WEBVTT 00:02.700 --> 00:08.370 Let me begin with a quote by Marcus Garvey from his 00:08.367 --> 00:11.297 Declara--Declaration of Rights for the Negro Peoples 00:11.300 --> 00:17.300 of the World.  One of his points reads: "We believe in 00:17.300 --> 00:20.700 the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the 00:20.700 --> 00:24.570 world, and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans 00:24.567 --> 00:28.597 and Asia for the Asiatics; we also demand Africa for 00:28.600 --> 00:31.600 the Africans at home and abroad." 00:35.567 --> 00:38.667 Today I want to pick up on the theme I ended the last 00:38.667 --> 00:42.997 lecture with, and that is that black Americans, 00:43.000 --> 00:45.870 talking heading--talking about the nineteen-teens, 00:45.867 --> 00:49.797 heading into--into World War I, 00:49.800 --> 00:53.500 we're now in the wake of the challenges of that era, 00:53.500 --> 00:55.400 and the domestic disappointments of World War 00:55.400 --> 01:00.200 I, when soldiers came home and some were lynched, 01:00.200 --> 01:02.100 that black Americans were going to claim their civil 01:02.100 --> 01:06.400 rights instead of wait patiently for them.  These 01:06.400 --> 01:09.100 were, as a group--and I'm generalizing here--the New 01:09.100 --> 01:14.000 Negroes.  This is a term used now and again really 01:14.000 --> 01:16.400 after 1900, and one of the first proponents of the 01:16.400 --> 01:17.400 phrase was Booker T. 01:17.400 --> 01:20.600 Washington, but using it in a--in a very different way.  01:20.600 --> 01:22.600 I'm using it in a very different way than--than 01:22.600 --> 01:25.970 Washington was using it.  When people talk about New 01:25.967 --> 01:28.667 Negroes, they're most often using it in a very different 01:28.667 --> 01:31.897 way than Washington intended.  Anyway, 01:31.900 --> 01:35.070 these were the New Negroes, this new--this new kind of 01:35.067 --> 01:38.597 black consciousness that really becomes articulated 01:38.600 --> 01:44.600 on a wide scale when black troops come home after World 01:49.400 --> 01:54.800 War I; the New Negro that was forged out of political 01:54.800 --> 02:01.670 and economic frustration.  And it's always important to 02:01.667 --> 02:04.267 remember that this frustration grew out of more 02:04.267 --> 02:05.267 than just returning soldiers; 02:05.267 --> 02:07.697 It grew out of the race riots of 1917 and 1919; 02:07.700 --> 02:09.700 It grew out of the cultural shocks and changes that were 02:09.700 --> 02:15.400 part of the Great Migration as well.  I want to show an 02:15.400 --> 02:18.970 image right now that captures some of that 02:18.967 --> 02:23.297 spirit.  "The New--The New Negro crowd, 02:23.300 --> 02:26.800 making America safe for himself."  It's a play of 02:26.800 --> 02:31.100 Woodrow Wilson's, "The New Neg--the word--just drew a 02:31.100 --> 02:32.670 complete blank." 02:32.667 --> 02:37.397 "Making the world safe for democracy?" 02:37.400 --> 02:39.200 Thank you so much.  "Making the world safe for 02:39.200 --> 02:41.000 democracy."  I don't know why, 02:41.000 --> 02:43.700 it's a--it's already a long day. 02:43.700 --> 02:48.400 Anyway, you see a--a black troop in an Army jeep or 02:48.400 --> 02:50.570 some kind of vehicle, the New Negro blazoned on the 02:50.567 --> 02:54.167 side, guns coming out in all directions.  He's going 02:54.167 --> 02:58.997 after German troops, giving the Hun a dose of his own 02:59.000 --> 03:01.900 medicine.  But notice the banner that he's carrying: 03:01.900 --> 03:04.100 Longview, Texas, the site of a race riot; 03:04.100 --> 03:06.270 Washington DC, a site of a race riot; 03:06.267 --> 03:10.097 Chicago, Illinois, site of a race riot.  "Since the 03:10.100 --> 03:13.270 government won't stop mob violence, 03:13.267 --> 03:15.797 I'll take a hand." 03:15.800 --> 03:19.400 The New Negro, in this case the black soldier, 03:19.400 --> 03:23.570 "If Wilson can't do it for black soldiers, 03:23.567 --> 03:26.297 for black citizens, if the country can't do it, 03:26.300 --> 03:31.400 blacks will take it upon themselves to do it."  This 03:31.400 --> 03:37.400 is--This editorial cartoon is yet one manifestation of 03:41.800 --> 03:49.400 a New Negro mentality.  Another point--hmm--Another 03:49.400 --> 03:55.400 aspect that's important to understand about the New 04:05.067 --> 04:07.997 Negro mentality, and this phenomenon in general, 04:08.000 --> 04:10.070 was that it wasn't just about black self-assertion, 04:10.067 --> 04:15.297 like this--this cartoon suggests.  It was also about 04:15.300 --> 04:18.670 white reaction.  The white reaction to the New--to the 04:18.667 --> 04:22.167 New Negro manifests itself in negative and positive 04:22.167 --> 04:25.897 ways.  The positive ways, although fraught with 04:25.900 --> 04:31.570 complication, will be really the foundation for 04:31.567 --> 04:35.067 Wednesday's lecture.  Today we're going to hear more 04:35.067 --> 04:40.767 about the more obvious negative manifestations of 04:40.767 --> 04:45.097 white reaction to this New Negro mentality.  The 04:45.100 --> 04:53.100 most--the clearest manifestation of course is 04:53.100 --> 04:55.300 the rise of the lynch mob, again the resurrection of 04:55.300 --> 04:56.800 the Klan. 04:56.800 --> 04:58.400 But from an institutional standpoint, 04:58.400 --> 05:00.900 from the standpoint of the state, 05:00.900 --> 05:02.400 the most negative manifestation of white 05:02.400 --> 05:04.800 reaction to the New Negro mentality is federal 05:04.800 --> 05:12.500 surveillance.  The riots of 1917 and 1919 made white 05:12.500 --> 05:17.300 politicians nervous.  Property was at stake, 05:17.300 --> 05:23.270 after all.  Perhaps it goes without saying that these 05:23.267 --> 05:26.497 pol--same politicians easily ignored the real race 05:26.500 --> 05:30.200 dynamics of the riots, where white employers and property 05:30.200 --> 05:31.400 owners, black and white--well, 05:31.400 --> 05:34.600 black and white property owners, 05:34.600 --> 05:39.070 in terms of raising rents--but white employers 05:39.067 --> 05:43.497 and property owners attacked and organized attacks 05:43.500 --> 05:47.500 against black residents.  