23.400 --> 14:24.600 through type. 14:24.600 --> 14:29.270 So rich boy Anson Hunter, he has as an involuntary 14:29.267 --> 14:32.197 association with the title of the story "Rich Boy." But he 14:32.200 --> 14:33.700 deviates so much. 14:33.700 --> 14:36.070 I mean, he's such an extreme example that 14:36.067 --> 14:37.527 he's almost a deviation. 14:37.533 --> 14:41.733 And Bernice reverts to a much more ancient 14:41.733 --> 14:44.473 type, the Native American. 14:44.467 --> 14:47.727 So they all have a kind of qualified involuntary 14:47.733 --> 14:50.903 association to the immediate surroundings. 14:50.900 --> 14:54.070 And As I Lay Dying, which we just finished discussing, is 14:54.067 --> 14:57.327 Faulkner's version of To Have and Have Not. 14:57.333 --> 15:02.673 And actually there it seems that the concept of "have not" 15:02.667 --> 15:11.467 is most tenacious and in many ways victorious at the end, 15:11.467 --> 15:13.267 triumphant at the end. 15:13.267 --> 15:18.427 In the sense that Darl really is involuntarily confined to 15:18.433 --> 15:25.733 Jackson, he has an involuntary sojurn in a mental 15:25.733 --> 15:27.303 institution. 15:27.300 --> 15:29.330 So that is-- 15:29.333 --> 15:33.733 in many ways Faulkner is the most pessimistic of those 15:33.733 --> 15:35.633 three writers. 15:35.633 --> 15:40.833 Today we'll look at the complicated sevenfold 15:40.833 --> 15:44.903 permutations in For Whom the Bell Tolls. 15:44.900 --> 15:47.070 And we won't be talking about all of them today. 15:47.067 --> 15:52.327 So this pretty much is the pattern or the structure for 15:52.333 --> 15:55.633 the next four lectures. 15:55.633 --> 15:58.703 But I just want to give you a sense of what we're talking 15:58.700 --> 16:03.570 about, individuals versus type obviously, voluntary versus 16:03.567 --> 16:06.327 involuntary, and given the fact that the setting is 16:06.333 --> 16:10.503 Spain, foreign versus not foreign. 16:10.500 --> 16:14.230 And the question of language brings up the question of 16:14.233 --> 16:17.233 literacy and illiteracy. 16:17.233 --> 16:22.603 And the relation between the distant home and the on-site 16:22.600 --> 16:25.670 environment is going to be very important, because the 16:25.667 --> 16:28.697 United States actually has quite an important presence in 16:28.700 --> 16:29.230 this novel. 16:29.233 --> 16:32.633 So that's the relation between the United States and Spain. 16:32.633 --> 16:34.903 And something that we've been talking about all the way 16:34.900 --> 16:37.700 through, comic versus tragic, and finally, to 16:37.700 --> 16:38.700 have and have not. 16:38.700 --> 16:41.900 So all of this we'll be talking about in 16:41.900 --> 16:44.730 the next two weeks. 16:44.733 --> 16:49.173 But today we'll concentrate on the concept of involuntary 16:49.167 --> 16:51.067 foreigners. 16:51.067 --> 16:54.997 And it turns out that there are actually two classes of 16:55.000 --> 16:59.430 involuntary foreigners, one completely counterintuitive. 16:59.433 --> 17:02.473 We would think that the involuntary foreigners would 17:02.467 --> 17:03.597 just be Americans. 17:03.600 --> 17:05.800 They are the obvious foreigners. 17:05.800 --> 17:10.070 And Hemingway gives us multiple instances of when one 17:10.067 --> 17:13.067 could be an involuntary foreigner. 17:13.067 --> 17:19.327 But I think that he is an astute enough reader of the 17:19.333 --> 17:23.773 future and of the global dimension of the Spanish Civil 17:23.767 --> 17:29.897 War to know that the Spanish could also be involuntary 17:29.900 --> 17:32.970 foreigners in their own country. 17:32.967 --> 17:35.527 This is happening all the time now. 17:35.533 --> 17:38.273 Lots and lots of people are involuntary foreigners in 17:38.267 --> 17:38.927 their country. 17:38.933 --> 17:42.103 It is one of the most common phenomena of the 17:42.100 --> 17:44.070 twenty-first century. 17:44.067 --> 17:49.727 And Hemingway is portraying some of that already during 17:49.733 --> 17:53.473 the Spanish Civil War, because of the phenomena of print 17:53.467 --> 17:57.367 illiteracy and because of technological illiteracy that, 17:57.367 --> 17:59.697 again, is a very, very common. 17:59.700 --> 18:04.200 So let's just start on the American side. 18:04.200 --> 18:10.130 We know that Hemingway is actually very, very good in 18:10.133 --> 18:14.273 being considerate of those of us who don't know Spanish or 18:14.267 --> 18:18.127 who just know a few words in Spanish. 18:18.133 --> 18:22.133 When he uses a Spanish word phrase, he would give us the 18:22.133 --> 18:23.703 translation almost right away. 18:23.700 --> 18:26.970 So we have no trouble understanding the 18:26.967 --> 18:29.367 Spanish in the novel. 