This anxiety is deeply felt 05:47.500 --> 05:52.100 and broadly felt and becomes manifest in a very famous 05:52.100 --> 05:54.270 way with one politician in particular.  The story for 05:54.267 --> 05:56.397 this person begins in 1919.  The person I'm talking about 05:56.400 --> 05:59.300 is twenty-four years old, twenty-four years old, 05:59.300 --> 06:07.200 a native of Washington, D.C.  Becomes the head of 06:07.200 --> 06:10.200 the Department of Justice's new organization, 06:10.200 --> 06:12.300 the General Intelligence Division, 06:12.300 --> 06:17.900 the GID.  A young man.  His job is to keep tabs on, 06:17.900 --> 06:21.100 and I'm quoting here, "liberal activity, 06:21.100 --> 06:25.200 whatever that's going to mean.  Among other 06:25.200 --> 06:27.770 organizations being investigated, 06:27.767 --> 06:29.297 you have a wide range of black groups that are 06:29.300 --> 06:32.000 targeted for some sort of investigation.  The 06:32.000 --> 06:37.370 conservative Black Elks, who are anything but liberal, 06:37.367 --> 06:39.297 to the radical and separatist African Blood 06:39.300 --> 06:42.870 Brotherhood.  The man in question is J. 06:42.867 --> 06:49.567 Edgar Hoover.  His leadership of the General 06:49.567 --> 06:52.497 Intelligence--Intelligence Division, 06:52.500 --> 06:54.600 parlays himself into the directorship--directorship 06:54.600 --> 06:56.800 of the FBI when that organization was formed.  06:56.800 --> 06:59.370 And it's a position that he would hold until his death 06:59.367 --> 07:03.967 in 1972.  People have claimed that he was the most 07:03.967 --> 07:08.097 powerful person in the country.  And there's a lot 07:08.100 --> 07:11.200 of merit to that kind of claim for the way that he 07:11.200 --> 07:16.300 investigates seemingly everybody.  Now why does 07:16.300 --> 07:23.100 Hoover's foundational moment matter?  It matters in part 07:23.100 --> 07:26.700 because of Hoover's worldview.  When race riots 07:26.700 --> 07:29.700 occur in Washington, D.C., Hoover, 07:29.700 --> 07:33.300 who is a native of the area, concluded that their cause 07:33.300 --> 07:35.700 lay in the, quote, "series of"--excuse, 07:35.700 --> 07:37.870 excuse me.  "The numerous assaults committed by 07:37.867 --> 07:41.197 negroes against white women."  Once again, 07:41.200 --> 07:44.500 the trope appears, the fear of black male interlopers 07:44.500 --> 07:50.900 attacking or--or luring white women.  But aside from 07:50.900 --> 07:53.070 this recurring trope that demonized black males and 07:53.067 --> 07:56.367 exalted white women, why is Hoover's so--story so 07:56.367 --> 08:01.567 important?  It's important not only because Hoover 08:01.567 --> 08:04.097 would organize obsessive campaigns against Martin 08:04.100 --> 08:07.470 Luther King, Jr., and social activist groups in the 08:07.467 --> 08:09.897 1960s--and we'll--we'll come to this later on in the 08:09.900 --> 08:15.170 course--because it--but it's also important because it's 08:15.167 --> 08:16.697 under Hoover's leadership that the federal 08:16.700 --> 08:21.100 surveillance of African Americans starts and its 08:21.100 --> 08:24.800 most intense focus of this surveillance rests upon a 08:24.800 --> 08:28.200 black nationalist Jamaican, who took up residence in 08:28.200 --> 08:31.800 Harlem in 1916.  And I'm talking here about Marcus 08:31.800 --> 08:37.800 Garvey.  Garvey's born in Jamaica in 1887, 08:40.500 --> 08:47.400 but he is mainly educated in London.  Now there's no 08:47.400 --> 08:50.200 little irony in the fact that this person who 08:50.200 --> 08:53.200 eventual--eventually fights against the spread of a 08:53.200 --> 08:56.200 white empire that oppresses black people around the 08:56.200 --> 09:00.070 world, and who organizes this fight by calling for 09:00.067 --> 09:03.167 his own black empire, there's no little irony in 09:03.167 --> 09:06.997 the fact that he himself was trained in the seat of 09:07.000 --> 09:10.300 empire.  Apparently while in London, 09:10.300 --> 09:14.400 he learned his lessons well.  A colonial subject, 09:14.400 --> 09:17.000 trained in the heart of the--of colonial control, 09:17.000 --> 09:20.100 who ends up advocating a new colonial presence.  I mean 09:20.100 --> 09:22.400 in a nutshell, this is sort of the--the sort of 09:22.400 --> 09:24.100 fundamental irony of Marcus Garvey, 09:24.100 --> 09:26.300 and I'll be expanding upon it through the course of the 09:26.300 --> 09:31.300 lecture.  Anyway, Garvey's educated for the most part 09:31.300 --> 09:35.570 in London and returns to Jamaica in 1914, 09:35.567 --> 09:40.697 and he has a plan.  Having learned how to organize 09:42.700 --> 09:47.500 movements and how--how empire operated at its core, 09:47.500 --> 09:51.800 he decides in short order to organize the Universal Negro 09:51.800 --> 09:58.300 Improvement Association, the UNIA.  In formulating his 09:58.300 --> 10:01.700 plan for the UNIA, Garvey was inspired by 10:01.700 --> 10:02.700 Washington's--Booker T. 10:02.700 --> 10:04.700 Washington's Up From Slavery. 10:06.400 --> 10:12.170 This book, published at the turn of the century, 10:12.167 --> 10:15.367 but its most famous section or chapter is the story of 10:15.367 --> 10:19.567 Washington's famous Atlanta Cotton Exposition address, 10:19.567 --> 10:21.997 something that Garvey, sort of from an ideological 10:22.000 --> 10:28.000 standpoint, embraced.  Now Garvey's not interested in 10:30.500 --> 10:33.500 that element of Washington's plan that called for at 10:33.500 --> 10:36.200 least temporary accommodation to the white 10:36.200 --> 10:40.500 South, but he was committed ideologically, 10:40.500 --> 10:44.770 deeply so, to Washington's idea of economic 10:44.767 --> 10:49.767 self-sufficiency.  If you remember back to Washington, 10:49.767 --> 10:53.667 "in all things truly social, separate as the fingers."  