18:29.367 --> 18:33.927 But he does have this interesting stylistic 18:33.933 --> 18:39.173 innovation of inflecting the English language in the 18:39.167 --> 18:40.827 direction of Spanish. 18:40.833 --> 18:47.303 So the classic example is the unidiomatic expression, "How 18:47.300 --> 18:50.200 are you called?" It is what's your name. 18:50.200 --> 18:53.100 We don't go around asking people, how are you called, 18:53.100 --> 18:58.970 because Spanish is not really the reference point for most 18:58.967 --> 19:02.597 of us at any rate, in this country, not yet. 19:02.600 --> 19:09.600 But in Spain that's the form English would take, even in 19:09.600 --> 19:11.900 your own head. 19:11.900 --> 19:16.470 What you would ask people all the time is, "Como se llama 19:16.467 --> 19:19.867 Usted?" "How are you called," literally 19:19.867 --> 19:22.297 translated from that. 19:22.300 --> 19:26.870 And it's a more formal expression. 19:26.867 --> 19:29.797 "Tu" is not to someone that you know well. 19:29.800 --> 19:34.030 It's a more formal expression, addressing someone that maybe 19:34.033 --> 19:38.103 you're meeting for the first time, someone who's older, 19:38.100 --> 19:40.430 showing more respect for the person or 19:40.433 --> 19:43.473 distance from the person. 19:43.467 --> 19:50.297 What is the effect of this kind of English, not 19:50.300 --> 19:54.570 translated into Spanish words but translated 19:54.567 --> 19:57.997 into Spanish syntax? 19:58.000 --> 20:05.000 It is not the actual translation into Spanish words 20:05.000 --> 20:07.000 but translation using the syntactical 20:07.000 --> 20:09.400 structure of Spanish. 20:09.400 --> 20:12.830 I think that there are many effects, depending on your 20:12.833 --> 20:15.173 degree of knowledge of Spanish, really. 20:15.167 --> 20:16.427 It could be irritating-- 20:16.433 --> 20:21.503 I imagine actually-- for a Spanish speaker. 20:21.500 --> 20:24.500 But I think that for people who actually have a very 20:24.500 --> 20:28.200 slight acquaintance with Spanish the effect is the kind 20:28.200 --> 20:30.670 of a double alienation. 20:30.667 --> 20:33.827 We should take note of the fact that this 20:33.833 --> 20:36.873 is unidiomatic English. 20:36.867 --> 20:41.027 And we're struggling to think of the Spanish equivalent for 20:41.033 --> 20:45.303 that that would be the origin for the English phrase. 20:45.300 --> 20:53.170 In any case, it makes us aware of how English actually is not 20:53.167 --> 20:58.467 translatable word for word into the Spanish. 20:58.467 --> 21:01.467 What's your name cannot be translated word 21:01.467 --> 21:02.967 for word into Spanish. 21:02.967 --> 21:04.097 So it highlights the 21:04.100 --> 21:06.800 non-translatability of English. 21:06.800 --> 21:10.070 And the fact that there really are very important 21:10.067 --> 21:15.297 cross-cultural barriers, not least of all in language as a 21:15.300 --> 21:17.270 the cross-cultural barrier. 21:17.267 --> 21:20.367 Certain things cannot get across easily. 21:20.367 --> 21:24.067 They cannot get across without modification. 21:24.067 --> 21:29.327 So Hemingway gives us no illusion that you can fit 21:29.333 --> 21:33.533 easily into a different environment. 21:33.533 --> 21:36.703 He gives us no illusion that there could be this immediate 21:36.700 --> 21:39.830 communion between people from different cultural and 21:39.833 --> 21:42.033 linguistic backgrounds. 21:42.033 --> 21:45.833 I think that the effect of this double alienation is also 21:45.833 --> 21:52.073 to make us aware of sometimes how strange the English 21:52.067 --> 21:54.627 language would be. 21:54.633 --> 21:58.073 So every time you know more than one language, you're 21:58.067 --> 22:03.297 aware of how each of those languages is actually quite 22:03.300 --> 22:06.800 strange in peculiar instances. 22:06.800 --> 22:14.170 So it makes everyone a sort of involuntary foreigner. 22:14.167 --> 22:17.497 Even though you're still at home, really. 22:17.500 --> 22:20.670 You're still a native speaker of one language. 22:20.667 --> 22:24.097 The fact that you're aware of other languages into which 22:24.100 --> 22:28.170 your own native language cannot be automatically 22:28.167 --> 22:34.267 translated makes you almost a foreigner, a slight foreigner 22:34.267 --> 22:37.497 in your own native language. 22:37.500 --> 22:42.370 But this is a very mild and really not painful form, I 22:42.367 --> 22:44.827 think, of being a foreigner. 22:44.833 --> 22:49.873 Things start getting more painful, very fast actually, 22:49.867 --> 22:51.627 in For Whom the Bell Tolls. 22:51.633 --> 22:53.033 But people still joke about it. 22:53.033 --> 22:57.133 So here is Robert Jordan talking to the Russian 22:57.133 --> 22:59.073 general, Golz. 22:59.067 --> 23:02.467 I don't actually know it's pronounced in Russian. 23:02.467 --> 23:05.097 But they were talking about the bridge. 23:05.100 --> 23:07.270 And we know that Robert is supposed 23:07.267 --> 23:08.597 to blow-up the bridge. 23:08.600 --> 23:11.470 So they were actually talking business. 23:11.467 --> 23:15.597 And Robert Jordan is assuring the Russian general that he 23:15.600 --> 23:22.530 knows exactly what to do, that he's a very good engineer. 23:22.533 --> 23:26.003 He is very good with explosives. 23:26.000 --> 23:28.870 And this is what Golz says, "'I believe you do.'"-- 23:28.867 --> 23:30.167 do know how to blow-up the bridge-- 23:30.167 --> 23:32.667 "'I will not make you any little speech. 23:32.667 --> 23:34.127 Let us have a drink. 23:34.133 --> 23:37.003 So much talking makes me very thirsty. 23:37.000 --> 23:38.530 Commrade Hordan. 23:38.533 --> 23:43.803 You have a funny name in Spanish Comrade Hordown. 23:43.800 --> 23:47.830 How do you say Golz in Spanish, Comrade General?' 23:47.833 --> 23:52.403 'Holze,' said Golz, grinning, making the sound deep in his 23:52.400 --> 23:55.830 throat as though hawking with a bad cold. 23:55.833 --> 23:57.573 'Hotze,' he croaked. 23:57.567 --> 24:00.167 'Comrade Heneral Khorze. 24:00.167 --> 24:06.567 If I had known how they pronounce Golz in Spanish I 24:06.567 --> 24:09.697 would pick me out a better name before I come to war 24:09.700 --> 24:10.130 here.'" 24:10.133 --> 24:14.633 So the Spanish "G" and "J" sounds are pronounced as "H." 24:14.633 --> 24:19.403 So that's why it's especially disconcerting when you have 24:19.400 --> 24:22.130 the combination of those, as in Comrade General Golz. 24:24.733 --> 24:24.873 I can't even say it now. 24:24.867 --> 24:26.127 I'm so confused. 24:28.867 --> 24:31.027 It is really totally alienating. 24:31.033 --> 24:33.903 Your own name becomes unrecognizable 24:33.900 --> 24:36.970 in a foreign language. 24:36.967 --> 24:38.327 Most of the time it doesn't happen. 24:38.333 --> 24:42.473 But it just so happens that in this one instance, there 24:42.467 --> 24:47.727 really is kind of a double alienation going on for Golz. 24:47.733 --> 24:51.133 So what does it mean when your own name is not pronounceable? 24:51.133 --> 24:55.673 There's just no equivalent sound in Spanish. 24:55.667 --> 25:01.427 It could be a really innocent and completely innocuous or 25:01.433 --> 25:03.973 trivial occurrence. 25:03.967 --> 25:10.497 But for something like that, one is almost involuntarily 25:10.500 --> 25:14.930 tempted to read more meaning into that. 25:14.933 --> 25:17.033 There's just no Spanish 25:17.033 --> 25:20.103 equivalent for my own identity. 25:20.100 --> 25:22.870 In that language there's no room. 25:22.867 --> 25:24.297 There's no place. 25:24.300 --> 25:26.830 There's just no slot that is waiting for me 25:26.833 --> 25:28.533 that I can fit in. 25:28.533 --> 25:32.933 There's just no sound that will reproduce a necessary 25:32.933 --> 25:35.603 sound in English. 25:35.600 --> 25:40.400 So it really raises the question of what kind of a 25:40.400 --> 25:44.870 place Robert Jordan could have in the Spanish community. 25:48.000 --> 25:51.770 If there's no linguistic, if there's no phonetic slot for 25:51.767 --> 25:56.897 him in the Spanish language, would there be a social slot 25:56.900 --> 25:59.170 for him in that Spanish community? 25:59.167 --> 26:01.527 Would there be a functional slot 26:01.533 --> 26:03.433 for him in that community? 26:03.433 --> 26:06.433 He has a very, very well-defined function. 26:06.433 --> 26:08.673 He's there to blow up the bridge. 26:08.667 --> 26:12.697 And as long as he sticks to that very limited function. 26:12.700 --> 26:14.230 He's probably OK. 26:14.233 --> 26:18.573 There's room for someone who will blow up bridges and 26:18.567 --> 26:19.897 leave. 26:19.900 --> 26:22.670 But the thing is people can't actually just confine 26:22.667 --> 26:25.967 themselves to that very, very narrow definition. 26:25.967 --> 26:28.527 It would be unbearable, actually, to be no more than 26:28.533 --> 26:30.903 just someone who's there to blow up the bridge and do 26:30.900 --> 26:31.700 nothing else. 26:31.700 --> 26:35.170 You can't just have that very, very narrow existence. 26:35.167 --> 26:37.027 So Robert Jordan has got to have some 26:37.033 --> 26:38.703 relations to the people. 26:38.700 --> 26:43.870 And once he wanders away from that very straight, very 26:43.867 --> 26:47.527 narrow definition things will get problematic. 26:47.533 --> 26:49.633 And that's why there's so much tension 26:49.633 --> 26:53.203 between him and the Spanish. 26:53.200 --> 26:58.130 So one other instance of involuntary association and 26:58.133 --> 27:02.273 being an involuntary foreigner-- 27:02.267 --> 27:05.227 and the word foreigner is actually used by the Spanish a 27:05.233 --> 27:09.673 lot, probably to insult Robert. 