11:00.800 --> 11:03.870 Garvey soon realized that his plan to emancipate 11:03.867 --> 11:06.797 blacks by economic empowerment, 11:06.800 --> 11:10.200 that his plan to emancipate blacks across the globes 11:10.200 --> 11:17.400 with the vehicle of empire formation, 11:17.400 --> 11:19.770 would not take off in Jamaica.  The platform was 11:19.767 --> 11:24.567 too small.  Two years after he comes back to Jamaica, 11:24.567 --> 11:28.397 he decides that if he really wanted to get at the heart 11:28.400 --> 11:30.000 and soul of blacks throughout the world, 11:30.000 --> 11:33.070 he had to move his operation to what was then popularly 11:33.067 --> 11:36.297 considered the heart of the black world, 11:36.300 --> 11:39.300 and that's New York City, more specifically, 11:39.300 --> 11:43.900 Harlem.  Now this is all a rather new phenomenon, 11:43.900 --> 11:47.070 Harlem, as far as being the sort of the center of the 11:47.067 --> 11:50.367 black world, as again popularly felt.  This is a 11:50.367 --> 11:55.497 direct result of the Great Migration.  And as we'll see 11:55.500 --> 11:58.100 on--on Wednesday's lecture, sort of focusing a fair 11:58.100 --> 12:02.070 amount of what's happening in Harlem for particular 12:02.067 --> 12:04.597 reasons.  But for the standpoint of propagating a 12:04.600 --> 12:07.500 message, demographics and such, 12:07.500 --> 12:11.670 New York City was the place to be.  Garvey's family had 12:11.667 --> 12:14.467 a background in typesetting and printing, 12:18.100 --> 12:20.800 and he gets his own training in publishing, 12:20.800 --> 12:23.100 and quickly produces a magazine or paper, 12:23.100 --> 12:26.770 called the Negro World, a journal that serves as the 12:26.767 --> 12:29.167 mouthpiece for his nationalist philosophy of 12:29.167 --> 12:35.067 racial--race pride and race unity.  In short order, 12:35.067 --> 12:38.867 when he moves his operation to New York City, 12:38.867 --> 12:41.297 Negro World would have the second largest circulation 12:41.300 --> 12:42.300 of black periodicals in the country, 12:42.300 --> 12:50.100 second only to the Chicago Defender.  So it's sort of 12:50.100 --> 12:55.870 out of the blue, Garvey steps into the fray and 12:55.867 --> 13:01.697 becomes incredibly popular, as does his periodical. 13:01.700 --> 13:07.070 Garvey would claim, soon, up to six million followers.  13:09.100 --> 13:11.700 Although there were never nearly that many official 13:11.700 --> 13:14.700 Garveyites, the best estimates of official 13:14.700 --> 13:16.870 followers of Garvey's movement, 13:16.867 --> 13:18.567 members of the UNIA, were around five hundred 13:18.567 --> 13:26.197 thousand.  But there's no doubting the importance of 13:26.200 --> 13:29.000 the UNIA, or--or the significance of Garvey 13:29.000 --> 13:33.900 himself.  The UNIA established laundries, 13:33.900 --> 13:37.800 groceries, and other retail operations that were by and 13:37.800 --> 13:40.570 for black people, or, more accurately, 13:40.567 --> 13:46.567 UNIA members.  The UNIA was about instilling race pride, 13:52.867 --> 13:59.267 and Garvey embodied it with ostentatious displays that 13:59.267 --> 14:02.297 smacked--more than smacked of--that, 14:02.300 --> 14:08.300 that represented sort of the logic of--of empire.  He 14:10.600 --> 14:12.970 would organize these parades with his auxiliaries, 14:16.500 --> 14:21.600 black UNIA members dressed up in uniforms, 14:21.600 --> 14:26.700 in hierarchy, in orders, marching in parades, 14:26.700 --> 14:32.600 Garvey as the grand marshal, epaulets, 14:32.600 --> 14:36.100 gold buttons and trim, plumage, 14:36.100 --> 14:40.070 all the trappings of the benevolent--benevolent 14:40.067 --> 14:45.397 emperor.  This was a performance certainly that 14:45.400 --> 14:49.900 was designed to instill race pride among sojourning 14:49.900 --> 14:55.970 blacks who were struggling with city life.  Indeed, 14:55.967 --> 14:59.197 the most popular--or Garvey and his movement were the 14:59.200 --> 15:05.100 most popular amongst individuals who were fairly 15:05.100 --> 15:10.100 recently arrived--arrived to the cities.  The UNIA then 15:10.100 --> 15:14.670 inspires hope for the future and also racial solidarity.  15:18.267 --> 15:21.997 You can go to a safe space, a UNIA laundry or grocery 15:22.000 --> 15:24.870 store, or just another store, 15:24.867 --> 15:27.597 buy what you need and believe that you're not 15:27.600 --> 15:30.300 getting ripped off like you were if you were going to a 15:30.300 --> 15:33.870 share--a, a planters' store, if you were a sharecropper, 15:33.867 --> 15:38.297 or if you're one generation removed from sharecropping.  15:38.300 --> 15:44.600 You could buy from the race, be treated with respect, 15:44.600 --> 15:50.300 and be part of something bigger than yourself.  Now 15:50.300 --> 15:54.300 Garvey's aware that there's a growing desire for 15:54.300 --> 15:57.300 self-determination by oppressed people around the 15:57.300 --> 16:03.300 world, especially after World War I.  And Garvey, 16:09.200 --> 16:12.370 aside from just having these stores and these parades, 16:12.367 --> 16:15.297 marries this desire for self-determination with a 16:15.300 --> 16:18.100 call for blacks to return to Africa and to build their 16:18.100 --> 16:23.600 own country.  This was not just the trappings of 16:23.600 --> 16:27.800 military and of empire in terms of just what you're 16:27.800 --> 16:29.770 dressed in, what you're wearing, 16:29.767 --> 16:34.597 but also a call to actually create that space back in 16:34.600 --> 16:38.700 Africa.  Garvey first tries to get permission to 16:38.700 --> 16:40.700 establish his own colony in Africa, 16:42.467 --> 16:46.297 his target is Liberia, but he's denied permission.  16:48.600 --> 16:52.800 Upset over the rebuff, Garvey decides to form 16:52.800 --> 16:55.970 quasi-militaristic groups that were designed to kick 16:55.967 --> 17:00.767 whites out of Africa.  He even declared himself the 17:00.767 --> 17:03.767 provisional President of the new Empire of Africa, 17:03.767 --> 17:05.767 naming potentates to rule with him, 17:07.500 --> 17:11.570 and creating a nobility of--of anointed knights.  He 17:11.567 --> 17:14.197 wanted all the sort of the trappings, 17:14.200 --> 17:17.870 the declarations, of empire.  