27:09.667 --> 27:13.927 So Pablo is actually the one who's especially aggressive 27:13.933 --> 27:16.103 when it comes to that. 27:16.100 --> 27:19.430 "'There was a foreigner with us who made the explosions. ' 27:19.433 --> 27:20.373 Pablo said. 27:20.367 --> 27:22.097 'Do you know him?' 'What was he 27:22.100 --> 27:24.630 called?' 'I do not remember. 27:24.633 --> 27:28.333 It was a very rare name.' "What did he look like?' 'He 27:28.333 --> 27:33.503 was fair, as you are, but not as tall with large hands and a 27:33.500 --> 27:37.400 broken nose.' 'Kashkin," Robert Jordan said. 27:37.400 --> 27:41.370 "That would be Kashkin." 'Yes,' said Pablo. 27:41.367 --> 27:43.127 'It was a very rare name. 27:43.133 --> 27:46.473 Something like that.' 'What became of him?' 'He is dead 27:46.467 --> 27:48.567 since April.'" 27:48.567 --> 27:50.527 A number of things-- 27:50.533 --> 27:54.573 we actually don't know if Pablo remembers the name 27:54.567 --> 27:56.697 Kashkin or not. 27:56.700 --> 27:59.770 For all we know, he might actually be able to remember 27:59.767 --> 28:01.997 name very well. 28:02.000 --> 28:05.430 They don't have foreigners every day among them and 28:05.433 --> 28:08.173 Kashkin is not such a hard name to remember. 28:08.167 --> 28:10.327 He probably knows the name. 28:10.333 --> 28:14.533 He's emphatic about not knowing the name, not being 28:14.533 --> 28:16.133 able to recall the name. 28:16.133 --> 28:19.433 Even when offered the name, he refuses to repeat the name-- 28:19.433 --> 28:20.873 "Something like that"-- 28:20.867 --> 28:23.467 just a generic foreigner. 28:23.467 --> 28:28.167 So nothing can be more aggressive indirectly, by way 28:28.167 --> 28:32.727 of talking dismissively about Kashkin as 28:32.733 --> 28:34.473 a forgettable foreigner. 28:34.467 --> 28:38.527 Because he's just a generic type, he's just there to make 28:38.533 --> 28:40.433 the explosions. 28:40.433 --> 28:45.633 So in all these ways, he's making this forgettable, 28:45.633 --> 28:51.233 unimportant, probably not liked foreigner the 28:51.233 --> 28:53.933 predecessor for Robert Jordan. 28:53.933 --> 28:57.933 And there's a kind of an unforeseen consequence of 28:57.933 --> 29:01.303 making Kashkin the predecessor for Robert. 29:01.300 --> 29:03.630 And Pablo probably doesn't know that, but Kashkin 29:03.633 --> 29:06.073 actually had died. 29:06.067 --> 29:08.927 And we know later on that he had died he had died by 29:08.933 --> 29:11.173 killing himself. 29:11.167 --> 29:17.127 His job is to blow up bridges or blow up trains. 29:17.133 --> 29:20.933 But he's just terrified of doing it, and so he killed 29:20.933 --> 29:24.903 himself, which Robert only knows. 29:24.900 --> 29:31.370 So a combination of deliberate aggression from Pablo, in 29:31.367 --> 29:35.427 turning the foreigner into a generic type into which both 29:35.433 --> 29:38.933 Kashkin and Robert would be inserted. 29:38.933 --> 29:44.703 That deliberate aggression from Pablo combined with a 29:44.700 --> 29:48.970 circumstance that he probably wouldn't have known-- 29:48.967 --> 29:51.597 that Kashkin is dead at this point-- 29:51.600 --> 29:55.030 all of this made the dead foreigner, not just a 29:55.033 --> 29:59.603 foreigner but a dead foreigner, the sort of 29:59.600 --> 30:03.000 scripted future for Robert Jordan. 30:03.000 --> 30:06.130 It's not just that foreigners cannot 30:06.133 --> 30:08.333 assimilate into the community. 30:08.333 --> 30:12.403 But they also have a tendency to die very soon. 30:12.400 --> 30:15.330 That seems to be the forecast for Robert Jordan. 30:15.333 --> 30:20.673 And so we don't know if this forecast will 30:20.667 --> 30:23.427 actually become reality. 30:23.433 --> 30:26.303 It's just a possibility at this point. 30:26.300 --> 30:31.230 But it's a very, very emphatic possibility that is 30:31.233 --> 30:34.003 underscored numerous times actually by other people, 30:34.000 --> 30:38.930 every time Kashkin comes up, how he died and the fact that 30:38.933 --> 30:41.703 he's like Robert in many ways -- 30:41.700 --> 30:44.370 fair haired foreigner -- 30:44.367 --> 30:46.427 all those things come up. 30:46.433 --> 30:49.003 So it's the kind of a signature. 30:49.000 --> 30:53.330 It's kind of a structural signature, narrative signature 30:53.333 --> 30:58.933 in terms of the punctuation that Hemingway puts into his 30:58.933 --> 31:03.103 novel, all those places when we stop and wonder is a 31:03.100 --> 31:08.470 similar fate awaiting Robert Jordan, similar to Kashkin. 31:08.467 --> 31:10.027 So the company of the dead-- 31:10.033 --> 31:12.133 I think it's fair to say-- 31:12.133 --> 31:13.373 is never very far. 31:13.367 --> 31:14.997 It's always on the horizon. 31:15.000 --> 31:16.400 In fact, it's not even on the horizon. 31:16.400 --> 31:19.700 It's a looming presence in that community. 