Maybe this might 17:17.867 --> 17:23.697 get him there, but to no avail.  But he does organize 17:23.700 --> 17:26.000 something that, for a moment it seems, 17:26.000 --> 17:28.800 at least for a lot of followers, 17:28.800 --> 17:31.270 seems that Garvey might be more than just about words 17:31.267 --> 17:37.697 and retail operations, and this is the Black Star 17:37.700 --> 17:38.700 Steamship Line. 17:38.700 --> 17:43.170 This is the crown jewel of Garvey's efforts, 17:43.167 --> 17:48.967 the UNIA's efforts.  Garvey unfolds his plan in 1919, 17:48.967 --> 17:51.297 again, this incredibly important year, 17:51.300 --> 17:54.970 this changing notion of poss--possibility with 17:54.967 --> 18:01.067 African Americans--unfolds his plan in 1919 to build 18:01.067 --> 18:05.797 the steamship line, and he sees it as representing an 18:05.800 --> 18:09.900 effort to demonstrate black self-sufficiency and truly 18:09.900 --> 18:14.500 the potential for black nation-building.  Now this 18:14.500 --> 18:18.770 is an era you need to realize that you built 18:18.767 --> 18:22.267 nations, you express international power, 18:22.267 --> 18:29.067 by navies.  And Garvey's idea is eventually to build 18:29.067 --> 18:34.067 his navy and have that be the vehicle, 18:34.067 --> 18:38.997 literally and figuratively, the vehicle for his empire.  18:39.000 --> 18:41.970 By 1920, the Black Star Steamship Line is now the 18:41.967 --> 18:45.797 focus of Garvey's Back to Africa movement.  And he 18:45.800 --> 18:48.270 starts to sell bonds to raise money to purchase 18:48.267 --> 18:54.267 these ships.  These ships would embody black power.  18:56.900 --> 18:58.170 They would have all black crews, 18:58.167 --> 19:01.097 for example.  They would be the means for blacks to get 19:01.100 --> 19:03.000 to Africa. 19:03.000 --> 19:04.400 They would become the lynchpin of the global 19:04.400 --> 19:11.700 economy.  Garvey shares this idea, 19:11.700 --> 19:14.200 this vision, this excitement, 19:14.200 --> 19:17.000 and within three months of his first call for 19:17.000 --> 19:19.600 contributions to purchase a ship, 19:19.600 --> 19:25.070 he buys his first ship.  It seems to me--to be that this 19:25.067 --> 19:30.297 might actually happen, at least some change.  Well, 19:30.300 --> 19:32.970 the Black Star Steamship Line quickly becomes 19:32.967 --> 19:38.967 Garvey's undoing.  The steamship line ends up being 19:41.200 --> 19:44.300 three ships over the course of the steamship line's 19:44.300 --> 19:49.800 existence.  Garvey drastically overpaid for 19:49.800 --> 19:53.270 each of the three ships.  The first ship he probably 19:53.267 --> 19:54.997 paid eight--eight hundred percent more than he should 19:55.000 --> 19:57.270 have.  The captain, as it turns out, 19:57.267 --> 20:02.067 was taking kickbacks.  The second ship sprang a leak 20:02.067 --> 20:06.497 and sank shortly after the UNIA purchased it.  And the 20:06.500 --> 20:09.400 third ship blew a boiler on its maiden voyage and killed 20:09.400 --> 20:15.400 a man.  A comedy of errors and tragedies.  But when 20:20.400 --> 20:22.970 those ships that actually proved seaworthy for a 20:22.967 --> 20:25.497 little while, when the ships actually did make it to a 20:25.500 --> 20:30.170 port of call, traveling up and down the North American 20:30.167 --> 20:35.297 seaboard on the East Coast, thousands of black well 20:35.300 --> 20:37.700 wish--well wishers crowded the piers, 20:37.700 --> 20:40.300 stand on the hillsides, wanting to catch a glimpse 20:40.300 --> 20:42.470 of the first all-black crew that they had ever seen.  20:44.967 --> 20:47.697 Certainly the Black Star Line was a complete business 20:47.700 --> 20:50.470 fiasco, there's no doubting about that, 20:50.467 --> 20:55.367 but it was a powerful symbol for black possibility.  For 20:55.367 --> 20:58.197 that reason alone it would be important.  But the 20:58.200 --> 21:03.470 importance doesn't end there.  The Black Star Line, 21:03.467 --> 21:06.197 the business dealings that it created, 21:06.200 --> 21:09.700 remain important for the shady financing that 21:09.700 --> 21:10.700 eventually gives J. 21:10.700 --> 21:13.770 Edgar Hoover the hook that he needed to snare Garvey.  21:16.167 --> 21:18.997 We can't forget Hoover through all of this.  21:19.000 --> 21:23.200 Garvey's mass popularity his appeals for race pride, 21:23.200 --> 21:24.900 his haughty imperialist style, 21:24.900 --> 21:29.100 all of these conspire to make people like Hoover more 21:29.100 --> 21:33.600 than a little worried.  Now the fact is although that we 21:33.600 --> 21:36.500 will never know how many people were actually 21:36.500 --> 21:39.600 following Garvey, his movement did represent the 21:39.600 --> 21:42.670 first organized grassroots mass protest movement in 21:42.667 --> 21:46.597 African American history.  It was the first organized 21:46.600 --> 21:48.900 grassroots mass protest movement in African American 21:48.900 --> 21:53.000 history.  So if one were concerned about black 21:53.000 --> 21:58.800 autonomy, and one were already convinced that 21:58.800 --> 22:01.770 blacks, particularly black males, 22:01.767 --> 22:04.497 represented a perpetual threat, 22:04.500 --> 22:07.200 then Garvey's UNIA, Garvey himself, 22:07.200 --> 22:10.400 would have appeared terrifying.  What was he 22:10.400 --> 22:17.870 going to do?  When you add the specter of Garvey, 22:17.867 --> 22:20.167 the mass movement of the UNIA, 22:20.167 --> 22:26.197 to the violence in 1917 and 1919 ripping through cities 22:26.200 --> 22:29.100 where the UNIA was at its most powerful, 22:29.100 --> 22:30.900 then you would have been convinced, 22:30.900 --> 22:31.900 if you were someone like Hoover, 22:31.900 --> 22:36.270 that something had to be done.  So Hoover took 22:36.267 --> 22:41.997 action.  He decides he's going to put Garvey in jail 22:42.000 --> 22:44.470 and then sets out to find a justification for his 22:44.467 --> 22:47.997 arrest.  So he knows he's going to put him in jail; 22:48.000 --> 22:51.570 he's got to find a way to do it.  The first thing Hoover 22:51.567 --> 22:58.397 does is hire four black agents and assign them to 22:58.400 --> 23:03.070 infiltrate the UNIA.  It's really remarkable, 23:03.067 --> 23:06.097 the Garvey Papers, it's a massive collection.  Yale 23:06.100 --> 23:10.970 has it on microfilm, and you can look at the reports from 23:10.967 --> 23:14.297 these agents going back to their superiors, 23:14.300 --> 23:16.170 bits of information redacted, 23:16.167 --> 23:17.797 as we become used to in our modern world.  23:17.800 --> 23:24.000 The--some--sometimes just sort of--it's the level of 23:24.000 --> 23:26.170 silliness about going to, you know, 23:26.167 --> 23:28.497 Mrs. Johnson's last night for, 23:28.500 --> 23:32.300 you know, for her suspected UNIA involvement.  She made 23:32.300 --> 23:36.470 a wonderful pie and we drank tea.  I mean this is, 23:36.467 --> 23:41.097 you know, the extent of some of the reports.  The 23:41.100 --> 23:44.500 rep--the infiltration did not get very far. 23:44.500 --> 23:47.300 Hoover then tries to prove that Garvey was an agent of 23:47.300 --> 23:50.570 the British or Canadian governments, 23:50.567 --> 23:54.097 which made--which would have made him something like an 23:54.100 --> 23:55.100 unregistered foreign agent. 23:55.100 --> 23:56.870 I mean, this is rather stretching things, 23:56.867 --> 23:58.797 since the British and Canadian governments really 23:58.800 --> 24:01.600 aren't such powerful enemies of the United States, 24:01.600 --> 24:05.570 but this was still Hoover's next gambit.  It doesn't 24:05.567 --> 24:12.597 work.  Garvey's star is rising.  We're not into the 24:12.600 --> 24:15.700 1920s.  Then Hoover finally succeeds in getting him 24:15.700 --> 24:21.000 indicted--gets him indicted on mail fraud charges.  Gets 24:21.000 --> 24:26.900 Garvey thrown in jail in 1925 for five years.  But 24:26.900 --> 24:29.070 before Garvey's term could be completed, 24:29.067 --> 24:33.497 he's pardoned by President Calvin Coolidge on the 24:33.500 --> 24:35.570 condition that he leaves the country, 24:35.567 --> 24:39.067 that he's deported as an undesirable alien at the 24:39.067 --> 24:45.497 moment of his release from jail.  So Hoover gets mail 24:45.500 --> 24:48.400 fraud charges leveled against Garvey in 24:48.400 --> 24:50.700 twenty-three.  He's in jail in twenty-five.  He's out in 24:50.700 --> 24:52.970 twenty-seven, but he is sent down to Jamaica 24:52.967 --> 24:59.197 immediately.  With Garvey's deportation, 24:59.200 --> 25:02.900 federal surveillance of blacks basically disappears 25:02.900 --> 25:07.970 until the start of World War II.  And it's really quite 25:07.967 --> 25:10.497 shocking that it disappears, because this is an era of 25:10.500 --> 25:13.900 real radicalism, as you'll see in the--the Manning 25:13.900 --> 25:15.900 Marable reader for this week, 25:18.067 --> 25:19.797 this week and next week.  This is an era of real 25:19.800 --> 25:23.900 political radicalism, yet Hoover was so focused on 25:23.900 --> 25:28.400 Garvey and his exhortations of a Back to Africa movement 25:28.400 --> 25:31.900 and race pride that the other organizations just 25:31.900 --> 25:34.800 don't merit his attention, not nearly to the same level 25:34.800 --> 25:36.770 of attention.  Once Garvey's gone, 25:36.767 --> 25:43.997 "the problem" is gone.  Now what are the charges?  What 25:44.000 --> 25:46.700 of the, the--those sort of steps that got Garvey kicked 25:46.700 --> 25:49.900 out of the country?  And what about Garvey's 25:49.900 --> 25:52.900 relationship to other blacks?  I mean he was not 25:52.900 --> 25:56.100 the only black leader of this era.  And, 25:56.100 --> 25:58.570 also, what shall we make of Garvey's political legacy?  26:03.700 --> 26:07.070 The charges were literally trumped up, 26:07.067 --> 26:10.997 but they were actually basically true.  Garvey was 26:11.000 --> 26:15.800 at best an inept, and at worst a dishonest, 26:15.800 --> 26:20.100 businessman.  He sold bonds many times over when he 26:20.100 --> 26:21.600 shouldn't have been selling them, 26:21.600 --> 26:24.400 to raise money for his ships.  He did commit mail 26:24.400 --> 26:28.700 fraud.  Is it enough to deport somebody?  That's 26:28.700 --> 26:36.400 another issue.  What about his relationship with black 26:36.400 --> 26:40.400 leaders?  Other black leaders, 26:40.400 --> 26:42.200 the most prominent ones, did not have a high opinion of 26:42.200 --> 26:47.970 Garvey.  Du Bois, who offered information to 26:47.967 --> 26:52.597 Hoover to try to get Garvey in trouble.  Du Bois called 26:52.600 --> 26:56.600 him, and I quote, "a little fat black man, 26:56.600 --> 27:00.800 ugly, but with intelligent eyes and a big head."  He 27:00.800 --> 27:03.300 was to Du Bois, quote, "the most dangerous enemy of the 27:03.300 --> 27:05.670 Negro race in American--Americas and the 27:05.667 --> 27:10.367 world, either a lunatic or a traitor."  A. 27:10.367 --> 27:12.497 Philip Randolph, a powerful labor leader that we'll be 27:12.500 --> 27:16.070 talking about next week, referred to Garvey--whose, 27:16.067 --> 27:18.797 whose, who is powerful at this moment in time, 27:18.800 --> 27:20.100 referred to Garvey as, quote, 27:20.100 --> 27:23.500 "the supreme negro Jamaican jackass, 27:23.500 --> 27:26.800 or a monumental monkey, who is also an unquestionable 27:26.800 --> 27:33.970 fool, an ignoramus."  Why such anger?  Jealousy, 27:33.967 --> 27:36.897 certainly part of the equation.  Du Bois had been 27:36.900 --> 27:43.200 struggling for his entire adult life to build the kind 27:43.200 --> 27:45.070 of movement that Garvey shows up and builds within 27:45.067 --> 27:46.097 three or four years.  Du Bois, 27:46.100 --> 27:47.100 powerful intellect, influential editor, 27:47.100 --> 27:53.100 but he cannot command the same kind of numbers and 28:00.367 --> 28:02.397 followers as Garvey could.  Randolph, 28:02.400 --> 28:08.400 a rising labor leader, couldn't command the kind of 28:12.800 --> 28:20.400 following and passions that Garvey could.  