31:19.700 --> 31:22.470 And it's a looming presence, especially for foreigners in 31:22.467 --> 31:24.627 that community. 31:24.633 --> 31:29.503 So that's pretty bad for Americans. 31:29.500 --> 31:31.700 We don't actually see a lot of Americans. 31:31.700 --> 31:34.630 We just see one, Robert Jordan. 31:34.633 --> 31:37.773 So it's pretty bad. 31:37.767 --> 31:40.127 The signs and omens are not good. 31:40.133 --> 31:45.303 But it seems that the signs and omens are also not great 31:45.300 --> 31:48.230 for the Spanish, as well. 31:48.233 --> 31:54.403 And we can look at the ways in which they are involuntary 31:54.400 --> 31:56.330 foreigners in their own countries. 31:56.333 --> 31:59.973 And actually Robert Jordan is also quite aggressive in 31:59.967 --> 32:03.927 making sure that the Spanish can sometimes feel like they 32:03.933 --> 32:06.803 don't quite own their own country. 32:06.800 --> 32:10.670 They don't know how things are done in their own country. 32:10.667 --> 32:15.597 Robert has a piece of paper to prove his credentials, which 32:15.600 --> 32:17.430 is necessary given the fact that no one knows 32:17.433 --> 32:18.503 anything about him. 32:18.500 --> 32:20.900 So how would people know he's on their side? 32:20.900 --> 32:25.800 So he has pieces of documents to prove that he is, in fact, 32:25.800 --> 32:27.530 well credentialed. 32:27.533 --> 32:30.703 "He handed it to the man who opened it, looked at it 32:30.700 --> 32:34.200 doubtfully, and turned it in his hands. 32:34.200 --> 32:38.700 So he cannot read, Robert Jordan noted. 32:38.700 --> 32:40.800 'Look at the seal,' he said. 32:40.800 --> 32:44.600 The old man pointed to the seal, and the man with the 32:44.600 --> 32:49.100 carbine studied it, turning it in his fingers. 32:49.100 --> 32:52.600 'What seal is that?' 'Have you never seen it?' 'No' 'There 32:52.600 --> 32:54.570 are two,' said Robert Jordan. 32:54.567 --> 32:58.397 'One is the SIM, the Service of the Military Intelligence. 32:58.400 --> 33:02.170 The other is the General Staff.' 'Yes, I've seen that 33:02.167 --> 33:08.297 seal before, but here no one commands but me,' the man said 33:08.300 --> 33:08.500 solemnly." 33:08.500 --> 33:13.670 So there obviously is a struggle for authority here. 33:13.667 --> 33:16.767 It is a shock to us that Pablo -- 33:16.767 --> 33:21.027 and in fact all the people that we see in this novel -- 33:21.033 --> 33:25.633 all the Spanish they are all illiterate. 33:25.633 --> 33:30.573 And usually we don't even have to specify it's print 33:30.567 --> 33:31.867 illiteracy. 33:31.867 --> 33:36.567 But here it seems especially important to point it out, 33:36.567 --> 33:39.727 because they're very literate in other senses. 33:39.733 --> 33:48.233 We know that Anselmo actually speaks a classical Spanish, or 33:48.233 --> 33:51.603 Castilian Spanish, which is very pure in this language of 33:51.600 --> 33:53.830 literature, of Quevedo. 33:53.833 --> 33:57.673 So they are actually very literate in the sense of 33:57.667 --> 34:00.367 having a very, very distinguished literary 34:00.367 --> 34:03.527 tradition behind them, but oral tradition. 34:03.533 --> 34:06.133 So they can't read writing. 34:06.133 --> 34:11.533 But obviously in the twentieth century, early in the 34:11.533 --> 34:15.233 twentieth century, not to be able to read and write is a 34:15.233 --> 34:17.273 tremendous liability. 34:17.267 --> 34:21.067 So right, there's one strike against all of these Spanish 34:21.067 --> 34:24.527 who cannot read their own language in writing. 34:24.533 --> 34:27.633 It is Robert, the foreigner, who can actually read Spanish 34:27.633 --> 34:30.233 writing, Spanish script. 34:30.233 --> 34:35.533 But there's another level of print illiteracy. 34:35.533 --> 34:39.133 And it goes even beyond language, in the fact that 34:39.133 --> 34:42.073 there are two seals on that document. 34:42.067 --> 34:45.627 Pablo recognizes only one of the seals. 34:45.633 --> 34:47.233 He doesn't recognize the other one. 34:47.233 --> 34:49.933 He doesn't recognize the other one because he's not high 34:49.933 --> 34:53.803 enough on the military hierarchy to have come across 34:53.800 --> 34:56.100 the other seal before. 34:56.100 --> 35:00.500 So in many ways, it is Robert's way of putting him 35:00.500 --> 35:03.730 down, showing that he actually has more knowledge of the 35:03.733 --> 35:08.173 military infrastructure than Pablo does. 35:08.167 --> 35:12.297 So that's why Pablo's very sullen, angry response-- 35:12.300 --> 35:16.630 and completely understandable response-- is no one commands 35:16.633 --> 35:19.003 here but me. 35:19.000 --> 35:19.830 Pablo's hope-- 35:19.833 --> 35:23.703 and actually this is a very interesting hope-- 35:23.700 --> 35:27.230 that will be tested, and I think to some degree supported 35:27.233 --> 35:31.503 in the novel, is that it doesn't really matter how high 35:31.500 --> 35:36.030 up you are on the general military infrastructure. 35:36.033 --> 35:39.533 That in many ways, people who actually know a community well 35:39.533 --> 35:42.373 would be able to have command of that community. 35:42.367 --> 35:45.027 I'm just saying this now as a possibility. 35:45.033 --> 35:51.203 But certainly the contest of authority between Pablo and 35:51.200 --> 35:54.700 Robert will be played out throughout the entire novel. 35:54.700 --> 35:56.870 It's one of the most important structural 35:56.867 --> 35:58.327 features of this novel. 36:02.133 --> 36:08.773 But print illiteracy is both very nameable and it basically 36:08.767 --> 36:11.027 defines who you are. 36:11.033 --> 36:13.303 But it's kind of a general condition. 36:13.300 --> 36:17.430 But there are more specific instances of illiteracy that I 36:17.433 --> 36:21.033 would call technological illiteracy. 36:21.033 --> 36:24.533 And it has to do with the high-tech warfare that we've 36:24.533 --> 36:29.473 seen is also a central feature of the Spanish Civil War. 36:29.467 --> 36:30.927 He is talking about-- 36:30.933 --> 36:34.873 And I found myself actually looking for images for lots of 36:34.867 --> 36:41.027 military websites to find the images for these weapons. 36:41.033 --> 36:45.033 "'Hell, it's a Lewis gun, Robert Jordan thought. 36:45.033 --> 36:47.203 'Do you know anything about a machine gun?' he 36:47.200 --> 36:48.330 asked the old man. 36:48.333 --> 36:52.073 'Nada,' said Anselmo. 'Nothing.'" Here is an 36:52.067 --> 36:55.197 instance of Hemingway doing instantaneous translation. 36:55.200 --> 36:57.530 "'Nada,' said Anselmo 'Nothing.' 'And 36:57.533 --> 36:58.933 thou?' to the gypsy. 36:58.933 --> 37:04.733 'That they fire with such rapidity and become so hot the 37:04.733 --> 37:07.603 barracks burn the hand that touches it.' 37:07.600 --> 37:09.330 the gypsy said proudly. 37:09.333 --> 37:14.573 'Unless they jam, run out of ammunition, or get so hot the 37:14.567 --> 37:18.727 melt,' Robert Jordan said in English. 37:18.733 --> 37:21.233 'What did you say?' Anselmo asked him. 37:21.233 --> 37:23.833 'Nothing,' Robert Jordan said. 37:23.833 --> 37:28.733 'I was only looking into the future in English.'" 37:28.733 --> 37:33.333 This is a very aggressive moment on the side of Robert. 37:33.333 --> 37:36.403 Every time someone switches into a language they know the 37:36.400 --> 37:38.830 other person doesn't understand it signals 37:38.833 --> 37:40.003 intentionality. 37:40.000 --> 37:42.200 It signals aggression. 37:42.200 --> 37:47.000 But we'll stay away from that for a moment and just look at 37:47.000 --> 37:49.370 the Lewis gun. 37:49.367 --> 37:53.627 This was a major innovation, actually during World War I. 37:53.633 --> 37:58.033 It started in World War I. And it's a very complicated piece 37:58.033 --> 37:58.733 of machinery. 37:58.733 --> 38:05.233 So nobody would have a kind of intuitive 38:05.233 --> 38:07.103 command of this weapon. 38:07.100 --> 38:09.970 And so here is just one instance of 38:09.967 --> 38:11.327 the Lewis gun drill. 38:11.333 --> 38:13.603 You have to learn to use the gun. 38:13.600 --> 38:17.030 And we can see it's a very, very big gun. 38:17.033 --> 38:18.433 It's very unwieldy. 38:18.433 --> 38:19.673 It's heavy. 38:19.667 --> 38:22.167 And also, you just can't hold it in your hand. 38:22.167 --> 38:25.327 You have to put it on your shoulder and carry it around. 38:25.333 --> 38:30.003 It really is a major hindrance to any kind of movement. 38:30.000 --> 38:35.070 And here is an image of how inconvenient actually, what a 38:35.067 --> 38:38.097 pain it is actually to use that gun. 38:38.100 --> 38:43.130 It is a weapon that actually creates, brings, produces that 38:43.133 --> 38:48.903 facial expression on a person who is trying to use that gun. 38:48.900 --> 38:56.930 So it is understandable that even Robert Jordan himself 38:56.933 --> 39:00.803 would take note when he notices that is a Lewis gun. 39:00.800 --> 39:05.130 That is not just any ordinary weaponry. 39:05.133 --> 39:07.003 It's a special kind of equipment. 39:07.000 --> 39:10.870 And it signals a certain level of fighting, a certain scale 39:10.867 --> 39:15.297 of warfare, when the Lewis gun is involved. 39:15.300 --> 39:19.200 And it's because it signals a certain scale of fighting, 39:19.200 --> 39:23.900 that it's no longer a strictly local affair, no longer 39:23.900 --> 39:28.300 strictly based on local knowledge and intuitive use of 39:28.300 --> 39:30.700 small weapons. 39:30.700 --> 39:34.600 I think that it's because of all these reasons that he 39:34.600 --> 39:39.700 would suddenly switch to English, as if just giving 39:39.700 --> 39:46.200 himself the license to think out loud to himself in a 39:46.200 --> 39:49.330 different language at that point. 