So certainly 28:20.400 --> 28:26.770 jealousy, but there's also an awareness of what they 28:26.767 --> 28:29.797 saw, what Du Bois and Randolph saw, 28:29.800 --> 28:34.500 as limitations to Garvey's agenda.  How was a Back to 28:34.500 --> 28:39.470 Africa movement really going to happen?  Was it even 28:39.467 --> 28:45.197 possible?  There have been Back to Africa movements for 28:45.200 --> 28:48.100 a hundred years at this point, 28:48.100 --> 28:52.170 led by black radicals, led by very conservative whites, 28:52.167 --> 28:54.667 led by progressive whites.  You know, 28:54.667 --> 28:57.397 everybody, politically across the spectrum, 28:57.400 --> 28:59.570 was trying to figure out a way to get blacks out of the 28:59.567 --> 29:03.497 country.  None of them worked. 29:03.500 --> 29:05.900 They logistically weren't feasible.  So what's Garvey 29:05.900 --> 29:10.970 selling here?  Du Bois and Randolph says our problems, 29:10.967 --> 29:14.067 blacks' problems, are here on this soil.  We need to 29:14.067 --> 29:21.597 solve them here.  Du Bois and Randolph wondered if 29:21.600 --> 29:25.000 Garvey was merely preying on the wild aspirations of 29:25.000 --> 29:28.400 those people who could least afford to invest their money 29:28.400 --> 29:35.400 in his plan.  Garvey raised money from a lot of recent 29:35.400 --> 29:38.600 migrants to places like New York and Chicago, 29:38.600 --> 29:44.200 Detroit, people who didn't have much money at all to 29:44.200 --> 29:48.900 spend, not extra, not disposable income.  Du Bois 29:48.900 --> 29:50.300 and Randolph believed that they, 29:50.300 --> 29:53.870 in their own separate ways, were leading the charge to 29:53.867 --> 29:56.297 care for this most vulnerable population, 29:58.300 --> 30:05.070 and that Garvey was doing something different.  And 30:05.067 --> 30:08.997 now what about Garvey's political legacy?  Was it 30:09.000 --> 30:14.070 radical or was it conservative?  Was Garvey a 30:14.067 --> 30:17.097 revolutionary, like Hoover believed, 30:17.100 --> 30:23.570 or was he merely a black capitalist?  Did he want to 30:23.567 --> 30:26.197 save Africa, or merely establish economic and 30:26.200 --> 30:31.470 political control over part of it?  I mean think of 30:31.467 --> 30:34.597 this--of his militaristic and imperialist trappings, 30:34.600 --> 30:36.800 the performance of his attire during these 30:36.800 --> 30:41.400 parades.  Think of the rhetoric that I used to 30:41.400 --> 30:46.000 begin the lecture, "We demand Africa for the 30:46.000 --> 30:52.000 Africans."  To get at some of the answers to these 30:56.567 --> 30:59.967 questions--is Garvey radical, 30:59.967 --> 31:04.067 is he conservative, revolutionary or 31:04.067 --> 31:09.467 capitalist?  Do you want to save Africa for Africans or 31:09.467 --> 31:12.597 for blacks--black Americans?--to get at some 31:12.600 --> 31:17.600 of the answers, it's useful to--helpful to plumb the 31:17.600 --> 31:19.270 depths of Garvey's own publicly offered 31:19.267 --> 31:23.697 philosophies.  These are all very short excerpts from the 31:23.700 --> 31:25.900 Manning Marable and Leith Mullings reader, 31:25.900 --> 31:29.800 but I want to call your attention to a few choice 31:29.800 --> 31:33.600 phrases here.  On race pride and race suspicion, 31:33.600 --> 31:36.900 I guess it's a clumsy way of putting it, 31:36.900 --> 31:40.000 Garvey is dumbfounded by the white leadership of the 31:40.000 --> 31:45.500 NAACP.  "Du Bois," he said, "represents a group that 31:45.500 --> 31:49.100 hates the Negro blood in its veins and has been working 31:49.100 --> 31:52.200 subtly to build up a caste aristocracy that would 31:52.200 --> 31:55.100 socially divide the race into two groups: one the 31:55.100 --> 31:58.000 superior because of color--of color caste, 31:58.000 --> 32:01.470 and the other the inferior.  Hence the pretentious work 32:01.467 --> 32:03.267 of the National Association for the Advancement of 32:03.267 --> 32:05.297 Colored People." 32:05.300 --> 32:07.300 Now there's no doubt that Du Bois--that Du Bois is an 32:07.300 --> 32:12.800 elitist.  There's no doubting that.  And that he 32:12.800 --> 32:15.400 believed that the Talented Tenth were the people to 32:15.400 --> 32:21.570 save the race, but getting into political bed with 32:21.567 --> 32:24.897 these white progressives Garvey thought was insane.  32:24.900 --> 32:28.800 "You cannot trust white people to do the right thing 32:28.800 --> 32:33.500 in that regard."  Du Bois hated the blood in his 32:33.500 --> 32:39.400 own--the, the quote, "Negro blood in his own veins."  On 32:39.400 --> 32:41.800 racial self-preservation, Garvey was against blacks 32:41.800 --> 32:46.200 fighting for the United States in World War I.  He 32:46.200 --> 32:48.200 says here, "The first dying that is to be done by the 32:48.200 --> 32:50.700 black man in the future will be done to make himself 32:50.700 --> 32:53.670 free.  And then when we are finished, 32:53.667 --> 32:56.397 if we have any charity to bestow, 32:56.400 --> 32:58.570 we may die for the white man. 32:58.567 --> 33:03.667 But as for me, I think I have stopped dying for him." 33:03.667 --> 33:06.797 Powerful words.  The kind of words you might hear out of 33:06.800 --> 33:10.370 a different revolutionary some forty years later.  33:12.700 --> 33:16.170 Similar--Similarly, "We declare that no Negro shall 33:16.167 --> 33:19.667 engage himself in the battle for an alien race without 33:19.667 --> 33:21.667 first attaining the consent of the leader of the Negro 33:21.667 --> 33:24.197 people of the world, except in a matter of national 33:24.200 --> 33:26.100 self-defense." 33:26.100 --> 33:29.400  Blacks will not fight unless the leader of the 33:29.400 --> 33:32.570 Negro people says they should fight.  That would be 33:32.567 --> 33:35.097 Garvey.  And so he said that, 33:35.100 --> 33:39.500 you know, blacks should not fight for the white man, 33:39.500 --> 33:41.400 except as a matter of national defense. 33:41.400 --> 33:48.500 So when we do get our land, our plot and what is or was 33:48.500 --> 33:51.170 then and still is Liberia, sort of is his real goal, 33:51.167 --> 33:55.997 his first goal, then we fight for self-defense.  