39:49.333 --> 39:53.173 He doesn't think very highly of the Lewis gun, even though 39:53.167 --> 39:57.897 it's such an impressive looking, cumbersome weapon. 39:57.900 --> 40:01.000 It actually can jam or run out of ammunition and 40:01.000 --> 40:02.500 get so hot they melt. 40:02.500 --> 40:06.530 So it's not a great weapon to use, all around. 40:06.533 --> 40:08.933 That's part of the reason he's saying this in English, so 40:08.933 --> 40:12.303 that the Spanish wouldn't know all these drawbacks of these 40:12.300 --> 40:15.170 high-tech weapons. 40:15.167 --> 40:20.797 But also that people who use the Lewis gun really have a 40:20.800 --> 40:25.670 different relation to the future than people who don't. 40:25.667 --> 40:31.427 It's similar in the civilian setting in the 40:31.433 --> 40:32.873 twenty-first century. 40:32.867 --> 40:37.167 People who don't have a computer at this point, people 40:37.167 --> 40:40.297 who've never used a computer, have very different relation 40:40.300 --> 40:43.900 to the future and to the present than people who do. 40:43.900 --> 40:47.230 It really is a sharp dividing line. 40:47.233 --> 40:51.103 So in the context of the Spanish Civil War, people who 40:51.100 --> 40:54.070 have never seen the Lewis gun, have never handled one, have a 40:54.067 --> 40:56.197 different relation to the future. 40:56.200 --> 41:01.130 So the gun itself is a kind of a doorkeeper. 41:01.133 --> 41:05.473 Various people are admitted in having a viable relation to 41:05.467 --> 41:09.397 the future and various people are banned from having a 41:09.400 --> 41:10.630 viable relation to the future. 41:10.633 --> 41:13.173 Or they have a very diminished and marginal 41:13.167 --> 41:14.497 relation to the future. 41:14.500 --> 41:17.370 So the gun is the doorkeeper. 41:17.367 --> 41:22.027 And the English language, as far as Robert understands it, 41:22.033 --> 41:25.003 is lined up with the gun in that way. 41:31.300 --> 41:34.500 The gun is what is on the ground. 41:34.500 --> 41:38.170 And there's another weapon that has wings that is also 41:38.167 --> 41:40.767 very important to the Spanish Civil War. 41:40.767 --> 41:46.227 And we see the next installment of this 41:46.233 --> 41:49.273 technological illiteracy on the side of the Spanish in 41:49.267 --> 41:51.667 this exchange. 41:51.667 --> 41:55.327 "--high in the evening sky, three monoplanes in V 41:55.333 --> 42:00.703 formation, showing minute and silvery at that height where 42:00.700 --> 42:04.830 there still was sun, passing unbelievably quickly across 42:04.833 --> 42:08.973 the sky, their motors now throbbing steadily. 42:08.967 --> 42:12.567 'Ours?' 'The seem so,' Robert Jordan said but knew that at 42:12.567 --> 42:15.227 that height you never could be sure. 42:15.233 --> 42:17.703 'They are Moscows,' Anselmo said. 42:17.700 --> 42:21.630 Robert Jordan could have put the glasses on and been sure 42:21.633 --> 42:24.533 instantly, but he preferred not to. 42:24.533 --> 42:28.133 It made no difference to him who they were tonight and if 42:28.133 --> 42:31.673 it pleased the old man to have them be ours he did not want 42:31.667 --> 42:33.327 to take them away. 42:33.333 --> 42:37.333 Now as they moved out of sight towards Segovia did not look 42:37.333 --> 42:41.733 to be the green and red wing tip low wing Russian 42:41.733 --> 42:45.673 conversion of the Boeing P32 that the 42:45.667 --> 42:47.527 Spaniards called Moscows. 42:47.533 --> 42:51.173 You could not see the colors but the cut was wrong. 42:51.167 --> 42:51.597 No. 42:51.600 --> 42:55.730 It was a Fascist Patrol coming home." 42:55.733 --> 42:58.803 So knowledge of airplanes, knowledge that actually I 42:58.800 --> 43:02.370 think most of us in this room probably don't have, but 43:02.367 --> 43:05.627 anyway, this is the Moscow. 43:05.633 --> 43:08.903 It's a Boeing P32. 43:08.900 --> 43:13.300 And I don't know what else to say about it, except that it 43:13.300 --> 43:14.630 looks kind of primitive. 43:19.967 --> 43:23.827 Actually, I did read somewhere that this is the last of that. 43:23.833 --> 43:27.903 There were various previous incarnations, the Boeing P29 43:27.900 --> 43:28.400 or something. 43:28.400 --> 43:29.830 This is the last, and then Boeing just 43:29.833 --> 43:31.103 stopped developing this. 43:31.100 --> 43:33.600 This is the last of the line. 43:33.600 --> 43:37.030 If we look at actually the German planes, the Heinkels, 43:37.033 --> 43:40.533 were very, very effective bombers. 43:40.533 --> 43:45.233 They actually look much more impressive than the Moscows. 43:45.233 --> 43:49.003 You can see that this is a plane that anyone can see can 43:49.000 --> 43:51.400 do serious damage. 