We 33:56.000 --> 34:02.000 don't fight for them.  Speaking about racial pride, 34:02.000 --> 34:05.470 Garvey had much to say: "We have outgrown slavery, 34:05.467 --> 34:08.667 he said, "but our minds are still enslaved to the 34:08.667 --> 34:12.197 thinking of the master race.  Now take those kinks 34:12.200 --> 34:14.900 out of your mind instead of out of your hair.  You are 34:14.900 --> 34:17.800 capable of--of all that is common to men of other 34:17.800 --> 34:21.970 races.  We have a beautiful history and we shall create 34:21.967 --> 34:26.397 another one in the future.  The faith we have is the 34:26.400 --> 34:29.070 faith that will ultimately take us back to that ancient 34:29.067 --> 34:32.267 place, that ancient position that we once occupied when 34:32.267 --> 34:34.267 Ethiopia was in her glory." 34:38.100 --> 34:41.900 Can't trust whites, you can't fight for whites, 34:41.900 --> 34:47.700 you need to recognize the glory of our own past.  And 34:47.700 --> 34:51.270 if this sounds a bit like the civilizationist rhetoric 34:51.267 --> 34:54.197 that I was talking about two weeks or so ago, 34:54.200 --> 34:57.100 you're exactly right.  Garvey was a civilizationist 34:57.100 --> 35:01.100 in this way.  "No Negro," he said, 35:01.100 --> 35:02.600 "let him be American, European, 35:02.600 --> 35:06.200 West Indian or African, shall be truly respected 35:06.200 --> 35:08.600 until the race as a whole has emancipated itself 35:08.600 --> 35:11.600 through self-achievement and progress from universal 35:11.600 --> 35:14.700 prejudice.  The Negro will have to build his own 35:14.700 --> 35:16.300 government, industry, art, science, 35:16.300 --> 35:19.000 literature and culture before the world will stop 35:19.000 --> 35:20.900 to consider him.  Until then, 35:20.900 --> 35:23.300 we are--we are but wards of a superior race and 35:23.300 --> 35:25.400 civilization and the outcasts of a 35:25.400 --> 35:31.600 standard--outcasts of a standard social system.  The 35:31.600 --> 35:33.100 race needs workers at this time, 35:33.100 --> 35:36.800 not plagiarists, copyists and mere imitators, 35:36.800 --> 35:39.170 but men and women who are able to create, 35:39.167 --> 35:42.997 to originate and improve and thus make an independent 35:43.000 --> 35:44.600 racial contriba--contribution to 35:44.600 --> 35:47.700 the world and civilization." 35:47.700 --> 35:50.900 The power is within African Americans, 35:50.900 --> 35:54.800 but they aren't expressing it.  And when they do tap 35:54.800 --> 35:57.270 into those great things from their own racial past, 35:57.267 --> 36:01.197 recognize their long history of civilizationist behavior, 36:01.200 --> 36:03.700 looking back in antiquity, when they take the kinks out 36:03.700 --> 36:06.300 of their mind instead of out of their hair, 36:06.300 --> 36:09.400 then they will rise up, demonstrate their greatness 36:09.400 --> 36:13.200 to the world, be respected, have their nation, 36:13.200 --> 36:16.000 have their civilization, and as part of this, 36:16.000 --> 36:22.000 have their king.  That would be Garvey.  Now just as 36:28.667 --> 36:34.667 Garvey wasn't the only race leader operating in this 36:36.700 --> 36:40.000 sort of trying to save the race mode, 36:40.000 --> 36:41.700 you have Du Bois and you'll have--you'll learn more 36:41.700 --> 36:42.700 about A. 36:42.700 --> 36:46.270 Philip Randolph next week.  There was another 36:46.267 --> 36:51.397 charismatic individual at the same time operating, 36:51.400 --> 36:54.700 another African American, who's really operating at 36:54.700 --> 36:58.000 the other end of a sort of spectrum of a sense from 36:58.000 --> 37:02.100 Marcus Garvey, but also tremendously popular.  His 37:02.100 --> 37:04.670 name's Father Divine.  Well that's his popular name.  37:04.667 --> 37:06.697 His birth name is George Baker, 37:06.700 --> 37:12.700 known as Father Divine, and also known by his followers 37:18.100 --> 37:22.800 as "God."  Father Divine was born, 37:22.800 --> 37:24.800 excuse me, was head of the Peace Mission Movement, 37:24.800 --> 37:30.470 that becomes very popular during this era.  But where 37:30.467 --> 37:36.067 Garvey's UNIA was absolutely monoracial, 37:36.067 --> 37:41.997 it was black only, Divine's was absolutely interracial.  37:42.000 --> 37:45.200 In its very structure, black and white come together.  37:48.000 --> 37:50.900 Now while historians are learning more about the--the 37:50.900 --> 37:53.800 women in the UNIA and the very important roles that 37:53.800 --> 37:57.600 they played, from the standpoint of the public 37:57.600 --> 38:00.300 perception of the UNIA, it's a very male ordered and 38:00.300 --> 38:02.200 dominated organization. 38:02.200 --> 38:04.700 Father Divine is a very different sort of thing, 38:04.700 --> 38:08.470 the Peace Mission Movement.  He relies on his Angels to 38:08.467 --> 38:14.097 do a lot of work, black women and white women.  Now 38:14.100 --> 38:17.370 there were some similarities.  The most 38:17.367 --> 38:21.397 important for our purposes right now is that both UNIA 38:21.400 --> 38:23.270 and the Peace Mission Movement were profoundly 38:23.267 --> 38:25.597 self-help in their orientation. 38:27.667 --> 38:30.367 And it is in this way that Father Divine, 38:30.367 --> 38:36.297 like Garvey, was deemed a threat--a threat to 38:36.300 --> 38:42.670 authorities.  He's deemed a threat because he represents 38:42.667 --> 38:48.697 to so many, black autonomy.  He's also deemed a threat 38:48.700 --> 38:54.200 because he consorts openly with white women in his 38:54.200 --> 38:56.900 organization, has white women involved in such 38:56.900 --> 39:01.200 prominent positions.  Now quickly here, 39:01.200 --> 39:04.470 who was Father Divine and what did he do actually?  39:04.467 --> 39:08.897 His early history is murky.  He's an itinerant preacher 39:08.900 --> 39:11.100 who extolled the virtues of what was called New Thought, 39:11.100 --> 39:14.700 the power of positive thinking regimen.  That can 39:14.700 --> 39:16.500 be seen as a precursor of sorts to the New Age 39:16.500 --> 39:20.900 ideologies of the 1980s.  God was in every person, 39:20.900 --> 39:22.500 according to Divine's philosophy, 39:22.500 --> 39:24.700 but he was perfectly manifested in Divine 39:24.700 --> 39:29.270 himself.  Divine advocated, as I said before, 39:29.267 --> 39:32.697 interracial life, strict celibacy, 39:32.700 --> 39:35.600 communal living, and most famously, 39:35.600 --> 39:39.970 communal feasts.  He was known for serving feasts 39:39.967 --> 39:43.897 every Sunday at his various peace missions that were 39:43.900 --> 39:45.400 around the country, and this was a national 39:45.400 --> 39:49.870 organization.  And these feasts would run all day 39:49.867 --> 39:53.497 long with seemingly endless supplies of food, 39:53.500 --> 39:56.170 available to anybody who wanted to come by, 39:56.167 --> 39:57.897 as long as he stayed for the meal and for some 39:57.900 --> 40:03.100 proselytizing.  Divine did not represent a Back to 40:03.100 --> 40:08.100 Africa movement.  He's very Victorian in his style. 40:08.100 --> 40:14.100 But he was determined to support materially, 40:16.467 --> 40:19.697 and also from the standpoint of faith, 40:19.700 --> 40:21.970 African Americans who were overwhelmingly the people he 40:21.967 --> 40:26.697 was serving, during this age of great instability and 40:26.700 --> 40:32.700 change.  Garvey sees a threat in Father Divine, 40:35.667 --> 40:39.497 and he attacks Divine for preaching race suicide, 40:39.500 --> 40:43.000 celibacy and interracial relationships.  You don't 40:43.000 --> 40:47.570 get more black babies if you have interracial 40:47.567 --> 40:51.697 relationships, and also if you're really preaching 40:51.700 --> 40:58.870 celibacy.  The problem is, is that many of Garvey's 40:58.867 --> 41:04.997 followers also followed the Peace Mission Movement.  But 41:05.000 --> 41:07.170 you can't reconcile the two from the standpoint of their 41:07.167 --> 41:13.167 ideologies.  How do you make sense of it?  You make sense 41:17.867 --> 41:21.397 of it in light of the migration, 41:21.400 --> 41:26.400 the violence of the era, and the increasing poverty of 41:26.400 --> 41:27.400 the era: overcrowded cities, slum lords, 41:27.400 --> 41:28.400 black and white, charging exorbitant rents, 41:28.400 --> 41:34.400 a lack of support, despite the fact you might be 41:36.967 --> 41:41.297 getting four dollars a day, a lack of institutional and 41:41.300 --> 41:47.070 structural support for African American 41:47.067 --> 41:51.167 communities.  Garvey gave hope to African Americans 41:51.167 --> 41:53.067 who were poor and struggling, 41:53.067 --> 41:56.397 new to the city.  He gave them safe places to conduct 41:56.400 --> 41:59.100 commerce. 41:59.100 --> 42:03.500 Divine tapped into a sense of a--a larger belonging, 42:03.500 --> 42:06.400 of something much greater than the individual, 42:06.400 --> 42:08.600 to something metaphysical perhaps, 42:08.600 --> 42:16.270 and he fed people.  So thinking about Garvey and 42:16.267 --> 42:18.297 Divine and how to make sense of these two different 42:18.300 --> 42:22.700 ideologies--one race, interracial, 42:22.700 --> 42:28.700 Back to Africa, taking care of business here-- it sort 42:28.700 --> 42:33.800 of undergirds the sense of flux that the society's in 42:33.800 --> 42:40.000 at the moment.  People are being opportunistic on the 42:40.000 --> 42:43.500 ground, trying to find a way to make ends meet, 42:43.500 --> 42:46.000 to try to find a better way of living, 42:46.000 --> 42:49.870 better quality of life.  Exhausted by external 42:49.867 --> 42:52.997 threats, whether it's federal surveillance or the 42:53.000 --> 42:57.400 Klan or simple, systematic segregation, 42:57.400 --> 43:03.400 blacks were scrambling.  Now it doesn't help that in 43:06.667 --> 43:08.367 addition to this federal surveillance and the rise of 43:08.367 --> 43:10.967 the Klan, Garvey actually goes to negotiate with the 43:10.967 --> 43:15.797 Klan, with Klan leadership, trying to get their support 43:15.800 --> 43:19.900 for Back to Africa politics.  If you believe 43:19.900 --> 43:22.400 the reports, the leaders of the Klan and Garvey actually 43:22.400 --> 43:24.800 admired each other about at least being honest, 43:24.800 --> 43:26.500 about not liking the other person. 43:26.500 --> 43:28.870 And they can find a way to work together to get them 43:28.867 --> 43:34.867 out of each other's hair.  Divine himself courts white 43:37.100 --> 43:39.300 leaders of a very different type than Klan, 43:39.300 --> 43:44.000 the people with money who bolster the Peace Mission 43:44.000 --> 43:46.270 Movement's various holdings.  They own 43:46.267 --> 43:48.697 all--they, they provide all their own food.  They own 43:48.700 --> 43:50.300 all their own property.  They're a cash and carry 43:50.300 --> 43:53.070 operation.  A lot of it was coming from white 43:53.067 --> 43:57.167 benefactors.  So you have this curious mix of 43:57.167 --> 43:58.697 high-level interactions between blacks and whites in 43:58.700 --> 44:05.370 Garvey and in the Peace Mission Movement.  You have 44:05.367 --> 44:09.497 the erasure of that interaction in the--in the 44:09.500 --> 44:11.570 UNIA movement, because you couldn't trust whites, 44:11.567 --> 44:15.197 actually.  You have the embracing of it in the Peace 44:15.200 --> 44:17.000 Mission Movement, interra--interracial support 44:17.000 --> 44:19.300 and cooperation.  You have an extensive, 44:19.300 --> 44:25.300 a wide scope of interactions when you sort of throw the 44:29.567 --> 44:33.267 veil back from all of this stuff, 44:33.267 --> 44:39.197 between whites and blacks during this era.  Despite 44:39.200 --> 44:45.270 the popularity of the UNIA, despite the racial violence, 44:45.267 --> 44:48.567 there is a great amount of exchange, 44:48.567 --> 44:51.067 politically, socially, and culturally.  And this 44:51.067 --> 44:52.697 cultural exchange is where we're going to pick up 44:52.700 --> 44:58.700 matters on Wednesday.  And that's when I'll see you 45:01.500 --> 45:03.500 again.  Thank you very much.