43:51.400 --> 43:57.700 And here is the Italian Fiat and Anselmo is to be forgiven 43:57.700 --> 44:02.970 for mistaking the Italian Fiat for the Boeing P32, because 44:02.967 --> 44:05.797 actually they are short, and they are 44:05.800 --> 44:08.130 kind of clumsy looking. 44:08.133 --> 44:11.533 And we can see right away that, even though this is the 44:11.533 --> 44:15.673 Spanish Civil War, the Nazi insignia is there. 44:15.667 --> 44:19.627 So this really is the Second World War intruding into the 44:19.633 --> 44:21.233 Spanish Civil War. 44:21.233 --> 44:25.233 No question that Hemingway is using the word Fascist in a 44:25.233 --> 44:28.273 very deliberate way. 44:28.267 --> 44:34.327 And this is a much more effective version of the 44:34.333 --> 44:37.533 Spanish bombers. 44:37.533 --> 44:44.633 We'll be talking about all of this and the actual 44:44.633 --> 44:49.973 destruction of some of the people in this novel, what the 44:49.967 --> 44:53.827 bombers, what the Italian bombers can do to a local 44:53.833 --> 44:55.673 population. 44:55.667 --> 45:03.197 But I just want to go back to that phrase about looking into 45:03.200 --> 45:06.070 the future in English. 45:06.067 --> 45:09.027 We've talked a lot about tomorrows and the future, 45:09.033 --> 45:12.473 beginning with The Sound and the Fury. 45:12.467 --> 45:18.497 And the way in which the tomorrow of Benjy, and the 45:18.500 --> 45:25.430 tomorrow of Jason, and the tomorrow of Quentin are in 45:25.433 --> 45:30.173 many ways very pale versions of the present. 45:30.167 --> 45:34.627 That it's not a future that one can inhabit. 45:34.633 --> 45:40.373 And here it raises the question of whether the future 45:40.367 --> 45:45.297 can be inhabited by Spanish speakers who don't know 45:45.300 --> 45:47.670 English at all. 45:47.667 --> 45:53.127 In this context there's just no way that the Spanish 45:53.133 --> 45:56.073 could-- note that this local community, they can't really 45:56.067 --> 45:58.797 read Spanish in writing-- 45:58.800 --> 46:05.700 there's almost no way they can read the future in English. 46:05.700 --> 46:11.070 But it also doesn't feel like this is a future that, even if 46:11.067 --> 46:15.827 you were able to read, that you would want to live in, 46:15.833 --> 46:20.633 even if you have the ability to read that future, even if 46:20.633 --> 46:25.573 that future is writ-large by the Lewis 46:25.567 --> 46:28.327 gun and by the planes. 46:28.333 --> 46:33.703 That is a very legible future, written on the 46:33.700 --> 46:35.800 sky and on the ground. 46:35.800 --> 46:39.130 Even though that's such a legible future and you can 46:39.133 --> 46:44.333 read it, it might still not be a future that you would want 46:44.333 --> 46:47.373 to move into, not a future that you 46:47.367 --> 46:49.267 would want to inhabit. 46:49.267 --> 46:52.367 So this is a way in which there's also a kind of a 46:52.367 --> 46:54.797 double alienation going on. 46:54.800 --> 46:57.570 The Spanish are banned from that future, because they 46:57.567 --> 46:59.397 simply cannot read it. 46:59.400 --> 47:01.470 It is illegible to them. 47:01.467 --> 47:06.797 Robert Jordan, who can read just fine, is also in many 47:06.800 --> 47:11.030 ways, an outsider to that future because it's not 47:11.033 --> 47:12.773 anything that he would like to live in. 47:12.767 --> 47:15.767 It's not a world that he would like to live in. 47:15.767 --> 47:21.897 And I just want to give you two final images of what 47:21.900 --> 47:26.970 happens to the Spanish historically because of the 47:26.967 --> 47:30.967 use of bombers in the Spanish Civil War. 47:30.967 --> 47:34.067 This is the most famous town. 47:34.067 --> 47:38.567 It was completely destroyed by Italian bombers, Guernica. 47:41.633 --> 47:51.733 And this is the famous Picasso painting, and we can see this 47:51.733 --> 47:56.573 is really the response of a low-tech population to 47:56.567 --> 47:58.897 high-tech warfare. 47:58.900 --> 48:01.900 You've just never seen anything like that before. 48:01.900 --> 48:03.270 So it is nightmarish. 48:03.267 --> 48:07.867 It is surreal in the sense that the world has turned into 48:07.867 --> 48:10.327 a different kind of reality. 48:10.333 --> 48:13.933 It just has no relation to reality as you know it. 48:13.933 --> 48:15.633 And that's why it is surreal. 48:15.633 --> 48:20.203 And that's why Cubism is, in many ways, a response to the 48:20.200 --> 48:24.830 surreal scenarios conjured up by the high-tech weaponry 48:24.833 --> 48:26.703 of world wars. 48:26.700 --> 48:31.970 So we'll come back to this and talk more about, basically, 48:31.967 --> 48:36.467 the phenomenon of dying both in isolation but also of dying 48:36.467 --> 48:38.697 as a result of something that is large and that 48:38.700 --> 48:39.930 is coming at you.